Unit 2: Organization and Patterns in Life
Living Environment, Mr. Lynch Topics to be Covered: Basic Chemistry Organic Chemistry
Atoms, Bonds, Polarity, pH Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid Cell Organelles Plant vs. Animal Cell Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Enzymes Cell Membrane Transport Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport Cellular Communication Mitosis Lesson #1 Basic Chemistry
LO: Discuss basic properties of atoms in order to understandthe chemistry of life. Homework: Read textbook pages Complete the section assessment questions 1-5 on a separate sheet of paper. Basic Chemistry Atom = basic unit of matter
Proton = positive charged particle Neutron = neutral charged particle Electron = negative charged particle Most atoms are neutral # protons = # electrons Periodic Table of Elements Reading the Periodic Table
Element Name = name of the element Element Symbol = abbreviation for an element Atomicnumber = number of protons Atomic Weight (amu) = protons + neutrons (electrons have negligible weight) Group Activity Using the periodic table, determine the element symbol, atomic number and atomic weight of the element assigned to your group Table 1 = Hydrogen Table 2 = Nitrogen Table 3 = Oxygen Table 4 = Sodium Table 5 = Chloride Bonding Hydrogen Bonding = weak attraction between hydrogen atoms.
Ionic Bonding = transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another; results in positive and negative charged particles called ions (i.e. NaCl) Covalent Bonding = sharing of electrons Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonding = two or more atoms share electrons
Nonpolar = equal sharing of electrons Polar = unequal sharing of electrons (i.e. Water) QUIZ For each element listed, write the Atomic Number, Atomic Weight, # of Protons, #Neutrons, and # of Electrons. C O N K Ag Quiz Part 2 Show the electron shell bonding for H2O.
Show the electron shell bonding for NaCl. Special Properties of Water
Water Molecules Water and NaCl Solution Solutions Solution = a homogeneous mixture
Solute = the substance dissolved Solvent = the substance in which the solute is dissolved (usually water) pH The pH scale is used to measure concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Water molecules can react to form ions: H2O H+ + OH- Amount of H+ > OH- then pH is less than 7 Amount of H+ < OH- then pH is greater than 7 Lesson #2 Organic Chemistry
LO: Describe the function of the four major organic compounds found in all living things using a graphic organizer. Homework: Read textbook pages Complete the section assessment questions 1-5 on a separate sheet of paper. Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic Contains both C and H Inorganic Doesnt contain both C and H Examples: Carbohydrates (Sugars) Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acid (RNA, DNA) Examples: Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Salts (i.e. NaCl) Minerals Four Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acid Four Major Organic Molecules
Group Activity Create a graphic organizer, using the template below as a starting point, in order to organize important information regarding the four major organic molecules. Include (minimally): What is the molecule made of? What is its function(s)? Examples (general or specific) Four Major Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Lesson #3 - Indicators LO: Use chemical indicators to test for certain substances. Indicators Lugols Solution (Iodine) Benedicts Solution Litmus Paper
Tests for starch Benedicts Solution Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose) Litmus Paper Tests for Acids and Bases Bromothymol Blue Test for Carbon Dioxide Lugols Solution Yellow = no starch Brown/Black = starch Benedicts Solution Blue = no glucose Brown = glucose
The solution with Benedicts solution MUST be heated for 3-5 minutes in order to properly conduct this test. Negative Test Positive Test Litmus Paper Red Litmus Paper Blue Litmus Paper Red = acidic
Blue = basic Blue Litmus Paper Bromothymol Blue Blue = basic (> 7.6) Green = neutral (~7.0)
Yellow = acidic (< 6.0) Lesson #4 - Cells LO: Explain the cell theory and identify components of animal cells using poetic text. Homework: Read Chapter Complete Section Assessment Questions. The Cell Theory 1665 Robert Hooke used a compound light microscope to observe cork (plant material). Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. Group Activity Create a rap using the Cell Theory Rap poem. Each group will be assigned 2 stanzas: Table 1 Stanza 2 and 3 Table 2 Stanza 4 and 5 Table 3 Stanza 6 and 7 Table 4 Stanza 8 and 9 Table 5 Stanza 10, 11 and 12 (the last two lines) You must have rhythm and may beat box. You will present your portion of the rap to the class. Class Discussion According to the Cell Theory Rap, what components are found in the cell? Lesson #5 Cell Organelles
LO: Use an interactive computer model of a cell to describe the function of cells and their components. Announcements:Quiz on Cell Organelles - Monday Science in the News Due Monday Homework: Cell City Analogy Worksheet. Electron Micrograph of a Human Lymphocyte (on left) and Corn Plant (on right) B A C A = White Blood Cell attacking Bacteria
B = Human oocyte (egg) before fertilization C = Malignant (cancerous) Lymphocyte C Internet Activity Students will work in pairs and use an interactive tutorial of an animal and plant cell to learn about the components (organelles) found in these cells. If your laptop is not equipped with Adobe Flash (you cannot run the interactive tutorial), raise your hand and Ms. Fazio will install the program onto your computer. Lesson # 6 Plant vs. Animal Cell
LO: Students will use microscopy and staining techniques to observe differences between animal and plant cells. Homework: Finish laboratory analysis questions (if necessary). Make Quiz Corrections. Procedure Today we are working with hazardous chemicals. Safety is extremely important! Make sure your table has the following materials: Light Microscope (1 per group) Microscope Slides (2 per group) Coverslip (2 per group) Water with dropper Toothpicks Small Paper Towel Pieces Procedure Modifications: We are using red onion and will NOT need to stain the onion cells with iodine. Obtain methylene blue from Ms. Fazio at the sink. Be careful to not get any methylene blue on you! It will stain your skin and clothes! Adding a stain to a wet mount Lesson #7 Photosynthesis
LO:Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis. Homework: none Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Equation
sunlight Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen chlorophyll sunlight CO2 + H2O C6H12O6+ O2 chlorophyll Lesson #8 Cellular Respiration
Describe what happens during the process of cellular respiration by comparing and contrasting this chemical reaction to photosynthesis. Homework: Have a great weekend!! Review - Photosynthesis
Equation for Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight Glucose + Oxygen Starch can be synthesized from glucose molecules. Oxygen is a bi-product of Chloroplast Site of Photosynthesis
**Photosynthesis occurs ONLY in Chloroplasts.These organelles are founds in plant cells. Mitochondria Site of Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Equation
Cellular Respiration is NOT the same thing as breathing! Equations for Cellular Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy) The energy from ATP is then used by the organism to obtain, transform, and transport materials, and to eliminate wastes: water + ATP ADP + P + Energy ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate ADP Adenosine Diphosphate
Activity Complete a t-chart so as to compare the process of photosynthesis to cellular respiration. Include: Where does this process take place (which organelle)? What are the raw materials? What are the products? What organisms carry-out this process? What is energy in the process? Draw a diagram to show how cellular respiration and photosynthesis are related. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Lesson #9 - Chromatography
LO: Use paper chromatography to explain the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. Announcements:QUIZ Photosynthesis and Cellular Respirationon Monday Homework: Finish Laboratory Analysis Questions (if necessary). Complete Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Reading Comprehension Packet. Review - Photosynthesis
Equation for Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight Glucose + Oxygen Starch can be synthesized from glucose molecules. Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. Chloroplast Site of Photosynthesis Chromatography Animation: Laboratory Procedure Materials: Procedure Modifications:
Whatman #1 Chromatography Paper (1 piece) Beaker/Plastic Cup (1 per group) Toothpick (1 per group) Water and Acetone solution Pencil (1 per group) Ruler (1 per group) Procedure Modifications: We will be working in pairs today! Chlorophyll extraction will be completed as a teacher demonstration. Each group will receive ONE piece of chromatography paper. Rf = How far the pigment moved / How far the solvent moved
Analyzing the Data Calculate Solvent Front. Measure from starting point to solvent front. Determine Rf value for each pigment. Compare the calculated Rf values to the actual Reference Numbers. Rf = How far the pigment moved / How far the solvent moved Lesson #10 - Enzymes LO: Describe the function of enzymes and their importance to living things. Homework: Review Book Read pages Complete questions Important Vocabulary Catalyst substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction Enzyme protein that acts as a biological catalyst Substrate reactant of enzyme-catalyzed reaction Product produced by a chemical reaction Enzyme Action Enzymes have a site, called the active site, which binds a substrate (reactant/reactants).The reaction occurs at the active site only. Once the reaction occurs, the products are released from the enzyme.The enzyme can then catalyze additional reactions (the enzyme can be reused). Enzyme Specificity Enzymes have a VERY specific shape.Only one substrate can bind to the active site because of the specific shape. We call this the Lock and Key model. Enzymes (cont.) TWO factors affects enzyme activity:
pH TEMPERATURE All enzymes have a certain pH and temperature that they work best at! This pH and temperature may vary from enzyme to enzyme. In humans, enzymes work best at pH = 7.0 and temperature = 37 C. If pH or temperature is drastically changed, this may cause the enzyme to DENATURE. Affecting Enzyme Action - pH
pH and temperature can cause the shape of an enzyme to change.We call this denaturing. If normal pH and/or temperature is restored, the enzyme may return back to its normal shape.If the change in pH and/or temperature is too drastic, the enzyme may be permanently changed. What happens if enzymes dont work?
Ex. Tay-Sachs Disease Missing the enzyme -hexosaminidase A. This enzyme is found in lysosomes, organelles that break down large molecules for recycling by the cell. Normally, -hexosaminidase A helps to degrade lipids but in Tay-Sachs individuals, the enzyme is absent or present only in very reduced amounts, allowing excessive accumulation of lipids in neurons.This causes neurodegeneration. *Enzymes usually end with ase. Enzymes Enzymes are needed for the synthesis or digestion (chemical reactions) of molecules. Product may be formed from smaller molecules (synthesis). Examples: Amino acids form proteins Monosacchrides form polysacchrides (i.e. glucose forms starch) Nucleotides form nucleic acids (i.e. DNA, RNA) Product may be formed from breaking down of larger molecules (digestion). Starch is broken down into glucose Lesson #12 Cell Membrane
LO: Describe how the cell membrane is involved in transport of substances in and out of cells and communication between cells. HW: Review Book Read pages 5-7. Complete questions Cell Membrane - Functions
Protection Regulate transport of substance in and out of the cell Semi-permeable Communication between cells (receptors) The Cell Membrane Phospholipid bilayer Flexible Embedded Proteins Receptors Channels (transport)
Cell Recognition (ID Card) Diffusion Diffusion = movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration. Requires NO energy Spontaneous Osmosis Osmosis = Diffusion of water
Requires NO energy Spontaneous Active Transport Active Transport = movement of substances from low to high concentration Requires energy (ATP) Cell Membrane Receptors
Receptors are used for communication. A substance binds to the receptor on a cell membrane to signal that cell to react (i.e. contract, grow, synthesize proteins). Receptors are specific! i.e. Insulin receptors on cells will bind insulin ONLY.Insulin is a protein released by the pancreas when you eat.This protein signals cellsto absorb sugar in the blood (comes from the food you eat).Peoplewith diabetes Type I do not produce insulin. Therefore, their cells do not absorb sugar in the blood and their blood sugar level becomes abnormally high. Group Activity Draw the diagram shown below.Show what would happen if DIFFUSION occurred. Initial Final Group Activity Draw the diagram shown below.Show what would happen if OSMOSIS occurred (blue = H2O, red = salt). Initial Final Group Activity Draw the diagram shown below.Show what would happen if ACTIVE TRANSPORT occurred. Initial Final Lesson #15 NYS Diffusion Through a Membrane
LO: Demonstrate diffusion and osmosis using indicators and microscopy techniques.