unit 2: the natural world glossary and pop quiz · pdf fileunit 2: the natural world glossary...
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Unit 2: The Natural World
Glossary and pop Quiz Questions
Follow Team Geography on twitter @ahsgeography
As part of the Geography course you will be expected to learn glossary terms and
pop quiz questions. You will be tested on these as the beginning of each GCSE
Geography session.
Your ongoing homework is to be learning BOTH the glossary terms and the pop quiz
questions for the unit you are studying.
Your teacher will also set longer exam questions from this booklet as additional
homework.
Coastal Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling
#
Coasts Key Terms
Definition
1 Attrition The wearing away of rocks in the sea as they roll around and hit each other
2 Backwash Movement of waves down the beach (at 90° angle due to gravity)
3
Bar When a spit continues to grow across a bay and joins two headlands together
4 Bay An area of soft rock which is eroded rapidly
5 Beach Nourishment The placing of sand and pebbles onto the beach
6 Biological weathering Action of plants and animals on the land
7 Chemical weathering Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types
8 Cliff
A steep rock face at the edge of the sea
9 Cliff Regrading The cliff is cut back and given a new gentle slope to prevent slumping
10
Coast Where the land meets the sea
11 Constructive Waves Responsible for depositing beach material (large swash, small backwash, infrequent, small, produce gently sloping beaches)
12 Corrasion The wearing away of the cliff as rocks in the sea are thrown at it
13
Corrosion Chemical reaction between certain rock types and the seawater
14 Deposition When material is dropped
15 Destructive Waves Responsible for coastal erosion and removing beach material (small swash, large backwash, frequent, large, produce steep beaches)
16 Dredging Clean out the sea bed by scooping out sediment, mud, weeds, and rubbish with a dredging machine
17 Erosion The wearing away of the land by the sea
18 Fetch Distance over which the wind blows before reaching the coastline. The longer the distance the bigger the wave
19 Freeze thaw weathering
Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack
20 Geology Rock types in the cliff
21 Gabions Wire cages filled with stones placed in front of the cliff or built into the cliff to help protect it
22 Groynes Wooden structures at 90° angle to the coastline to trap material on the beach by preventing longshore drift
23 Hard Engineering Involves building hard structures to protect the cliff
24 Headland An area of hard rock which is resistant to erosion
25 Hydraulic Action Pressure of water in waves against the cliff. As water gets into cracks, the air is compressed which widens the crack
26 Impermeable
Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)
27 Longshore Drift (LSD) Movement of beach material along a coastline
28 Managed Retreat Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or erode the cliffs
29 Mass Movement Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)
30 Offshore Reef Concrete blocks sunk offshore to alter wave direction and remove wave energy before reaching the cliffs
31 Onion skin weathering In warm conditions the outer edges of rocks can expand whilst in cool conditions the outer edges contract. This continually happens which weakens the layers of the rock so they peel off
32 Permeable Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)
33 Prevailing Wind The most common wind direction
34 Recession
Another word for erosion
35 Rip – Rap Large granite rocks placed in front of the cliff to protect it
36 Sea Wall Concrete walls placed in front of the cliff to protect it
37 Slumping Large amount of cliff suddenly collapses
38 Soft Engineering Works with the natural processes on the coastline to protect it and does not involve building hard structures
39 Soil Creep
Slow downhill movement of soil down a cliff
40 Spit Stretch of deposited material attached to a headland and sticking out to sea
41 Stack A column of rock separated from the cliff
42 Swash Movement of waves up the beach (at an angle due to prevailing winds)
Coastal Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
# Question / clue
Answer
1 What do destructive waves do to a coastline?
Erode
2 What do constructive waves do to a coastline? Build up the beach
3 How many times per minute do destructive waves break onto a beach?
More than 10
4 What type of beach do constructive waves create? Gentle / shallow sloping
5 What type of beach do destructive waves create? Steep
6 What causes a wave to deposit material?
Loss of energy
7 Why do waves generally approach a coastline at an angle?
Prevailing wind direction
8 Which type of erosion involves rocks bashing into each other in the sea?
Attrition
9 What does hydraulic action and freeze-thaw weathering have in common?
Both involve water entering a crack
10 What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction?
Corrosion
11 When temperatures fall below 0°C this type of physical weathering may occur
Freeze thaw weathering
12 What is the difference between erosion and weathering?
Erosion involves weakened material being carried away whereas weathering happens in situ
13 What is mass movement? Material moves down slope due to the pull of gravity
14 What are the 2 types of mass movement?
Slumping and Soil creep
15 Which type of mass movement is most rapid? Slumping
16 What would you see on a cliff if soil creep had occurred? Ripples
17 What landform will be created along a coastline that has alternating bands of hard and soft rock?
Headlands and bays
18
What feature forms in a bay?
Beach
19 What is a stack?
Column of rock separated from headland
20 Give an example of a stack
Old Harry
21 How does the process of caves, arches, stacks and stumps begin? Hydraulic action widening cracks in a headland
22
If a wide wave cut platform forms in front of a cliff, what happens to the rate of erosion? Why?
It slows down because the waves energy is removed by travelling over the material
23 Material is transported along a coastline. What is this process called? Longshore drift (LSD)
24 What is a spit? Stretch of deposited material attached to a headland and sticking out to sea
24 Why do salt marshes develop behind a spit?
Sheltered water
25 How would a spit become a bar?
Form across a bay and link two headlands
26 Why do spits often form curved ends?
Secondary wind direction
27 Give two disadvantages of hard engineering
Expensive, man-made, ugly
28 Name 2 types of hard engineering Sea wall, revetment, rip rap, groyne, gabion, offshore reef
29 What do gabions look like? Cages of stones
30 What is managed retreat? Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or erode cliffs
31 What is cliff regrading? Cutting the cliff back to create a more gentle slope to stop slumping
32 Name 1 type of soft engineering Beach nourishment, cliff regrading, managed retreat
33 What is meant by fetch?
The distance a wave travels over to reach a coastline
34 Would the fetch be long or short if destructive waves are produced?
Long
35 What is meant by geology?
The structure of the rock in a cliff
36 What is the Shoreline Management Plan?
Managed retreat in the future of the North Norfolk coastline
37 How much money does the government save by not building defences in North Norfolk?
£41 million
38 Which holes are under threat from coastal erosion at Sheringham?
5 and 6
39 Which road in Happisburgh has fallen into the sea?
Beach Road
40 When did the council stop repairing the revetments in Happisburgh?
1995
41 Houses which were worth £80,000 are now worth how much?
£1
42 What did the district council buy to defend Happisburgh in 2007?
Rip Rap
43 How does coastal erosion affect Dawlish in Devon?
Train line runs along coastline leading to cancelled and delayed trains
44 Who predicts the likelihood of a flood?
Met Office
45 Who releases flood warning codes to the public via their website?
Environment Agency
46
Which part of Walton on the Naze is protected, how and when? South. Seawall, groynes, cliff regrading (1977). Rip rap (1998).
47 The northern part of Walton was protected in 1999 but how? Beach nourishment
Coastal Landscapes – Exam Questions
1. How could building design reduce the effects of a flood? (2)
2. There are many factors that affect the rate of coastal erosion. Explain how the rock type and
structure can affect the rate of coastal erosion. (4)
3. Describe the effect that coastal erosion has on people and the environment. Use examples
in your answer. (4)
4. Explain how a bar is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer. (4)
5. What is a cliff? (1)
6. Coastal flooding can be predicted. Justify this statement. (3)
7. Name three causes of cliff recession. (3)
8. How do groynes protect cliffs from erosion by the sea? (3)
9. Explain the soft engineering techniques which are now being used to protect coastlines. (3)
10. What is the difference between corrosion and corrasion? (2)
11. State three differences between constructive and destructive waves. (3)
12. With the aid of a diagram, explain the process of longshore drift. (4)
13. Explain how a stump is formed. You may use a diagram. (6)
14. Describe how mass movement causes cliffs to retreat. (3)
15. For a coastal area you have studied explain the methods used to manage the coastline. (6)
16. Suggest how wave fetch can cause different rates of coastal erosion (3)
17. Compare the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves (4)
18. Outline the process of slumping (2)
19. Explain the formation of a spit. Use a diagram in your answer (4)
20. Describe the advantages of one type of hard engineering (3)
21. Explain how the effects of coastal flooding are reduced. Use examples in your answer (6)
22. Explain how coastal flooding can be reduced through planning and forecasting (4)
23. Describe the effects of mass movement on people (3)
24. Explain the formation of headlands and bays. You may use a diagram(s) in your answer (4)
25. Explain the process of physical weathering (3)
26. Soft engineering is a way of managing the coastline. Outline the advantages and
disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
27. Explain the formation of cliffs and wave cut platforms. Use an annotated diagram or
diagrams in your answer (4)
28. Explain the effects of coastal recession on people and the environment. Use examples in
your answer (6)
29. Outline the differences between the two types of mass movement (4)
30. Describe one way in which cliff erosion can affect the economy of a local area (2)
31. For a coastal area you have studied, explain the variety of methods used to manage the
coastline (6)
Coastal Landscapes – Model Exam Answers:
Outline the characteristic features of a destructive wave (4)
These waves break 10-14 times per minute (1). They have a bigger backwash than swash
because they break high up on the beach (1) and therefore use little energy in the swash leaving
it all for the backwash (1). Due to this they erode the beach (1).
Explain how variations on the length of fetch and the geology might increase the rate of
coastal recession (4)
Fetch is the distance the waves travel to reach the coastline therefore the larger the fetch the larger
the waves (1) therefore the waves have more energy when they reach the coastline and erode
more (1).
Geology is the rock type in a cliff. Softer rock will provide less resistance to the waves compared
to harder rock (1) therefore increasing coastal erosion (1)
Outline the process of slumping (2)
This is the rapid collapse of a cliff (1) triggered by poor weather and rainfall (1).
Explain the process of physical weathering (3)
Freeze thaw is a type of physical weathering which is caused by changes in temperature around
0ºC (1). Water enters a crack in a cliff during the day. This freezes at night when the temperatures
fall which widens the crack (1). The water thaws and runs out of the now widened crack (1).
OR:
Onion skin weathering is a type of physical weathering which is caused by the heating and cooling
of the cliff face (1). This leads to the expansion and contraction of the outer layers of the rock (1)
and layers peel off (1).
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
The advantages of soft engineering techniques are they tend to be cheaper than hard engineering
ones (1). They have less visual impact on the coastline because they are designed to look natural
(1). The disadvantages of soft engineering techniques are they are less effective than hard
engineering ones (1) because coastal erosion is not always slowed (1).
River Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
# Rivers Key Terms Definition
1 Afforestation Planting trees in a rivers drainage basin to intercept rainfall
2 Attrition The wearing away of rocks within river as they roll around and knock into each other
3 Biological weathering Action of plants and animals on the land
4 Channelisation The river channel may be deepened or widened allowing it to carry more water or straightened so that water can travel faster
5 Chemical weathering Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types
6 Cloudburst
A sudden, violent rainstorm
7 Confluence The point at which 2 rivers meet
8 Corrasion Particles carried along the river are thrown at the banks with considerable force which breaks off more rock
9 Corrosion A chemical reaction between certain rock types and the river water
10 Dams Built in the course of a river to control the amount of discharge
11 Deforestation
The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest or woodland
12 Deposition
When material is dropped
13 Discharge The amount of water passing a specific point at a given time (measured in cubic metres (m³) per second
14 Drainage basin The land drained by a river system
15 Embankments Raised banks along a river
16 Flood relief channels
The course of the river can be altered to divert flood water away from settlements
17 Flood walls A vertical barrier made from concrete
18 Floodplain
The low, flat area of land either side of a river
19 Floodplain zoning Policies to control urban development close to or on a floodplain
20 Freeze thaw weathering
Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack
21 Gorge
A narrow valley with steep, rocky sides located in hills or mountains
22 Gradient Slope
23 Hard engineering A method of river flood management which involves major construction work
24 Hydraulic action Pressure of the water being pushed against the river banks and bed
25 Impermeable
Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)
26 Interception
When precipitation is trapped by leaves of trees or vegetation before it reaches the ground
27 Interlocking spurs
A landform resulting from the winding path of a river in the upper course
28 Laterally Sideways
29 Levee
The naturally raised bank that extends along a river created by previous deposition in floods
30 Load
The material transported by a river
31 Mass Movement Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)
32 Meander A bend in a river
33 Mouth Where a river ends
34 Ox bow lake
A horseshoe shaped lake formed from a cut-off meander
35 Permeable
Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)
36 River channel The area in which a river flows
37 River cliff
The steep bank formed by erosion on the outside of a meander bend
38 Slip plane An area between 2 different rock types which can become saturated and therefore allows the rock to move
39 Slip off slope
The gently sloping bank formed by deposition on the inside of a meander bend
40 Slumping Large amount of a river bank suddenly collapses
41 Soft engineering A method of river flood management which works with natural river processes
42 Soil creep Slow downhill movement of soil down a slope
43 Source Where a river starts
44 Storage areas A large hole close to a river that will fill with water if the river floods therefore protecting the surrounding land
45 Storm drain
Designed to drain excess rain from pavements and roads
46 Storm hydrograph Used to measure a river’s flow and show the change in river discharge over a short period of time after a storm
47 Tributary A smaller river joining a large one
48 Urbanisation
The growth of towns and cities
49 V-Shaped valley
A narrow, steep sided valley through which a river flows
50 Warning systems A network of sirens to give people early warning of possible flooding
51 Washlands The river is allowed to flood naturally in wasteland areas to prevent flooding in other areas
52 Watershed The boundary of a drainage basin
53 Waterfall A vertical fall in a river’s course
River Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
# Question / clue
Answer
1 Where do most rivers begin? In upland areas
2 What is the source of a river? The start
3 What is the mouth of a river? The end
4 Where do most rivers end? In the sea
5 What is the point called where 2 rivers meet? Confluence
6 Why does a river deposit its load? Loss of energy
7 What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction? Corrosion
8 What are the 2 types of mass movement? Slumping and soil creep
9 How does corrosion cause the river load to increase? Particles are thrown at the river banks breaking off more pieces
10 What type of mass movement is the slowest? Soil creep
11 What happens to the depth of a river as it travels towards its mouth? Why?
Increases because tributaries add more water
12 Why does a river erode vertically in the upper course? Gravity
13 How many sections are all rivers split into? What are these sections called?
3 Upper, middle and lower course
14 What 2 things does the discharge of a river rely upon? Velocity and volume
15 How is a river’s velocity determined? By the amount of water which is touching the river bed and banks
16 Which 3 landforms are found in the upper course of a river? V-Shaped valley, interlocking spurs and waterfalls
17 Which landform is found in the middle course of a river?
Meanders
18 Which 4 landforms are found in the lower course of a river? Ox bow lakes, floodplains, levees and deltas
19 With which landform is a plunge pool associated? Waterfall
20 What needs to happen for a waterfall to be created? A river needs to cross a band of soft rock after flowing over hard rock
21 Why does the outside bend of a meander have the deepest water? Greatest erosion has occurred
22 What feature forms on the inside bend of a meander?
Slip off slope
23 What could happen if a meander bend got very large? Ox bow lake
24 What can ox bow lakes be used for? Sailing Fishing
25 Why does a river drop the heaviest material first when it starts to flood?
The rivers energy decreases rapidly
26 How many bridges collapsed when the River Derwent (UK) flooded in 2007?
4
27 How many people were at risk of disease when the River Nile flooded in 2007?
3.5 million
28 Why did the flooding of Mekong River in 2011 have a huge effect on the economy?
930 factories were closed down
29 Who predicts the likelihood of a river flood?
The Met Office
30 Who releases flood warning codes on their website? Environment Agency
31 Since when has all new housing in flood risk areas had to be built to be flood resistant?
2010
32 Why might a river channel be widened or deepened through the process of channelization?
To enable it to carry more water before it floods
33 Why are dams socially unacceptable? Settlements and farms are sacrificed to make way for them
34 Why are washlands good for the environment? Provide potential wetland sites for birds and plants
35 Where is the River Nene? Northampton (UK)
36 When did the Environment Agency complete their flood management of the River Nene in Northampton?
2002
37 What types of graph are used on a storm hydrograph? What do they show?
Histogram for rainfall Line graph for discharge
38 What does the rising limb of a storm hydrograph show? The rising flood water in a river
39 What does the recession limb of a storm hydrograph show?
Falling flood water in a river
40 What is the time difference between the peak of a rain storm and the peak of the flow of the river known as?
Basin lag time
41 How is the normal discharge of a river shown on a storm hydrograph? Base flow (dashed line)
River Landscapes – Exam Questions
1. Explain the formation of a waterfall. You may use a labelled diagram in your answer (4)
2. Outline how mass movement impacts on river landforms (3)
3. Explain how flooding affects people and the environment. Use examples in your answer (6)
4. Describe the effects of flooding on people and the environment (3)
5. Outline how urbanisation increases the risk of flooding (3)
6. Describe how building design and planning can reduce the effects of flooding. Use examples
in your answer (4)
7. Explain how discharge and gradient change with distance downstream (4)
8. Choose a study of a river. Explain how this river is managed (6)
9. Suggest how soft engineering methods can reduce the effects of flooding (4)
10. Explain the formation of a floodplain and levees. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
11. Choose a river that you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6)
12. Mass movement can occur in river valleys. Explain the process of mass movement (3)
13. Explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
14. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
15. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced through prediction and prevention.
Use examples in your answer (6)
16. Explain how erosion will cause a waterfall to retreat (3)
17. Compare the characteristic features of a river in its upper and lower stages (4)
18. Outline the process of slumping (2)
19. State one impact of slumping on river landscapes (1)
20. Explain the formation of levees. Use a diagram in your answer (4)
21. Describe the effects of a flood (3)
22. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced. Use examples in your answer (6)
23. Explain how a waterfall is formed. Use an annotated diagram only for your answer (4)
24. Explain one human and one physical cause of flooding (4)
25. Explain the formation of a meander. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
26. Which landform can meanders develop into? (1)
27. Describe one human cause that can increase the number of floods in an area (3)
28. Describe how a population may be protected from flooding (4)
29. Explain how human actions may have increased the risk of flooding in some areas (4)
30. Explain how a river cliff is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4
River Landscapes – Model Exam Answers
Explain how a waterfall is formed (4)
A waterfall is formed when a river meets a band of hard and soft rock (1). The soft rock is eroded
more quickly through hydraulic action and corrosion (1). The hard rock is left as an overhang
above the soft rock and eventually collapses (1). The slumped material collects in a plunge pool
at the base of the waterfall. The plunge pool is made larger through the processes of corrasion
(1)
Rivers can be managed in a range of ways. Outline soft engineering methods of river
management (3)
Soft engineering methods are those that blend in with the countryside. Two examples of this are
floodplain zoning and afforestation (1 mark for naming actual techniques). Floodplain zoning
controls the development on floodplains therefore allowing this as a natural area for flooding to
occur (1). Afforestation is the planting of trees on a drainage basin. The trees will intercept
rainfall and slow down its approach to the river channel (1).
Describe how the characteristics of a river change downstream (4)
A river will widen (1) and deepen (1) as it moves from its upper to lower course. The velocity of
the river will increase (1) as will the discharge (1).
Choose a river you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6)
The River Nene flows through Northamptonshire and used to flood frequently. A flood is when
the river overflows its banks onto the surrounding area. After a large flood in 1998, it was
decided management was needed and in 2002 the Environment Agency completed the first part.
Both hard and soft engineering methods are used. Hard engineering includes a 450m high flood
embankment at Weedon. The embankment raises the height of the river banks allowing the river
to carry more water. A flood relief channel was also created at Billing. This takes water away
from the city of Northampton. Soft engineering includes a flood warning system which is situated
along the length of the river through Northampton. The aim of this is to give nearby residents 2
hours warning of a possible flood. Washlands have also been created in a number of areas
including Foot Meadow and Upton. These provide protection for a railway station as well as
homes because they are areas the river can safely flood onto.
Tectonic Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
#
Tectonic Landscapes Key Terms
Definition
1 Action Measures that will reduce the effects of an earthquake / volcanic eruption after it has occurred
2 Continental crust Less dense crust between 25-100 km thick which is not destroyed
3 Convection currents
Movement of hot rock in the mantle
4 Convergent / destructive
Plates moving towards each other
5 Conservative / transform
Plates moving alongside each other
6 Crust
The outer layer of the Earth made up of two types (oceanic and continental) and broken up into plates
7 Divergent / constructive
Plates moving away from each other
8 Dormant
A volcano which has not erupted in historic times
9 Earthquake Violent shaking of the Earth’s crust
10 Epicentre The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
11 FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency provide information on how to prepare for an earthquake
12 Fertile Soil which is rich in minerals needed to produce abundant (lots) of plant life
13 Focus The point at which energy is released beneath the Earth’s surface
14 Fold mountains Where plates collide and uplift the surrounding rock
15 Geothermal energy Energy produced by the heat inside the Earth
16 Hotspot A type of volcano not found on a plate boundary. Instead they are areas where the oceanic crust is thin allowing magma to break through
17 Inner core
The hottest part of the Earth, found in the centre and made of solid iron and nickel.
18 Intensity Violence of Earth motion created by an earthquake
19 Island arc A number of volcanic islands forming near to each other
20 Landslides
Large amounts of water in soil cause large areas to move downslope and can be triggered by earthquakes
21 Lava
Molten rock erupted from a volcano
22 Logarithmic scale Each whole number represents a ten-fold increase in power
23 Magma
Molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth
24 Magma chamber
Large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth
25 Magnitude The measurement of the strength of an earthquake
26 Mantle
The thickest layer of the Earth made up of a thick liquid
27 Mercalli scale A scale measuring the intensity of an earthquake
28 Oceanic crust Dense crust between 5-10 km thick which is constantly being renewed and destroyed
29 Oceanic trench The deepest part of the ocean where oceanic crust is subducted below continental crust
30 Outer core
Surrounds the inner core and is made of liquid iron and nickel
31 Planning Preparation measures that can be organised before an earthquake / volcanic eruption to reduce its effects when it does occur
32 Plate boundary Where two plates meet
33 Plate tectonics Help explain why natural hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, are found where they are
34 Prediction
Methods of knowing when and / or where an earthquake / volcanic eruption will occur
35 Primary effect An effect occurring at the time of an earthquake / volcanic eruption
36 Richter scale A scale measuring the magnitude of an earthquake
37 Ring of Fire Active volcanoes around the entire Pacific Ocean
38 Secondary effect
An effect occurring in the days, months and years after an earthquake / volcanic eruption
39 Seismograph Instruments used to measure vibrations
40 Shockwaves Blast upwards and outwards from the focus
41 Subduction Another word for sliding
42 Subduction zone The point where one tectonic plate slides beneath another
43 Tiltmeter Measure tiny changes in the slope angle of the ground
44 Uplift When rock is pushed upwards
Tectonic Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
# Question / clue
Answer
1 Where do earthquakes normally occur? In long narrow bands on all three types of plate boundary
2 What are the 3 types of plate boundary called? Divergent / constructive, Convergent / destructive, Conservative / transform
3 Where is the largest band of active volcanoes found? The Ring of Fire around the entire Pacific Ocean
4 At which 2 plate boundaries are volcanoes created? Divergent / constructive and Convergent / destructive
5 Why do volcanoes not occur at conservative / transform plate boundaries?
No crust is destroyed
6 What are hotspots? A type of volcano not found on a plate boundary where magma breaks through the thin oceanic crust
7 Give two differences between oceanic and continental crust Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust
8 What name is given to the movement of hot rock in the mantle? Convection currents
9 In which direction do convergent / destructive plate boundaries move?
Towards each other
10 In which direction do divergent / constructive plate boundaries move?
Away from each other
11 In which direction do conservative / transform plate boundaries move?
Alongside each other
12 What happens when oceanic crust meets continental crust at a plate boundary? Why?
The oceanic crusts subducts beneath the continental crust because it is denser
13 What is created at the point where oceanic crust is subducted?
Oceanic trench
14 What happens when 2 continental crusts meet at a plate boundary? Why?
Fold mountains are created because the 2 crusts are the same density
15 What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas fault in the USA? Conservative / transform
16 Which way of measuring earthquakes is more reliable? Richter
17 What does the Mercalli scale measure? Intensity
18
What does the Richter scale measure? Magnitude
19 How many stages does the Mercalli scale have? 12
20
How many stages does the Richter scale have? It is never-ending
21 How many times larger is a magnitude 7 earthquake compared to a magnitude 6?
10
22 What is the focus? The point at which energy is released beneath the Earth’s surface
23 What is the epicentre? The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
24 Why do people risk their lives to farm on the slopes of Mt Vesuvius in Italy?
Fertile soil
25
Name 2 minerals that can be found in volcanic rock Tin, silver, gold, copper and diamonds
26 What does Reykjavik, Iceland do to the pavements in the winter? Heat them with cheap geothermal energy
27 What happens when the pressure from rising magma in a volcano increases?
The volcano becomes deformed / changes shape
28 What is a seismometer? An instrument which measures ground vibrations caused by earthquakes
29
How many seismometers record activity at Montserrat? 14
30 What is a tiltmeter? An instrument measuring tiny changes in the slope of the ground
31
How many tiltmeters record changes at Montserrat? 5
32 Why is the 1st September important in Japan? Disaster Prevention Day
33 Name something that would be practiced during an earthquake drill? Ducking under desks, standing under a door-frame
34 What 6 ways does FEMA suggest people should do in preparation for an earthquake?
Check for hazards / Identify safe places / Educate yourself and family / Have disaster supplies / Develop an emergency communication plan / Help your community
35 How is the San Francisco International Airport earthquake proof? 267 columns each on a giant ball bearing enabling the building to roll from side to side
36 How is the Yokohama Landmark Tower in Japan earthquake proof Flexible structure to absorb the force of an earthquake
37 Give one way lava flows can be stopped or diverted
Detonate explosives / Construct earth walls / spray large volumes of water
38 When did the Japan earthquake occur? 11th March 2011
39 What did the Japan earthquake measure on the Richter scale? 9
40 How many people died in the Japan earthquake? 15,883 deaths
41 What was the main primary effect of the Japan earthquake? Tsunami
42 Where was the epicentre of the Japan earthquake? 70km off the coast in the Pacific Ocean
43 What type of plate boundary did the Japan earthquake occur on? Convergent / destructive
44 What was the estimated total cost to rebuild the areas affected by the Japan earthquake?
£185 billion
45 Which two plates caused the Japan earthquake?
Pacific and North American
Tectonic Landscapes – Exam Questions
1. Explain the formation of a volcano at a hotspot. You may use a labelled diagram in your
answer (4)
2. Outline two economic reasons why people continue to live in areas of volcanic activity (3)
3. Choose an earthquake or volcanic eruption you have studied. Explain the causes of the
event (6)
4. Outline how earthquakes are caused (3)
5. Describe the distribution of earthquakes worldwide (3)
6. Explain why people in HICs continue to live in areas affected by volcanoes. Use examples in
your answer (4)
7. Explain two characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries (4)
8. Choose a study of an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. Explain the effects of this event (6)
9. Outline what the Richter scale measures (2)
10. Explain the characteristic features of a divergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in
your answer (4)
11. Explain how the effects of earthquakes can be reduced through forecasting and building
design. Use examples in your answer (6)
12. The volcano Kilauea is found in the middle of a plate. What type of volcano is this? (1)
13. Explain the formation of volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries. You may use a diagram
in your answer (4)
14. Outline ways in which earthquakes can be measured (3)
15. Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by earthquakes (4)
16. Explain how the effects of volcanic eruptions are reduced through prediction and prevention.
Use examples in your answer (6)
17. Describe the movement along a divergent plate boundary (3)
18. Explain how volcanoes occur at divergent plate boundaries (4)
19. Compare the characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries and conservative plate
boundaries (4)
20. Describe how planning before the event could have reduced the effects of an earthquake (3)
21. Explain the effects of a volcanic eruption or an earthquake (6)
22. Outline a difference between the focus and epicentre of an earthquake (2)
23. Explain how volcanoes form over hotspots. Use only an annotated diagram for your answer
(4)
24. Explain how volcanoes occur at a convergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in
your answer (4)
25. Explain why buildings can remain standing in a strong earthquake (3)
26. What is the epicentre? (1)
27. Outline the differences between the Mercalli and Richter scales (3)
28. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the
volcanic eruption of the earthquake on the people and the environment (6)
29. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the
volcanic eruption or the earthquake on the economy (6)
30. The boundary on the west coast of the USA is a conservative plate boundary. Describe two
other types of plate boundary (4)
31. Identify two primary effects and two secondary effects of an earthquake (4)
32. Describe how the contents of a disaster survival kit help people survive the first few days
after an earthquake or volcanic eruption (4)
33. Explain the global distribution of active volcanoes is uneven (3)
34. Outline one difference between a divergent and convergent plate boundaries (2)
35. Explain how fold mountains are formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4)
Tectonic Landscapes – Model Exam Answers
Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of it
on the people (6)
The Japan earthquake occurred on 11th March 2011 approximately 70km off the coast of the
country in Asia. An earthquake is the violent shaking of the earth’s crust when a plate suddenly
moves.
Both primary and secondary effects occurred as a result of the earthquake. A large number of
people died as a result of the earthquake and resulting tsunami – approximately 100 at the time
of the earthquake and 15,500 in the tsunami and afterwards. 138,000 buildings were destroyed;
including people’s homes, schools, hospitals and offices. This means that a significant number
of people were made homeless – it was estimated that in 2012, 330,000 people were still living in
temporary accommodation. The earthquake and tsunami also damaged the infrastructure of the
area. In particular 1 million homes had no clean water which led to further diseases and 6 million
homes had no electricity. A secondary effect of the earthquake was fire and these broke out in
Fukishma nuclear reactor and the town of Sendai – this caused further damage, injury and death.
The nuclear reactor led to 465,000 people being evacuated from their homes due to the pollution
caused.
This answer would receive full marks due to its structure, use of key geographical terms and
specific figures.
Explain the formation of a hotspot (4)
A hotspot forms in the middle of a plate rather than on a plate boundary (1). They occur where
the crust is weak and thin (1) which allows the convection currents in the mantle to push the
magma to the surface (1). The magma solidifies into rock and over time may produce volcanic
islands (e.g. Hawaii). (1)
Outline reasons why people live in hazardous areas (3)
People may continue to live in a dangerous area because they have no choice. This is normally
due to poverty and being too poor to move elsewhere (1). Many people choose to make money
from volcanic areas; either from tourism or farming. Farming on the slopes of a volcano is good
because the soil is fertile from previous eruptions (1). At Mt Etna, tourists are encouraged to visit
the active volcano which means people can make money (1).
Explain why volcanoes are created at a convergent plate boundary (4)
A convergent plate boundary is where two plates are pushing together (1). When oceanic and
continental crust meet, the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental because it is denser
and thinner (1). The point where the subduction occurs is called an oceanic trench. The oceanic
crust is subducted into the mantle where it melts and becomes magma (1). When the amount of
magma is too great it will erupt to the surface as volcano (1).
A Wasteful World – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
# Wasteful World Key Terms
Definition
1 Biodegradable waste Can be broken down by living organisms to eventually become soil
2 Biomass Decaying plant and animal matter
3 CHP Combined heat and power systems which recovers heat lost through the production of electricity and uses it to heat water
4 Coal Formed from fossilised plants
5 Consumer society A society where buying goods and services is considered very important
6 Domestic waste Household waste
7 Energy The ability to do work and is necessary for anything to move or change (measured in joules)
8 E-Waste Waste containing electrical components
9 Fossil Fuels Come from the Earth and are formed by heat and pressure over millions of years (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas)
10 Geothermal Heat energy generated by and stored within the Earth’s surface
11 Grune Punkt logo Indicates a recyclable product in Germany
12 Hazardous waste Harmful to humans / environment and should be disposed of separately to normal waste
13 Hydropower Energy that comes from the force of moving water
14 Incineration Burning of waste
15 Industrial waste Waste produced by industrial activity
16 Landfill Low area of land filled with alternating layers of waste and soil
17 Liquid waste Wastewater (water affected / contaminated by humans)
18 Municipal waste Waste collected from homes, businesses and schools
19 Natural gas Methane gas trapped between seams of rock
20 Non-biodegradable Cannot be broken down by living organisms
21 Non-hazardous Not harmful to humans / environment
22 Non-recyclable Materials cannot be processed into new materials
23 Non-renewable fuel Once used cannot be used again
24 Oil Formed from fossilised animals
25 Recyclable Materials can be processed into new materials
26 Recycling centres Large scale places accepting a wide range of recyclable goods
27 Recycling sites Small scale bins at supermarkets / car parks accepting a few types of recyclable goods
28 Renewable fuel Can be reused and therefore will not run out
29 Sewage Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or urine
30 Solid waste Mainly household waste
31 Throwaway society A society when working products are thrown area for newer models
32 Waste Unwanted or unusable things
Wasteful World Pop Quiz Questions
# Question
Answer
1 What is waste? Unwanted or unusable materials
2 What is sewage? Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or urine
3 What are the three methods of waste disposal?
Incineration, Landfill and Recycling
4 What is municipal waste? Waste produced by schools, businesses and homes
5 What is E-Waste? Products containing an electrical component.
6 Give an example of E-Waste
Mobile phone, TV, iphone etc
7 What is biodegradable waste? Waste that can be broken down by living organisms to become part of the soil
8 Who produces more waste? HICs or LICs
HIC
9 What is meant by a consumer society? A society in which buying goods and services is considered to be important
10 What is meant by a throwaway society? A society where working products are thrown away for newer models
11 Which country produces the most e-waste? USA
12 Which continent produces the most waste? Asia
13 20% of the world live in HICs but what percentage of the world’s waste do they produce?
86%
14 Why is waste and soil placed in landfills in alternating layers? Compresses the waste and helps with decomposition
15 What 3 things happens to a full landfill? 1. Capped with a gas proof membrane. 2. Monitored for gas release 3. Trees are planted on the site
16 What are the by-products of incineration? Scrap metal, heat / energy, gas, ash, salt
17 What is the salt from an incinerator used for? De-icing roads
18 What is the Grune Punkt emblem?
Placed on recyclable products in Germany
19 How many incinerators does Germany have?
68
20 Which country sends Germany some of its waste to be incinerated?
Italy
21 What does Germany do with its toxic waste?
Exports it
22 How many tonnes of municipal waste does Germany produce per year?
14 million tonnes
23 Where will low level nuclear waste be stored from 2013?
Konrad in Germany
24 Which case study have we looked at for recycling in the UK? Reading
25 How many bins does Reading have? What are they?
4 (Blue = plastic / Green = domestic / Brown = Garden / Green box = paper)
26 What is the difference between a recycling centre and a recycling site?
Centre = large scale depots able to take a huge variety of waste Sites = small individual sites at supermarkets
27 Why do recycled cans pass beneath a magnet? Extract cans made of steel (leaving behind the aluminium ones)
28 How is cullet produced during the recycling process? By washing and crushing glass
29 Which recyclable material can be used to produce fleece jackets? Plastic
30 What is recycling? Taking a product and turning it into something new
31 What is renewable energy? Give an example Energy can be reused and won’t run out. Egs: solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric
32 Name 2 ways energy can be lost from a home Draughts around windows and doors, no insulation in the roof or around the hot water tank. Electrical goods on standby.
33 What is a carbon footprint? Measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions produced
34 What is meant by an energy surplus?
Producing more energy than is being used
35
Name one country with an energy surplus Cameroon, Canada, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, UK, USA
36 How much of every £12 spent is wasted through inefficient production of goods in the UK iron and steel industry?
£1
37 What have Oldham City Council provided each household with to help with energy wastage?
Two free energy saving lightbulbs
38
What is the low carbon buildings programme? Government grants to homes of £2500 for renewable energy sources
39 How much money does one energy saving lightbulb save each year? £5
40
The government provides grants to public buildings to go green but for how much?
£1 million
41
How many homes in Aberdeen have had more efficient heating systems installed?
4600
42
What does CHP stand for? Combined Heat and Power
43
Why is CHP more energy efficient than a standard heating system? Recovers lost energy from electricity and uses it to heat water
A Wasteful World – Exam Questions
1. Name one type of solid waste. (1)
2. Explain why France disposes of more waste than Bangladesh. (4)
3. Outline the ways that energy can be wasted in the home. (4)
4. What are the advantages of using non-renewable energy? (3)
5. Explain the different ways that a HIC you have studied disposes of its waste. (6 + 4 SPaG)
6. Give one example of a fossil fuel. (1)
7. Define the term renewable energy. (2)
8. Suggest three reasons why wind farms are unpopular with some people. (3)
9. Suggest reasons why some countries are more successful than others in recycling waste. (4)
10. Explain how the level of development of a country affects its carbon footprint. (6 + 4 SPaG)
11. What is E-waste and why does it produce so much waste? (2)
12. Choose one type of renewable fuel. Describe how it works and what its advantages and
disadvantages are. (6 + 4 SPaG)
13. Explain one way that energy can be saved on a local level. Use an example you have
studied in your answer. (3)
14. Choose a study you have made of how waste is recycled on a local scale. Describe how
the rubbish is collected and the ways in which the recycled rubbish is reused. (6 + 4 SPaG)
15. Explain the link between the wealth of a country and its municipal waste production. (4)
16. Explain why HICs tend to produce more waste than LICs (4)
17. Suggest actions homeowners can take to reduce energy loss (4)
18. For a named country, explain the methods used to dispose of its domestic waste (6 + 4
SPaG)
19. Explain the disadvantages of types of renewable energy (4)
20. Explain how the UK can reduce its energy wastage (6 + 4 SPaG)
21. State one way the carbon footprint for transport can be reduced (1)
22. Define the term carbon footprint (2)
23. Explain how schools and / or homes can reduce the amount of energy that they use (4)
24. HICs have been described as ‘throwaway’ societies. Explain why (4)
25. Name two types of domestic waste that can be recycled locally (2)
26. Explain how one HIC disposes of its municipal waste (4)
27. Outline the benefits of one type of renewable energy source (3)
28. Explain the solutions to energy wastage at a domestic and local scale. Use examples in
your answer. (6 +4 SPaG)
29. Define the term biodegradable waste (1)
30. Outline the differences between a carbon and ecological footprint (3)
31. Explain one way that a named HIC disposes of its waste (2)
32. Using examples, explain why carbon footprints vary from country to country (4)
A Wasteful World – Model Exam Answers
Describe how energy is wasted in the home (3)
By leaving devices such as lights on all day (1). Houses that don’t have double glazing (1)
experience more heat loss (1).
Suggest reasons why people in HICs create more waste than people in LICs (4)
People in HICs have more disposable income (1) which creates a consumer and throwaway
society (1). Products purchased have a lot of packaging which contributes to higher levels of
waste (1); this is normally because the products have been imported (1).
Explain the disadvantages of using some types of renewable energy (4).
Wind turbines are often criticised for being noisy (1) and only work in places that are windy enough
(1). Wind turbines upset people by being ugly and blots on the landscape (1). Hydroelectic power
stations can disrupt the natural ecosystems living in the area (1).
HICs have been described as throwaway societies. Explain why (4)
Throwaway societies have more disposable income (1) so are able to purchase more items (1).
People tend to buy the latest model of items (e.g. mobile phones) rather than reuse or fix older
items (1). This results in more waste turning up in landfill (1).
Countries dispose of their municipal waste in many different ways. For one country you
have studied, describe the methods being used to dispose of its waste (6 marks)
Germany is a large country in Europe. Municipal waste is waste collected from homes,
businesses and schools. Germany disposes of its municipal waste in one of three ways; landfill,
incineration or recycling.
14 million tonnes of municipal waste is produced by Germany every year and 60% is recycled.
The remainder is incinerated (there are 68 incinerators in Germany) and the waste ash is sent to
landfill. Forty years ago, Germany sent most of its waste to landfill because every urban area
had a landfill site amounting to 50,000 in total – this was not good for the environment and
alternatives were encouraged.
German people are aware of what can be recycled because of the Grune Punkt symbol. Products
with this symbol cost more because producers of the products add the cost of recycling to them.
Germany also imports other countries waste, particularly for incineration. For example, Italy sends
160,000 tonnes of waste each year.