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Unit 2 Exam Cell Cell organelles Plant and Animal Tissue Cell Membrane Cell Transport Cell Communication

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What is the pathway a secretory protein as it is synthesized in the cell and released?

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Ribosome Rough ER Golgi Body Secretory vesicle Plasma membrane

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This is a polymer of the protein tubulin that is found in cilia, flagella and spindle fibers

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Microtubule

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Cells that lack membrane bound organelles are called

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Prokaryotic cells

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These proteins traverse the entire cell membrane.

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Transmembrane proteins

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This organelle is a set of flattened sacs that are stacked; vessicles are secreted from the trans face.

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The Golgi Body

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This organelle contains pores to allow RNA and other molecules to pass to the cytoplasm.

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The nuclear membrane

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Bacteria contain DNA in a nucleus.true or false?

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False, DNA is a coiled structure called a

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Nucleoid

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When a cell takes in liquid by means of endocytosis, is is called

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pinocytosis

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These are found on the Rough ER and free floating in the cytoplasm; made in the nucleolus.

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Ribosomes

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These organelles are not found in animal cells.

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Cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts, glyoxysomes

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What do glyoxysomes do?

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Convert fat to carbohydrates in plants

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What are the fundamentals of living things?

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Cellular organiization Growth Sensitivity Development Reproduction Regulation Heredity Homeostasis

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This type of microscope provides and image only visible on a computer and the image is a 3-D view of the surface of the object.

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A Scanning Electron Microscope

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What are some adaptaions to large cells to accomidate efficient transport of materials?

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Flattened Elongated Villi present Dimples

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This organelle contains an internal membrane system called cristae.

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The Mitochondria

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This theory suggests that the mictochondria and chloroplast were once free living prokaryotes.

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The Theory of Endosymbiosis

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The cytoskeleton is an interior network to hold organelles and proteins in place, as well as keeping the cells structure. It is made of these three substances.

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Actin filaments Microtubules Intermediate filament

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What helps to increase the surface to volume ratio in plants?

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The central vacuole

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Since animal cells lack cell walls, how do they keep their structure?

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An extracellular matrix composed of elastin, proteoglycan, collagen, fibronectin, integrin, spectrins

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This part of the cell membrane is hydrophillic.

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The phosphate heads

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This is needed in the cell membrane for structure; keeps the membrane rigid and flexible

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Cholesterol

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This is why the cell membrane is a bilayer

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The phosphates orient toward the inside and outside of the cells resulting in the lipid tails coming together in the middle, excluding polar molecules

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These transmembrane proteins passively transport molecules across the membrane

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Transport proteins

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These molecules in the membrane are for cell self recognition.

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Glycoproteins

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These proteins are responsible for the markers on blood cells for blood groups. Where are they found?

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Glycolipids They are found attached to the lipid region of the cell membrane bilayer.

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Passive transport of molecules form high to low concentration

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Diffusion

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These types of cells cover every surface of the vertebrate body because they function as a barrier and allow for quick,easy diffusion

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Epithelial

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Plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals up into the plant.

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Xylem

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Plant cells that provide support in young stems and leaves, therefore are located beneath the epidermis.

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Collenchyma

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Plant cells that have large vacuole for storage; located at the pith of stems and roots

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Parenchyma

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Name the four types of epithelial tissue

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Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Stratified Simple One layer Several layers

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These types of epithelial cells line the intestines,stomach, and parts of the respiratory tract,

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Columnar cells

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These epithelial cells are very thin to allow for rapid diffusion

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Squamous

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Skin is comprised of squmous epithelial, but is different from lung lining and blood vessel lining in this way.

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Skin is stratified (stratified squamouos-named according to the outermost layer)

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You would find cuboidal epithelial cells here because they are necessary for transport, secretion, and absorption

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Kidney and lining of some glands

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Psuedostratified columnar cells have cilia and are found here.

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Lining the respiratory tract

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These types of tissues have abundant extracellular material (matrix)because they are spaced widely apart.

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Connective tissue

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Loose connective tissue that can be stored under skin, in bone marrow, around kidneys, in hips and breasts

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Adipose

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Dense connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen, making it stronger than loose. Give examples of this tissue.

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Tendons, ligaments, covering of muscles, skin, kidney, and liver

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Another types of connective tissue that is formed from a glycoprotein called chondroitin and collagen fibers

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Cartilage

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This type of connective tissue becomes hardened with crystals of calcium phosphateand is nurished by blood vessels that travel through canals

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Bone

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What is the extracellular material the defines blood as connective tissue?

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Plasma

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Why dont mature mamalian blood cells contain nuclei?

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They actually loose their nuclei, mitochondria, and ERs because of needing room for carrying hemoglobin to bind oxygen. No function in metabolism

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Which type of muscle cells are called striated?

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Cardiac and skeleton (cells appear to have traverse stripes when viewed longitudinally)

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Where do you find smooth muscle that is involuntary and rhythmic in activity?

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Walls of blood vessels, stomach and intestines

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Which muscle cells need to be highly interconnected to promote rapid spread of contraction?

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Cardiac

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These muscle cells have long, multinucleated that run the length of the muscle.

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Skeletal

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The central body of a nerve cell has thin thread like extensions called

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Dendrites

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What protects anerves cells axon, providing insulation form charges?

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Myelin sheath

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Contains small, interconnected, uninucleated striated cells

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Cardiac muscle

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During osmosis across the cell membrane, water moves through special pores called

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Aquaporins

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Which is hypertonic? The cell or the solution? 10% sucrose 5% NaCl

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The cell is hypertonic to the environment

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In which environment will the cell swell because the cell is hypertonic? water 2% sucrose10% sucrose

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None (In each case the cell is hypotonic and will loose mass.)

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These are examples of bulk transport

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Endocytosis, exocytosis, and bulk flow(due to pressure)

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Nerve cells must utilize the sodium-potassium pump to maintain what balance of sodium and potassium ions?

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Low sodium and high potassium in, high sodium and low potassium out

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Give another reason why any cell would need to keep hig sodiu outside and low sodium in.

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There is a concentration gradient that forces sodium back into the cell through coupled channels. This allows other substances to enter (calcium, glucose) Coupled transport and counter transport

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This type of cell to cell contact is needed to allow passage of material to adjacent cells without leaking.

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Tight junctions

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These cell junctions adhere cells to each other in animal tissue.

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Desmosomes

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These types of junctions are necessary on tissue that may be under mechanical stress, like muscles and skin; they attach cytoskeletons

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Anchoring junctions

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This communicating junction in plant cells, allows one cell to pass substances to another due to the connection of ERs

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Plasmodesmata

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These junctions in animal tissue do not touch and release substances across a synaptic gap. Where are they found?

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Gap junctions found in nerve tissue

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When cells signal one another, some signals are long lived, reach distant organs by way of the circulatory system. These signals are called.

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Endocrine signals

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These are endocrine signaling molecules

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Hormones

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Neurotransmitters are signals of what type?

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Synaptic signals that provide rapid communication with distant cells by way of dendrites.

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How do paracrine signalling and direct signaling differ?

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Paracrine signaling reaches local cells and are short lived Direct signaling reaches only adjacent cells

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The membrane used in the lab to form a model of a cell only allowed certain molecules to pass across. This is called

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Semipermeable

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The water potential will decrease in an apple if 1. the apple is allowed to sit in the open dry air or 2. the apple is placed in water

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The End