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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & Biochemistry


Standard B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.

Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.

This unit is all about ENERGY.

I. ATPII. BiomoleculesIII. Chemical ReactionsIV. PhotosynthesisV. Cellular Respiration

TEST:____________________________1

Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryATP and Energy in Foods

Objectives:Recognize the overall structure of an ATP molecule. Summarize the function of ATP. Illustrate the relationship between ATP and ADP. Interpret diagrams and equations of the ATP-ADP cycle.

Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided.

1. ATP

2. ADP

3. Chemosynthesis

4. Heterotroph

5. Autotroph

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Indicator B – 3.3: Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphates (ATP) – namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups – and summarize its functions (including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle).

Indicator B – 3.4: Summarize how the structure of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their relative caloric values.

Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryWhat do you think about when you hear the word ENERGY?

List some forms of energy you are familiar with.

Of the list above, which (if any) of the forms of energy can a

living thing use?

Which would you rather have? Explain why.

50 $1 bills

1 $50 bill

To live, all organisms must release the energy found in _________ and other compounds.

Autotrophs (also called _____________ )

Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to

produce food.

Heterotrophs (also called ___________ )

Organisms that must obtain energy from the foods they consume.

This picture is called a _______ _______.

It shows the flow of _________ through

living things.

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistrySince energy comes in many different forms, it can easily be __________ for use later. The energy in

our cells is no different. Activities of the cell are powered by ____________ _________. ATP is the

molecule used in most of our cell’s daily functions. So….where does that ATP come from?

Molecules in foods _________ chemical energy in their ___________.

__________________________ _______________________________

Chemical Energy and ATP

Where do organisms get ATP from? They break down

food molecules (biomolecules) and extract the ATP found within their bonds. The main biomolecule in

which organisms get ATP is from _______________ like glucose.

*In the next section we will go into more detail about the major biomolecules and their caloric

(energy) values.

Foods that we eat do not contain ______ directly.

ATP ADP

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryFirst the food must be __________ then ________ down into smaller molecules that can be

used to make _______. *Think about what happens when you eat cotton candy.

The amount of ATP made from a food source depends on the type of food digested. While

there are 4 main biomolecules, only 3 of them are a source of chemical energy (ATP) for living

things . They are __________________, ________________, and __________________.

Compare their energy values in the chart below.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Cells store small amounts of energy in their cells in the form of ________. This is energy required for

activities < 90 seconds like ____________ ___________. However, when cells require an activity

that lasts longer than 90 seconds, ____________ is broken down in order to release the energy

found in its bonds. Glucose can store _______ times more energy than ATP. If your body uses all the

available glucose, it will then begin to break down lipids. If there are no lipids available for energy use,

this is when your body begins to break down proteins (and muscles). However, if your cells are not in

need of the energy found in glucose, the excess glucose gets turned into _______ and it is stored.

Plants: stored glucose is called __________ *Think about celery.

Animals: stored glucose is called ____________

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & Biochemistrycalorie vs. CalorieA calorie (lowercase “c”) is:

A Calorie (uppercase “C”) is:

Which one is found in food?

Each type of food (major biomolecule) holds a different amount

of potential energy.

Proteins have _____ Calories/gram

Carbohydrates have _____ Calories/gram

Lipids have _____ Calories/gram

In many countries outside the US and UK, food energy is measured in ___________ instead of in

Calories. ________ Calorie = _________ Joules = ________ calories

ChemosynthesisSome organisms don’t use ______ energy to produce chemical

energy.

These organisms may live in a place where ________is not

present or strong enough like hydrothermal vents.

These organisms use a process called _____________ to

convert organic compounds into chemical energy.

Carbon-Based Molecules

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Objectives:Distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Summarize how the structures of organic molecules are related to their relative caloric

values.Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms. Compare the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

. Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided.

1. Monomer

2. Polymer

3. Carbohydrate

4. Protein

5. Lipid

6. Nucleic acid

7. Fatty acid

8. Amino acid

9. Atom

Before you can begin to understand complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, you must understand how their structure is constructed. Read in your textbook.

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules (pgs. 36-39)

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Indicator B – 3.5: Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.


Why is it important to understand the parts of a living thing in order to understand how it works as a whole? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

An atom is _______________________________________________________________________

Draw and label an atom

What charge does each of the following have? proton _____ neutron _____ electron _____

Where is each of the following found in an atom? proton_____ neutron ______ electron _____

What holds the electrons in place? ____________________________________________________

The # of _______ equals the # of _________, so therefore the overall charge of an atom is neutral.

What is an element? ________________________________________________________________

There are over _____ known elements and about _____ are found in living organisms.Look at the back of your textbook. Write down a few and say what they are used for.

How are elements represented? ______________________________________________________

How are they arranged so that people can easily see them? ________________________________

How is Aluminum written? _____ Calcium? _____ Argon? _____ Helium? _____ Hydrogen _____

The atomic number refers to? ____________________ The mass number? ____________________

Are most elements found alone or combined with other elements? ____________________________What does a chemical formula show? __________________________________________________

What are three examples of chemical formulas?

1. 2. 3.

The ____________ and ______________ properties of a chemical compound can be very different.

How is H2O an example of this? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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What is a chemical bond? ___________________________________________________________

What are the two types of bonds? ________________ and _____________________

Fill out the table with facts about each. Be sure to give an example of each type.

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

Carbon-Based Molecules (pgs. 44-48)Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

The element referred to as the building block of life is _____________.

_______________ is the basis of most molecules that make up living things.

In its outer energy level, C atoms have ________ valence electrons.

C can form _________ bonds with ___________________ _______________________________________________.

C compounds can form ______ fundamental structures. They are ________________, _______________,

or ___________________. Sketch each one below.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.9

Unit 3: Cellular Energy & Biochemistry The four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things are _______________,

_______________, _________________, and _________ ___________.

Carbohydrates (pg. 45) A carbohydrate is __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________.

Carbohydrates are known as ______________ and ___________________.

Foods high in carbohydrates would include _____________

_______________________________________________.

Living things need carbohydrates for use as ___________.

Lipids (pg. 46) Lipids are ___________. They include _________________

________________________________________________.

Foods high in lipids would include _____________________

________________________________________________.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

We often hear that cholesterol is not good for you, however living things need cholesterol for

_______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Proteins (pg. 47) Proteins are ______________________________________

_______________________________________________.

o Polymers are ________________________________

__________________________________________.

o The monomers of a protein ________ _________.

If the wrong amino acid is in place, _________________ will result.

Foods high in protein would include ___________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_________________.

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & Biochemistry One important type of protein found in our bodies are _________, which speed up chemical

reactions. *We will discuss these in greater detail next.

Nucleic Acids (pg. 48) Nucleic acids are __________________________________

________________________________________________.

The function of nucleic acids is _______________________

________________________________________________.

There are two types of nucleic acids. They are ___________ and _______________.

Look at each picture and decide which carbon-based molecule it is. Write that molecule’s name on the line.

______________ _______________ ______________ ________________________

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryFill in the following chart about Carbon-Based Molecules

Molecule Contains the Elements

Function in Living Things

ExamplesInclude

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryBiochemical Reactions and Enzymes

Objectives:Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions. Explain why chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Describe how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.State that factors such as temperature and pH affect the rates of chemical reactions.


1. Chemical reaction

2. Reactant

3. Product

4. Bond energy

5. Equilibrium

6. Activation energy

7. Exothermic

8. Endothermic

9. Catalyst

10.Enzyme

11.Substrate

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Indicator B – 2.8: Explain the factors that affect the rates of biochemical reactions (including pH, temperature, and the role of enzymes as catalysts).

Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryChemical ReactionsWhat is a chemical reaction?

In the space below, write a definition for each of the terms.

DefinitionReactants

Products

What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken?

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ______________ _____________.

Using the above

graph, fill in the

graph to the right.

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Energy-Absorbing Reaction

--------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------

Energy-Releasing Reaction

In the graph to the right, label the following:

Reactants

Products

Energy

Course of Reaction

Activation Energy

Endothermicor

Exothermic

Endothermicor

Exothermic

Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryEffects on Chemical ReactionsThe following can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Discuss each.

Temperature:

pH:

Enzymes:

EnzymesWhat is a catalyst?

Proteins that act as a biological catalysts are called ______________. They are very SPECIFIC.

What do they do?

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as _______________.

The binding together of an enzyme and a substrate forms a(n) ________________.

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Objectives:Describe the process of photosynthesisDescribe the process of cellular respirationCompare cellular respiration to photosynthesisDescribe the process of glycolysisDescribe the process of fermentationSummarize the importance of fermentation


1. photosynthesis

2. chlorophyll

3. thylakoid

4. stroma

5. light-dependent reactions

6. light-independent reactions

7. Calvin Cycle

8. Cellular Respiration

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Indicator B – 3.1: Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.

Indicator B – 3.2: Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.


9. Glycolysis

10.Fermentation

11.Lactic acid

12.Aerobic

13.Anaerobic

14.Krebs Cycle

15.Electron transport chain

*******************************************************************************************************************

REMEMBER: Living things must be able to acquire and use energy.

Autotrophs are able to make their own energy (food) in the form of glucose. Most do this through a

process called photosynthesis where light energy from the sun is converted into chemical fuel

(glucose). This process is done in the chloroplast. Remember also that not all autotrophs use

photosynthesis - some use chemosynthesis, where, instead of light energy being converted, chemical

compounds are converted into usable energy. They won’t have chloroplasts - it’s done in the

cytoplasm.

Heterotrophs must consume other organisms in order to meet their energy demands. They take the

compounds (mainly carbohydrates) in other organisms and break them down into glucose that will

later be converted into usable energy.

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs must then take that glucose and convert it into ATP for the cell to

use. This process is done in the mitochondria via the process of cellular respiration. It requires

oxygen in order to work. In the event oxygen is not available, a back-up process called fermentation

is employed until oxygen is restored.

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Photosynthesis Respiration

Description

Chemical Equation

Reactants

Products

Name the cell organelle it takes place in2 main parts of the cell organelle

1.

2.

1.

2.

Draw a picture of the cell organelle and label the parts.

2 main stages 1.

2.

1.

2.Which part of the cell organelle does each stage occur in?

1.

2.

1.

2.

What is needed in each stage?

1.

2.

1.

2.

What is released in each stage?

1.

2.

1.

2.

In which type of cell does this cellular process takes place?

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Let’s draw and label the organelles involved in these two processes.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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Let’s draw and label the organelles involved in these two processes.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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Unit 3: Cellular Energy & BiochemistryFERMENTATIONHappens in the absence of ___________________.

GLYCOLYSIS

Occurs in the _______________ of the cell.

Why?

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

ALCOHOLIC ERMENTATION

Organism(s)

Reactants

Products

Commercial Use

ATP Produced

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