unit 2: internal energy and landforms
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 2 INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS
Index
1 The Deformation of Rocks2 The Rock Cycle3 The Formation of Mountain Ranges4 Isostasy5 Risks associated with geological activity6 Landforms
Compressionalstress
Tensionalstress
Shear stress
Typesof
stresses
FAULT = Fracture in the rocks on the Earthrsquos surface where blocks have been displaced
(labio levantado)
(labio hundido)
Structure of a fault
Types of faults
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Vertical fault
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 2: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Index
1 The Deformation of Rocks2 The Rock Cycle3 The Formation of Mountain Ranges4 Isostasy5 Risks associated with geological activity6 Landforms
Compressionalstress
Tensionalstress
Shear stress
Typesof
stresses
FAULT = Fracture in the rocks on the Earthrsquos surface where blocks have been displaced
(labio levantado)
(labio hundido)
Structure of a fault
Types of faults
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Vertical fault
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 3: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Compressionalstress
Tensionalstress
Shear stress
Typesof
stresses
FAULT = Fracture in the rocks on the Earthrsquos surface where blocks have been displaced
(labio levantado)
(labio hundido)
Structure of a fault
Types of faults
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Vertical fault
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 4: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FAULT = Fracture in the rocks on the Earthrsquos surface where blocks have been displaced
(labio levantado)
(labio hundido)
Structure of a fault
Types of faults
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Vertical fault
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 5: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of faults
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Vertical fault
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 6: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Normal fault
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe lower block
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Normal+Faultampflash_file=normalfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 7: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reverse fault
httpearthquakeusgsgovlearnanimationsanimationphpflash_title=Thrust+Faultampflash_file=thrustfaultampflash_width=220ampflash_height=320
The arrow (from top to bottom) is pointing tothe upper block
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 8: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reverse fault
Some example of faults
Normal fault
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files33[1]swf
Lower block
Lower block
Upper block
Upper block
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 9: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Normal fault Reverse fault
Normal faultReverse fault
1
2
3
4
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 10: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FOLD = deformation in rocks created by stresses which produce bends or curves
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 11: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of folds
According to thedirection of curvature
Anticline
Syncline
According to theangle of theaxial plane
Symmetrical
Inclined
Overturned(tumbado)
Recumbent(acostado)
Overturned fold
Recumbent fold
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 12: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
After erosion happens in an anticline fold the oldest layers appear in the middle
In a syncline fold the most modern layers appear in the middle
1 2
3
1
23
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 13: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Anticline
ldquoDrdquo is the oldest one
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 14: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Syncline
ldquo8rdquo is the most modern one
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 15: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What type of deformations are the following ones
Recumbent fold
Syncline fold
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 16: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Overturned fold
Activity 1 page 29 Activities 5 7 and 9 page 31
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 17: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rocks are always formed form pre-existing rocks that undergo processes of transformation
Types of rocks
Exogenous rocks(external
processes)sedimentary
Endogenous rocks
(internalprocesses)
igneous
metamorphic
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 18: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
caused by solar energy
Weathering rocks break up due to the action of the atmosphere water living thingshellip
Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Weathering caused byliving beings
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 19: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Erosion loosened pieces of rock start moving
Transportation eroded material is transported
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 20: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sedimentation deposition of materials
Diagenesis sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 21: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
caused by heat and pressure inside the Earth
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT = the internal temperature of the Earth increases with dephtabout 30ordmC every kilometre
It causes
Volcanoes
Geysers
Thermalsprings
Santa Ana Volcano El Salvador
Geyser in Iceland
ThermalSpring Yellowstone
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 22: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Meltingmechanisms
Rise in temperature
produced by
Friction
Radioactivesubstances
Contactwith heat
Drop in pressurewhich produces a decrease in themelting point
Presence of liquids
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 23: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Types of magma
From deepmantle (Mg + Fe)
Mid-oceanridges
Rifts
Hot spots
From moltencrust (Si + Al +
gas)
In subductionzones
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 24: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Types of metamorphism
Contact orthermal
increase in temperature
Regionalincrease in
temperature and pressure
Dynamicincrease in pressure
METAMORPHISM OCCURS IN ROCKS IN A SOLID STATE
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 25: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Common locations formetamorphism
Next to a trench Pressure
In a volcanic arc Temperature
Continental collision zone
Hightemperature and
high pressure
Page 31 activities 6 11 12 14 15 and 17
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 26: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
OROGEN = Mountain range also called ldquocordillerardquo
Andean type orogen
An accretionary prism is formed
Accumulated marine sediment on the edge of a continental platethat has been scraped off a subducting oceanic plate
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 27: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Alps Himalayas Pyrenees
The process of formation is faster thanthe Andean type
The deformation and metamorphism of rocksis greater
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 28: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rocky Mountains
Fragments of rocks from the lithosphere are added to the appearing mountain
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 29: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OROGENY = Geological period in the past when the crust was deformed and foldedtherefore mountain ranges appeared
There has been three important orogenies in the past
1 Caledonian Orogeny 2 HercynianOrogeny
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 30: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3 Alpine Orogeny
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 31: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ISOSTASY is the state of equilibrium between the lithosphere and the mantle
If the weight of the lithosphere
increasesIt sinks
If the weight of the lithosphere
decreasesIt rises
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 32: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What happens whenhellip
hellip a thick layer of sediment is deposited
hellip a thick covering of ice is formed
hellip a mountain range is eroded
hellip the ice of an ice cup melts
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
The lithosphere sinks The lithosphere rises
Activity 19 page 35
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 33: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Locations
Rifts
(California)
Subduction zones with high risk of
tsunamis
(Chile Japan Indonesia)
Continental collision zones
(Himalayas Pyrenees)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 34: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The danger depends on
The viscosity of the magma
The contents in gases
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 35: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Types of eruptions
HawaiianLow viscosity magma flows very quickly
Vulcanian
Intermediate viscosity
Lava flows and pyroclasts
Plinian
High viscosity and high gas
contents
Big explosions
Anak Krakatau
Fujiyama
Kilauea
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 36: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The southern part of the Iberian Peninsula has a moderate seismic risk
The Canary Islands are Spainrsquos only active volcanic areas
Activities 22 23 27 page 37
Earthquakes distribution
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 37: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Factors which control the shaping
of landforms
Climate
LithologyMineral
composition and texture of rocks
Actions of humans
MORPHOCLIMATIC ZONE = area characterised by distinctive types of landforms thatcoincide with a major climatic zone
(accidentes geograacuteficos)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 38: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Weather very low temperaturesAgent Snow accumulates and is transformed into ICENo vegetation
Moraines = sediments
(morrenas)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 39: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Rocks eroded by a glacier
Most important parts
bull moraines (lateral central and subglacial)
bull cirque
bull horn
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 40: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Shaping agent = ICE which causes FROST WEATHERING
Landforms= Rocks have typical polygonal shapesVegetation mosses and lichens
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 41: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Weather low rainfall extreme temperature changesAgent Wind and mechanical weathering by temperature changesVegetation little amount and types (low biodiversity)
Typical landforms
bull Reg stony desert
bull Erg sandy desert
bull dunes
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 42: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Weather torrential rainfallsVegetation herbs bushes
Landforms
bull Ravines channels produced by torrential rain
bull Alluvial fans accumulated sediments moved by water streams
(Abanico aluvial)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 43: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Weather moderate temperatures liquid waterChemical weathering
1 uppercourseerosion and
transportation
2 middle coursetrasportation
and sedimentation
3mouth of the
riversedimentation
Structure of a river
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 44: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Weather is not importantAgents currents waves and tides
Most important parts
bull Cliffs
bull Beach
bull Arch
bull tombolo
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 45: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The rock is limestone
Limestone is solved and
produces the following typical structures
bull caves
bull stalactites
bull stalagmites
bull columns
bull subterranean lakesStalactites
Stalagmites
(caliza)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 46: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
(Granite produces a different type of landscape jumble of balls)(Berrocal)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 47: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Horst Elevated
blocks
Grabens Depressions
Created by association of faults
Page 43 activities 29 32 33 37 and 38Development of basic competences ALL of them
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part
![Page 48: Unit 2: Internal Energy and Landforms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042516/55a66c4c1a28abd57e8b480a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
geothermal gradient hot spot accretionary prismmorphoclimatic zone geyser isostasy
Ampliation (not compulsory) page 198 Another mark in the laboratory part