2014

Unit 2 Notes Packet

Biochemistry (Macromolecules of life)

SLEEM, AMBER Spring Branch ISD

P. 1 Biochemistry NotesP. 2 – 3

Biochemistry Notes

I. Chemistry—study of what ________________ are made of and how they _____________and____________ A. Each different kind of atom is a different ____________________ 1. Examples: C = Carbon H = ____________ O = _______________ N = _____________ B. _____________________________ elements chemically combined to make __________________ 1. Examples: __________ _________ _________ __________ C. Compounds are classified into two groups: 1. _______________ Compounds – come from _______________ substances

(in = not organic = living)EX: H2O is the ______________________ because of its bent molecular shape and polarity. Water ______________________ other polar compounds by pulling them apart like magnets___________________________ of your body is water

2. _______________ Compounds – come from _______________ substances

II. Biochemistry – study of the ________________ of ________________ organisms A. Organic compounds – All organic compounds will have the element ________________in them Exception: CO2 is _________ organic (CO2 is not composed of ___________________________)

1. Organic compounds in living cells are usually ________________ compounds with _____________________ in their structure

EX. Glucose C6H12O6

2. Four groups of organic compounds: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ - DNA and RNA

3. Monomer to PolymerMonomer -_____________________________Polymer-_______________________________

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Glucose

Carbohydrate NotesCarbohydrates

Examples: _______________________,__________________________and ______________________What are some of the carbohydrates you eat?__________________________,__________________________,____________________________

A Used by the organism for ___________________________________ B. Monomer = ___________________________(Basic Building Block) C. Polymer = Polysaccharide

D. Count the number of carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens in the glucose molecule below

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Create a polysaccharid

C_____H_____O_____

Dehydration Synthesis

D. Three groups of carbohydrates:

1. ___________________________ = single sugar; basic structural unit from which larger carbohydrates are built (mono = one sacchar = sugar) Examples: sugars usually end in -ose

a. glucose – _________ - most common sugar, _______________ produced by green plants

b. fructose - sugar in fruits 2. ___________________________ – double sugar (di = two) a. sucrose - cane sugar ___________________________ b. chemical reaction: 2 monosaccharides joined together to make a _____________________ 3. ____________________________ – many sugars (poly = many)

Examples: a. starch – polysaccharide stored in plants _________________________________________________________ b. glycogen –polysaccharide stored in animals – ____________________________________ c. cellulose – polysaccharide that gives support and structure to plant cells ________________ most abundant organic chemical on earth

Starch

Lipids Notes

Lipids Used for long term ________________________and____________________________ A. Structure: fats and oils 1. Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids 2. Contain the elements C, H and O

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When water is released in a chemical reaction = dehydration synthesis

Examples: 1. Fats – ____________ at room temperature – butter, lard (animal fat) 2. Oils – ____________ at room temperature – corn oil, olive oil (plant fats) 3. Phospholipids and cholesterol – makes up ___________________________________ 4. Steroids – type of hormone that can cross cell membrane directly into cells 5. Waxes – ____________________________________________________________________

B. Dietary importance4

When glycerol + fatty acids combine to form 1 fat molecule, H2O is released = dehydration synthesis

1. _______________________ fats – generally come from animal fats a. Bad for you – deposited in arteries – _____________________________________________

2. ________________________ fats – generally from plant oils a. Better for you

3. Cholesterol – 2 sources a. Your body produces it – essential to life: helps produce certain hormones and part of cell

membranes in animals b. You consume it in food

1. Bad cholesterol – _______ (low density lipoprotein) – goes to cells, excess deposited in arteries 2. Good cholesterol – _______ (high density lipoprotein) – gets rid of excess LDL’s in arteries

Nucleic Acids Notes

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Saturated with hydrogens (H)No double bonds in fatty acid chain

Have one or more double bonds in fatty acid chain

History of DNA: The Hereditary MoleculeEarly scientists thought ___________________was the cell’s hereditary material because it was _____________________________than DNA

Proteins were composed of _____________________________________in long polypeptide chains

Experiment 1: Franklin Griffith____________________worked with ____________________and _________________ strain Pneumoccocus bacteria

He found that ________________ could become _____________when it took in DNA from heat-killed S strain

What did this study suggest?

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Experiment 2: Hershey Chase______________________are made of both DNA and protein

Experiments on ________________ viruses by _____________ and _____________proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic materialRadioactive 32P was injected into bacteria!

Discovery of DNA Structure: The Double Helix _________________showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G)In a body or somatic cell: A = T = G = C =

• Chargaff’s Rule: ______________ must pair with Thymine.______________ must pair with Cytosine

(Remember straight letters (AT) bond together and curved letter (GC) bond together)

The bases form weak hydrogen bonds

________________________took diffraction ________________photographs of DNA crystals

In the 1950’s, ______________ and ________________ built the _______________ of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays

DNA Structure7

AT CG

Two strands coiled called a ___________________________The ____________________ are made of a pentose sugar _______________bonded to _____________groups by __________________________bonds_______________made of ___________________bonded together by weak _________________

Most DNA has a _______________twist with __________________in a complete turnDNA Stands for ______________________________Made up of subunits called __________________________________made of:

1.2.3.

Anti parallel strands• One strand of DNA goes from 5’ to 3’ (sugars)

• The other strand is _________________in direction going 3’ to 5’ (sugars)

Base Pairing_______________________only pair with ________________________________

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Double ring PURINESAdenine (A) Guanine (G)

Single ring PYRIMIDINESThymine (T) Cytosine (C)

T or C

A or G

___________hydrogen bonds required to bond ________________& _______________

_______________hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine

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3 H-bonds

G C

AT

Protein Notes

Examples - _________________, nuts, beans, and ______________________

Makes: __________________, Feathers, _______________, nails, and _____________________

Proteins (also called peptides) A. Needed for ________________________________________________________ of living materials 1. cell membrane, skin, nails, hair, bones and muscles made of protein B. Fight disease – _______________________ made of proteins C. Control rate of chemical reactions in cells – __________________ made of proteins D. Food source – ___________________________________________________________________

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Structure: 1. proteins are polymers of molecules called ___________________________ monomer = _______________________ polymer = _____________________ 2. contain the elements C, H, O and N

____ different _______________ combine in different ways to make up thousands of different proteins

A __________________________________ - a chain of 50 – 500 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond (polypeptide)

The order of the amino acids determines what protein you will make and what its function will be!!!

Enzymes

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Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins

Catalyst – substance that _________________________ the _______________ of a chemical __________________EX: Hydrogen peroxide being broken down into water and oxygen

B. Enzymes - a kind of _____________ found in all ________________ things C. Enzymes are _______________________ D. Enzymes change only the _____________________ of the reaction E. Enzymes are ____________________________________ in a reaction so they can be used over and over F. Enzymes are _________________ for a reaction they catalyze

G. Enzymes allow _____________________ to occur _____________________; otherwise the hamburger you ate last week might still be in your stomach! Chemical Reactions:

Chemical reactions need an initial input of energy = _________________________________________

During this part of the reaction the molecules are said to be in a _______________________________

Increasing the ______________________________ make molecules move faster

Biological systems are very sensitive to temperature changes.

Enzymes can _____________________the rate of reactions ________________________the temperature.

They do this by ___________________________the activation energy.

They create __________________________________________________________ “a short cut”

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H. Lock and Key hypothesis – an explanation of how an enzyme works

Fit between the __________________________and the _______________________of the enzyme is exactly like a key fits into a lock very precisely

The key is analogous to the enzyme and the substrate analogous to the lock. Temporary structure called the _________________________________________complex formed

_________________________ have a different shape from the __________________________ Once formed, they are released from the active site Leaving it free to become attached to another __________________________ This explains enzyme specificity This explains the loss of activity when enzymes ________________________________

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Reaction coordinate

P

E

E

P

S

E

Enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme maybe used again

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