Unit # 2 – Foundations Unit # 2 – Foundations of Civilizationof Civilization

Lesson # 4 – Day 1

Objective and Bell Ringer-Greece Objective and Bell Ringer-Greece 9-8-159-8-15

Bell Ringer: How are people best represented in government? What does democracy mean to you?

Essential Question(s): How did Greek city-states work together? Why were they often separate?

◦ Objectives: Describe how Ancient Greece contributed to modern forms of society

and government Describe the ways in which acceptable and unacceptable behavior

was enforced.

◦ Homework: Rate Me Bar Graph (complete on blank separate paper)

Types of Government ReviewTypes of Government Review

For each slide, copy the term and the definition

TheocracyTheocracy

Theocracy – a government ruled by religious leaders who claim gods authority

List one advantage of this governmentList one disadvantage of this government

Pharoah Ancient Egpyt Pharoah Ancient Egpyt

Theocracy- a government ruled by religious by religious leaders who claim gods or appointed by a god

Rule centered around the religious institution

Example Vatican City Iran Islamic Republic

of Iran(theocratic state Islam)

Dynasty hereditary rulers Egypt also Ming Dynasty China

http://www.mummies2pyramids.info/history-civilization/egyptian-dynasties.htm

Religion is use as a justification for laws.

We have a Separation of Church and State 1st amendment

OligarchyOligarchy

Oligarchy – A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

List one advantage of this governmentList one disadvantage of this government

Oligarchy Oligarchy

Rule by a small group of people

Example: Soviet Union

AristocracyAristocracy

Rule by the noble class or Aristocracy

MonarchyMonarchy

Monarchy – a form of government in which supreme authority is vested in a single figure, such as a king, and whose powers can vary.

List one advantage of this governmentList one disadvantage of this government

Dictatorship Dictatorship

Rule by one individually who has absolute power

One needs a powerful military to gain control and retain power

Example: Cuba

Greece's Conflict with Persia Greece's Conflict with Persia

The Persian Empire wanted the region called Ionia (Modern day Turkey)

King Darius led Persian forces to retain their control over Ionia

Son Xerxes ten years later set out to conquer Greece's main land

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

Direct Democracy – the type of governing system where all people vote directly on an issue.

List one advantage of this governmentList one disadvantage of this government

Representative DemocracyRepresentative Democracy

Representative Democracy – a form of government in which officials are elected to represent community. These representatives then vote on issue.

List one advantage of this governmentList one disadvantage of this government

Types of Government - ReviewTypes of Government - Review

See if you can find an example of each type of government in your textbook1.Representative Democracy2. Direct Democracy3. Theocracy4. Monarchy

DebriefDebrief

Write a one-sentence thesis answering the following question:◦Which system of government is the most

effective? Remember 1 claim, and three supporting reasons.

GeographyGeographyGreece occupies a small area in the

Mediterranean and Aegean SeasMade up of the mainland and numerous

islandsTwo geographic features played a

significant role in developing Greece:◦Mountains Isolated Greeks from one another – different communities develop

However, rivalries between communities led to warfare that devastated Greek society

◦The SeaBecame seafarers who established colonies that spread Greek civilizations

Peninsula = land that is surrounded on three sides by water

Archipelago = a chain of islands

Early Greek CivilizationEarly Greek CivilizationThe Minoan civilization (3000-1450 BC)

◦Established on the island of Crete◦Named after King Minos, legendary king of Crete (the Minotaur story)

◦Sudden catastrophic collapse around 1450 BC

Early Greek CivilizationsEarly Greek CivilizationsThe Minoan civilization (3000 – 1450 BC)

◦Established on the island of Crete◦Named after King Minos, legendary king of Crete (the Minotaur story)

◦Used bronze to make weapons◦Large palace at Knossos – had basic plumbing◦Sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1450 BC

Greek City-StatesGreek City-StatesThe central focus of Greek life and

society was the polis◦Polis = Greek city-stateGreeks were fiercely loyal to their polis and regarded themselves not as Greeks, but as members of a particular city-state

◦Make-up of a polis:Citizens who had political rights = adult males

Citizens who had no political rights = women and children

Non-citizens = slaves and foreigners

◦Some cities develop democracy = gov’t by the people or rule by the many

◦Other city-states develop an oligarchy = rule by the few

◦New military system developsBased on hoplites = heavily armed foot soldiers

Carried a round shield, short sword, and a thrusting spear

Formed a phalanx for protection◦Phalanx = a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching close together in rectangular formation

AthensAthensGovernment structure was a democracy

◦Direct democracy = vote directly on the issues

◦Indirect democracy = elect people to vote on the issues in your place

Standards for voting = must be a free male over the age of 20 who has completed military training and owns land◦Accounts for 10% of the population

Duties of people allowed to vote:◦Vote in all elections and serve in office if elected

◦Serve on juries and in the military during warAthenian democracy consisted of three

main bodies◦Council of Five Hundred who proposed laws that would be voted on by the Assembly and supervised both foreign affairs and the treasury

◦Athenian Assembly – composed of all male citizens who were eligible to take part in the gov’tThis assembly voted on and passed the laws

Direct democracy = people participate directly in gov’t decision making and vote directly on an issue

◦Complex series of courtsBuilt the Parthenon = a grand temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

Gender RolesGender RolesWomen could not own property and

always had a male guardian◦Chief obligation was to have children◦Were expected to stay at home and out of sight, unless attending religious festivals or funerals

SpartaSpartaLike most city-states, Sparta needed more land, so they conquered neighboring peoples instead of starting new colonies◦The Spartans turned these conquered peoples into helots = state slaves

◦Spartans were now free to spend all their time training for war

Spartans decide to create a military state to keep control over the helots◦Helots outnumbered Spartan citizens by 7 to 1

Life in Sparta was rigidly organized◦Babies were examined at birth and if they were found to be weak, they were put to death

◦Men Taught physical toughness by parents until age seven

They then entered a school system designed to teach them combat◦At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness and expected to survive

At age 20 the boys became hoplites in the Spartan army

Allowed to marry, but had to live in barracks until age 30◦Could now live their own lives, but expected to fight with the army when needed

Allowed to vote in the assembly at age 30, retired from the army at age 60

◦Women Expected to exercise and raise healthy children

Had greater freedom and power in the household due to separation from their husbands

Could own property

Government structure◦Was an oligarchy headed by two kings who led the army on its campaigns

◦Ephors – a group of five men elected each year Responsible for the conduct of all citizens and education

◦Council of Elders – composed of the two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60 Decided the issues that would be presented to the assembly

◦Assembly of male citizens – voted on the issues

Foreigners were discouraged from visiting and Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad◦Kept out dangerous ideas and discouraged new thoughts

ATHENS SPARTA

Location

Gov’t Type

Military State?

Allows foreigners?

Who Can Vote?

Voting Age?

Life of Women

Peninsula of Attica

Peninsula of Peloponnesus

Democracy Oligarchy

NO YES

YES NO

Free men who own land Men in the army

20 30

Stay inside, have male guardian

More freedom and power

ATHENSLocated: Peninsula of

AtticaGov’t type:

DemocracyMilitary state?: NOForeigners?: YESWho can vote: Free

men who own

landVoting Age: 20Women: Expected to

stay inside, must have a male guardian

SPARTALocated: Peninsula of

PeloponnesusGov’t type: OligarchyMilitary state?: YESForeigners?: NOWho can vote: Men in

the army

Voting Age: 30Women: have more

freedom and power

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars(490 BC - 479 BC)Persian emperor Darius decides to

invade GreeceFirst Persian Invasion – 490 BC

◦Battle at Marathon – Athenians attack the Persians while they are unloading and the Persians retreat

◦An Athenian messenger runs 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the victoryHe dies after delivering the message

Second Persian Invasion – 480 BC◦Battle at ThermopylaeGreeks are afraid they won’t have enough time to prepare

A group of 300 Spartans decide to hold off the entire Persian army at the mountain pass of Thermopylae

Are successful for several days until a local shows the Persians an alternate path through the mountain and they kill all the Spartans

◦In 479 BC a large Greek army led by the might of Sparta crushes the Persians, ending the war

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian WarWar between Athens and Sparta

◦Sparta and allies dominate the land◦Athens and allies dominate the sea

Spartans surround Athens hoping for an open battle◦Athens avoids any battles on land◦Knowing they can’t compete in open battle, they hide behind their city walls, relying on supplies from their navy and colonies

Sparta eventually destroys the Athenian navy and Athens surrenders◦The walls of Athens are torn down and the Empire destroyed

Costs of the war◦Weakened major Greek city-statesAthens nearly destroyed, Sparta exhausted as well

◦Struggle for power in Greece led to a long cycle of warfare that left all of Greece vulnerable

◦Ignored the growing power of Macedonia to the north

◦Loss of freedom

Greek CultureGreek CulturePhilosophy = the search for wisdom and

knowledge◦Greek word meaning “the love of wisdom”

Socrates◦First of the great Athenian philosophers◦Everything known about Socrates comes from the writings of his students

◦Interested in broad concepts of human life◦Best way to learn is to ask questionsUse question-and-answer format to acquire knowledge

Known as the Socratic method

◦Socrates was charged with disrespect for religion and corrupting the city’s childrenThought he caused children to question the actions of the gods

Believed the displeasure of the gods caused Athens to lose the war

◦Sentenced to death by drinking a cup of hemlock, a poison

Plato◦Student of Socrates◦His most famous work was the RepublicGov’t should be led by the people most qualified to make good decisions - philosophers

◦Plato founded the Academy, a school where respected philosophers could teach their students and hold debates

◦Questioned reality and believed in ideal FormsEvery material object in the world was only the reflection of a perfect ideal

Aristotle◦Student of Plato◦Emphasis on reason and logic to study the natural worldReason = clear and ordered thinkingLogic = the process of making inferences

◦Aristotle believed in analyzing through observation and investigationPeople should use reason to learn about the world by making careful observations

Influenced the development of science in Europe

History◦A systematic analysis of past events, created by the Greeks

◦The Greeks were one of the first people to write about and analyze the past

◦Herodotus – First historian, wrote about the Persian Wars

◦Thucydides – considered to be the greatest historian of the ancient world Included many primary speeches and looked at his sources critically

◦HomerOne of the greatest poets of all times, wrote epic poems based on the Trojan War that became the basis for Greek education system◦Epic poem = a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero

Iliad – tale of the Greek hero AchillesOdyssey – long journey home of Greek hero Odysseus

Greek Drama◦Used for entertainment, two distinct forms of dramaTragedies – usually focused on hardships faced by Greek heroes

Comedies – satires, written to expose the flaws of society

◦Several well-known Greek playwrights◦Sophocles – concentrated on the suffering people brought upon themselvesMany of his characters had fatal flawsFamous play = Oedipus Rex, the story of a king who accidentally kills his father and marries his mother

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatMacedonia was a powerful kingdom to

the north of the Greek city-statesPhilip II reorganized the Macedonian

army and adopted the phalanx system◦Conquered all of the major Greek city-states except Sparta and became the new leader of Greece in 338 BC, he was assassinated in 336 BC

◦After his death, his son Alexander came to the throne (356-323 BC)

Alexander was a great military leader and strategist

Decided to fulfill his father’s dream of conquering the Persian Empire◦Destroyed the Persian army and emperor Darius III fled – he was later murdered by one of his own officers

After this victory, Alexander led his army deeper into Asia◦Went and conquered parts of India◦When his army refused to go any further, Alexander agreed to go home

On his way back home, Alexander fell ill in the city of Babylon and died a few days later◦He left no heir, so his generals began to fight for control

◦In the end the empire was divided among the three most powerful generalsMacedonia and Greece, Persian Empire, and Egypt

Legacy of Alexander◦Created new cities, most of them named AlexandriaBuilt Alexandria as the Greek capital of Egypt – important city which had a famous library

◦Alexander envisioned a world in which many cultures would live together

◦Made a conscious effort to bring people and ideas from different places together Encouraged Greeks to move to the Alexandria cities

◦Created a new type of culture Blended elements of Greek civilization with ideas from Persia, Egypt, and Central Asia

Created the Hellenistic Era◦Hellenistic means “to imitate the Greeks” ◦Expansion of Greek language and ideas to other parts of the world

◦Massive spread of Greek colonists to AsiaAlexander’s empire fell apart soon after his death, and the different Hellenistic kingdoms were shortly conquered by the Romans

The Three Branches of The Three Branches of Government in Ancient Athens Government in Ancient Athens

Referred to as a tripartite government

Classical Greece 2100-150 BCEClassical Greece 2100-150 BCE

Creation of Greece

Greece has city-states created from Minoan and the Mycenaean civilizations.

View the timeline on pages 124 and 125

Map on Page 126

Geography was the reason Greece developed into separate city-states because the terrain was rugged and travel was difficult between the different cities.

QuestionQuestion

What is the worlds first example of a city-state?

Sparta Sparta

What age where boys taken to train as soldiers?

What mineral was discovered that led to increased military strength?

Hoplites at age 20

Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government

Sparta was led by two kings who also served as a military commanders.

Elected council of leadersSpartan women have more rights

compared with other Greek city-statesHow is this giving citizens more of a voice

in comparison to other forms of government such as absolute monarchs?

Athenian Democracy 500 BCEAthenian Democracy 500 BCE

A democracy is a form of government in which people govern themselves. (Most common type)

2 types direct democracy

(People vote on each law)

Representative democracy (people vote on representatives to vote for them)

What type of democracy do we have in our country? Why?

Did the democracy extend to all Athenians???

Solon and Athenian Solon and Athenian DemocracyDemocracy

Aristocrat Solon mediates crisisAristocrats to keep large landholdingsBut forgive debts, ban debt slavery

Removed family restrictions against participating in public lifeInstituted paid civil service

Turn to page 135 in the Human Turn to page 135 in the Human Legacy text…Legacy text…

Read about the Birthplace of Democracy

◦In your notebook◦POV-Create a dialogue between Solon,

Peisistratus and Cleisthenes to show how they felt about democracy

◦The dialogue must be at least 12 lines and include how each person views democracy

Movie 300Movie 300

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Prc1UfuokY

After the War The Persians returned to their homeland and The Golden Age of Athens began!!!

Rate Me Bar Graph-HomeworkRate Me Bar Graph-Homework

Using your textbook pp. 134-141, take notes on the following leaders in classical Greek society. You will use this information for a bar graph described in next slide.

SolonCleisthenesPesistratusDracoPericles

Rate Me Bar Graph - HomeworkRate Me Bar Graph - Homework

Create a bar graph of the leaders during classical age of Greece described in your textbook pp. 134-141 Using information from the reading and any additional information you may have, give each person a rating of 1-10. 1 will be the lowest and 10 will be the highest. Create a bar graph that compares your rating for each leader.

Unit # 2 – Foundations Unit # 2 – Foundations of Civilizationof Civilization

Lesson # 4 Day 2

Objective and Bell Ringer Unit 2 Objective and Bell Ringer Unit 2 Lesson 4Lesson 4

Bell Ringer: What does democracy mean to you? Does Greece’s form of government apply to your definition?

◦ Objective: Describe how Ancient Greece contributed to modern forms of society and government

Agenda◦ Gallery Crawl- fill out graphic organizer on Mythology, Literature,

Philosophy, etc. as you go through stations

Greek Culture Gallery CrawlGreek Culture Gallery Crawl

In your groups, you will be rotating through six stations◦7:00 per station◦Collaboration is encouraged◦Test questions come directly from this activity

Greek AchievementsGreek Achievements

Greek Philosophy see page 143

Greek Literature( poetry, History, and drama see page 144

Greek Architecture and Art see page 147

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great

See Alexander’s Empire on page 151

What lasting impact did Alexander leave on the world?

Debriefing-Exit TicketDebriefing-Exit Ticket

How did Greek democracy influence American government?