unit 2bhbs functioning humans -...

Unit 2BHBS Functioning Humans The focus for this unit is human survival. This unit provides opportunities to explore in more depth, the mechanisms of transmission of genetic materials to the next generation, the role of males and females in reproduction and how interactions between genetics and the environment influence early development.

Week Lesson Curriculum statements Key learning Teaching/Student Activities Assessment Suggested

Resources

8

1

Cells, metabolism and regulation • Genes determine a cell’s

structure and function Mitosis: • Stages of mitosis • Function and significance of

chromosome number in mitosis.

• New cells are produced from existing cells

• Cells are produced by mitosis for growth, maintenance and repair

• The phases of mitosis • Events occurring at each stages

of mitosis • Definition of terms - Cytokinesis

and Daughter cells

• Read page 54-56 or introductory PP

• Complete chapter 5 worksheet • Draw diagrams of stages and

illustrate • Make a flick book to show

stages

N&J Chapter 5 page 54-56 Chapter 5 worksheet

8

2

DNA: • Structure of DNA including

base pair model

• Characteristics are determined by DNA

• Found in the cells of all organisms

• Helix structure of DNA – sugar phosphate backbone + complimentary base pairs

• PowerPoint and notes – DNA structure

• Draw and label DNA Structure • UTAH website – Learning

genetics – make DNA model • Ceri Adams master class DNA

– video clip

N&J Chapter 17 page 230-231 Learn genetics Utah website

9

3

DNA: • Structure of DNA including

base pair model • Role of DNA in the cell • Locations in the cell

including nucleus and mitochondria

•

• Define terms DNA, Histones, chromatin, chromosomes, genes and genetic code

• Role is to provide instructions for protein synthesis

• Most DNA is found in nucleus, small amount found in mitochondria – Mitochondrial DNA

• DNA terminology sheet • Notes -role of DNA in the cell. • Activity 34

N&J Chapter 17 page 232-238 Activity 34 STAWA

9

4

DNA • DNA replication—base pair

model.

• Replication of a DNA molecule • Define terms messenger RNA

and Transfer RNA

• Distributed handouts on DNA from “How Stuff Works”.

• Video clip DNA replication • Worksheet 17.2 • Complete a storyboard on DNA

replication using page 232-234 for help

N&J Chapter 17 page 232-234 Worksheet 17.2 Activity 34 part E

Week Lesson Curriculum statements

Key learning Teaching/Student Activities Assessment Suggested

Resources 9

5

DNA • Locations in the cell

including nucleus and mitochondria

• Know DNA is found Mainly in the nucleus of a cell

• Follow scientific procedure to achieve an extraction of DNA from an animal or plant.

• Notes and lab on DNA extraction from Kiwi fruit.

Investigating: Extraction of DNA -5%

• N&J page 237 activity 17.2 or part C Activity 34 DNA extraction

9

6

Differentiation: • Differentiation forming

embryonic germ layers • Types of stem cells and

their potency

• A zygote is a single cell that results from the fertilisation of an egg by a sperm

• From this 1 initial cell 200 cell types can form

• Divides by mitosis into an embryo • Embryo composed of stem cells • Define terms proliferation,

differentiation • Define terms totipotent,

pluripotent, multipotent

• PowerPoint or notes – key definitions on cell differentiation.

• Figure 14.3 page 193 tissues • Draw fig 14.4 page 194 process

of cell differentiation and add labels

• Describe potency of stem cells – table 14.1 pg 194

• N&J page 192-194

10

7

Differentiation: • Tissues formed from the

primary germ layers • Importance of stem cells

• Name primary germ layers • Know tissues formed from the

primary germ layers • Sources of stem cells – umbilical

cord/placenta, embryonic, adult

• Powerpoint /notes pg 194-197 • Summarise sources of stem

cells • List which adult cells are

mulitpotent • Vodcasts on stem cells from

the European Commission on stem cells.

• Extension activity page 198 – gene activation

• N&J page 194-197

• Vodcast stem cells

• Extension page 198

10

8

Differentiation: • Types of stem cells and

their potency • Importance of stem cells • Teratogenic effects on stem

cells.

• Examples of stem cells • Uses of cell based therapies • Could be used to make

replacement tissues for stokes, burns, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes

• Could be used to test drugs and understand birth defects

• Text book work on stem cell research, therapeutic cloning and ethical considerations

• Draw fig 14.8 pg 199 and 14.9 page 200

• Extension activity page 201 – stem cell bank

• Catalyst programme on stem cells

• N&J page 198-201

• Catalyst program stem cells

• N&J page 201

10 9

DNA test 1 – 5 %



Resources 1

10

Reproductive systems: • structure and function of

male and female reproductive systems

• spermatogenesis and oogenesis

•

• Structure and function of the male reproductive organs.

• Reproduction terminology sheet • Read page 133-135 • Watch “Don’t Die Young”

vodcast on the male reproductive system.

• Worksheet 10.1 • STAWA activity 43

N&J pg 133-135 STAWA activity 42

1

11

Reproductive systems: • Structure and function of

male and female reproductive systems

• Structure and function of the female reproductive organs.

• Read 135-137 • Complete worksheet 10.2 • Don’t Die Young” vodcast on

the female reproductive system.

• STAWA activity 42

N&J pg 135-137 STAWA activity 42 cont.

1

12

• Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

• Know location of spermatogenesis

• Describe how spermatogonia develop into spermazoa

• Human sperm are microscopic • Human sperm are Haploid -

contain half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells.

• Oogenesis is the production of ova within the ovary

• Oogenisis is similar to spermatogenesis, involves meiosis and maturation.

• Oogonia develop in the ovaries at before birth

• Read page 138 – 141 • Copy table 10.1 page 138 • Draw fig 10.6 – age 139 • Apply knowledge question 3-5

page 145 • Summarise oogenesis – page

140-141 using all keywords in red

• Draw fig 10.9 [g 140

N&J pg 138-141 Microscopes and sperm slides



Resources 1

13

Reproductive systems: • Hormonal control of

menstrual and ovarian cycles.

• The ovarian cycle series of events that take place in the ovaries

• It included maturation of the egg and its release into the uterine tubes

• Average cycle 28 days • Formation of immature eggs

occurs before birth • Ovulation is when an egg is

released from a follicle • The menstrual cycle involves

changes of the uterus lining • Menstruation takes place over

several days and is referred to as a period.

• Summarise the stages of menstrual cycle

• Menopause is the time when these cycles stop.

• Read page 147-149 • Define keywords in red – primary

follicle, secondary follicle. Mature follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

• Draw and label fig 11.2 page 147 • Draw and label stages of

menstrual cycle with times and events

• Explain what is meant by the term menstruation and menopause

• Activity 44 STAWA • Extension – pg 149 -

Endometriosis

N&J page 144-149 STAWA activity 44

2

14

Reproductive systems: Hormonal control of menstrual cycle and spermatogenesis

• Cycles controlled by the endocrine glands

• Glands release hormones • Main gland – pituitary gland • Know functions of key hormones

and their target organ

• PowerPoint introduction – hormonal control – endocrine and pituitary gland

• Table 11.2 page 150 reproductive hormones

• Draw fig 11.5 summary of ovarian cycle and hormones

• Worksheet 11 • Observe a side of an ovary

N&J pg 150-152 Worksheet 11 Microscopes and ovary slides

2

15

Reproductive systems: Structure and function – male and female reproductive systems

• Hormones bring on the development of secondary sexual characteristics

• Changes at puberty in males and females

• Describe the process of sexual intercourse

• Describe pathway taken by sperm during sexual intercourse

• Explain fertilisation

• PowerPoint introduction – Sexual characteristics and puberty

• Video clip- sexual intercourse • Summarise sequence of events

of sexual intercourse – use page 151 for help

• Website fertilisation - Howstuffworks

• Label a diagram to show fertilisation – fig 11.7 pg 153

• Extension – sperm count pg 153

N&J pg 152-153 Diagram of fertilisation http://health. howstuff works.com/ adam-200048.htm



Resources 2

16

Reproductive technologies related to: • Contraception

• What is contraception • Methods of contraception –safe

period • Mechanical barriers of

contraception • Hormonal contraception for women • Emergency contraception for

women

• STAWA activity 45 • Students produce a PowerPoint

/I-movie to include all key learning points

• Use pages 216- 220 N&J

STAWA activity 45 N&J 216-220

2

17

Reproductive technologies related to: • Contraception

• Hormonal contraception for men • Intrauterine devises • Sterilisation • Choice of contraception v reliability

• Students produce a PowerPoint /I-movie to include all key learning points

• Use pages 220- 225 N&J

N&J 220-225

3

18

Reproductive technologies related to: • Contraception/ethics

• Choice of contraception • Ethical issues • Role of the pill in society • Termination of pregnancy

• Internet research – write magazine article on ethics of contraception and role of pill in society

• Class discussion – Termination of pregnancy/abortion

N&J 223-226

3

19

Sexually transmitted infections (STI): Causes, symptoms and treatment

• HIV and Aids • Hepatitis B

• PowerPoint introduction – STI’s • STAWA activity 46

STAWA activity 46 STI

3

20

Sexually transmitted infections (STI): Causes, symptoms and treatment

• Extended response STI – 5%

3

21

Reproductive technologies related to: • Infertility including IVF • Conception.

• Treatment of infertility • Artificial Insemination by donor • Assisted reproductive technologies • IVF the process

• Read N&J 166-168 • STAWA activity 48

N&J 166-168 EHBS S2BW (48) pg 283

4

22

Reproductive technologies related to: • Infertility including IVF • Conception.

• Treatment of infertility • Artificial Insemination by donor • Assisted reproductive technologies • IVF the process • ethics

• Activity 12.2 page 171 N&J or STAWA 48

• Should we use assisted reproductive technologies?

• Class discussion

Activity 12.2 page 171 N&J STAWA activity 48



Resources 4

23

Development: • Implantation and

development of the placenta

• Development in embryonic and foetal stages

• Development of embryo after fertilisation

• Pregnancy – development of placenta

• Function of the placenta

• N&J page 157-160 Video clip – embryo development

4

24




• Embryonic development – primary germ layers

• Development of embryonic membranes, amnion, amniotic fluid

• Development and size of embryos – 4-7 weeks

• N&J page 160-162

4

25




• Foetus 9 weeks- birth • Focus on maturation and growth • Stages of foetal development • Grows from 3cm -50cm

• Introductory powerpoint • STAWA activity 52 • Web research

STAWA activity 52 http://www.visembryo. com/baby http://embryo.soad.umich. edu/carnStages/carnStages. html

5

26&27

• Plan and conduct a safe investigation on a question of choice, developed from a given contextual problem.

• Trail a range of techniques to collect data. Analyse data using rates, percentages and frequencies.

• Present information using appropriate symbols, terminology and conventions.

• Consider experimental errors and the ramification of results that support or disprove the hypotheses. Discuss different perspectives of a problem.

• Plan and conduct a safe investigation on a question of choice, developed from a given contextual problem.

• Trail a range of techniques to collect data. Analyse data using rates, percentages and frequencies.

• Present information using appropriate symbols, terminology and conventions.

• Consider experimental errors and the ramification of results that support or disprove the hypotheses. Discuss different perspectives of a problem.

• Pregnant rat investigation. • Students watch video of rat

dissection and follow procedure in N&J

• Practical lesson followed by validation questions.

Investigating : Rat dissection and validation 5%



Resources 5

28

Development: • Changes to a female during

pregnancy

• Obvious changes in a pregnant women – size of abdomen, breasts

• Non-obvious changes – increase in size of heart, increase blood volume, increase frequency of passing urine, emotional state

• PowerPoint – the pregnant women

• STAWA activity 51 • Video - Pregnancy

N&J 164-165 Video clip – pregnancy STAWA ACTIVITY 51

5

29

Environmental factors: • care of the unborn child

including risks associated with smoking and alcohol

• the effect of various types of teratogens, foods

• Maintaining a healthy pregnancy • Disruption to foetal development • Teratogens • Infections – rubella • Effect of diet, smoking and

alcohol

• Review questions page 213-214 N&J pg 205-207 STAWA Activity 53

6

30

• Maintenance of pregnancy including ultrasound, foetal monitoring and hormonal intervention.

• Diagnosis of foetal health • Use of ultra sound to check

maintenance and structures • Chromosome analysis • Foetal blood sampling • Foetal monitoring • Biochemical analysis

• STAWA activity 54 • Apply your knowledge – page

214


6

31 • Birth process

• First stages of labour • Second stages of labour • Third stages of labour •

• PowerPoint - Birth • Worksheet 13.2 • Video clip - birth

Worksheet 13.2 N&J pg 177

6

32

• Birth process • First stages of labour • Second stages of labour • Third stages of labour • Inducing labour

• Video clip – birth • Extension activity pg 177 –

induction of labour

6

33

• Comparison of circulation before and after birth

• Characteristics of the newborn infant

• Changes in the baby at birth • Complications with premature

babies

• Read pg 177-181 or PowerPoint • Neonatal circulation - Website

http://www.indiana. edu/~anat550/cvanim/fetcirc/fetcirc.html

• Worksheet 13.1 • STAWA activity 54

N&J pg 177-181 http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/cvanim/fetcirc/fetcirc.html STAWA activity 54



Resources 7

34

• Comparison of circulation before and after birth

• Changes to mother after childbirth – puerperium

• Uterus contracts back to original state

• Bleeding for up to 3-6 weeks after birth

• Return of normal blood volume • Structure of the breast and milk

production – lactation • Link between crying and milk let

down

• Make a leaflet for pregnant women stating the changes that will occur to their body after birth

• Use the information on page 181 – 183

• Could include extension activity pg 183

N&J page 181-183

7

35

• Patterns and milestones in the development of infants

• Physical development • Motor development • Social development • Adolescence – physical changes,

transition to independence

• Expert groups - 4 groups • Move to each station and

complete table of facts for each stage

N&J page 183-188 Table to complete

7 36

Approaches to investigating and communicating HBS

Investigation – Dental Health • Students work on open ended investigation – dental health and pregnancy

Investigating -Dental Health 10%

Assignment sheet

7 37

Approaches to investigating and communicating HBS

Investigation – Dental Health • Students work on open ended investigation – dental health and pregnancy

8 38

Revision

8 39

Revision

8 40 Test 2 : Reproduction 12.5 %

8

41

Inheritance Gametes are formed as a result of meiosis. Meiosis: • stages of meiosis • function and significance of

chromosome changes in meiosis

• compare mitosis and meiosis.

• Gametes are produced by meiosis(sperm and egg)

• Meiosis takes place in sex organs • Production of four daughter cells

with half the number of chromosomes from original cell.

• Involved 2 nuclear divisions • Haploid – 23 single chromosomes • Compare mitosis and meiosis

• Read page 57-58 • Define keywords in red • Watch animation – Meiosis • Draw sequence of events – label

stages • Make flip book for Meiosis or

Actiivity 33 STAWA • Copy table 5.3 pg 60 comparison

of mitosis and meiosis.

N&J pg 57-60 STAWA activity 33 Flip books



Resources 9

42

Variation and evolution • New genetic combinations

are made as a result of meiosis and fertilisation, giving rise to unexpected variations.

Variation from meiosis: • crossing over • random assortment • non-disjunction.

• Differences between members of a species is called variation

• When 2 gametes fertilise the resulting cell has different genes than that of either parent

• Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs – one from male parent one from female parent

• During first meiotic division the homologous pairs separate randomly during first division chromosomes get tangled – crossing over

• Chromatids break and reattach – new combination = recombination

• In the second division one or more of the chromatids may fail to separate – non-disjunction.

• Powerpoint – Variation from meiosis – keywords and diagrams

• Video crossing over • Draw diagram to show crossing

over • Students research – non-

disjunction, trisomy and monosomy

• Activity STAWA 37 • Look up effects of above e.g.

Downs Syndrome Trisomy 21, Turners, Klinefelters syndrome.

N&J pg 269-274 STAWA activity 37 To see a video of how crossing over takes place go to http://www.layyous.com/ Videoclips/crossing_over.htm

9 43

Variation from fertilisation: • random fertilisation.

• Random fertilisation – when any sperm joins with an egg.

• Activity 20.1 page 275 N&J • Activity 20.2 – Independent

assortment N&J page 277

N&J pg 275 N&J pg 277

9

44

Monohybrid crosses: • dominant, recessive

autosomal and sex linked inheritance

• Monohybrid crosses using punnet squares and simple probabilities.

• Traits are characteristics passes on to offspring

• Characteristics are controlled by factors called genes

• A pedigree is a family tree that shows members of a family with a particular characteristic

• Know some inherited traits in humans – dominant and recessive

• Describe the work of mendle • Know keyterms relating to

Mendelian genetics and monohybrid crosses

• Introductory PowerPoint – Mendle and genetics

• Genetics terminology sheet – matching activity

• STAWA activity 37




Resources 9

45

Monohybrid crosses: • Dominant, recessive

autosomal and sex linked inheritance

• use of punnet squares and simple probabilities.

• inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.

• Simple mendels crosses • Use punnet squares to work out

genetics problems • Punnet squares of mendels pea

plants • Sex determination chromosome

pair 23– Sex chromosomes XX female and XY male

• Sex linked characteristics – characteristics that show different patterns in different sexes

• Red/green controlled by gene on X chromosome – recessive – more frequent in males

• Inherit mitochondrial DNA from your mother

• Used to determine evolutionary relationships between humans and closely related species

• Mitochondrial Eve

• Video clip Mendel’s genetics • Punnet squares for peas and sex

determination – page 244-245 • Make notes on sex linked

characteristics – Colour blindness and Haemophilia

• Activity 18.2 Marsians page 251

N&J pg 244-247 Video clip – Mendel Page 251 N&J Activity 38 Cont.

10

46

Monohybrid crosses: • PKU, ABO blood groups,

sickle-cell anaemia, red-green colour blindness and haemophilia, sex determination

• use of punnet squares and simple probabilities.

• genetic disorders linked to particular populations including Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anaemia and thalassaemia

• Haemophilia – recessive on X chromosome – affects males

• Co-dominance – allele either dominant or recessive – flower colour in sweet pea plants

• Genetic diseases in populations– marriages between cousins – Thalassaemia – recessive resulting in anaemia

• Sickle cell anaemia – Black Africans 40% - fatal

• Carrier suffers sickle cell traits which gives protection against malaria

• Tay-Sachs disease – recessive – lipid membrane disorder – death in early childhood

• Co-dominance – sweet pea plants – punnet squares, blood type B in humans

• Extension activity N&J – page 247 – Haemophilia and queen Victoria

• Write a magazine article for the awareness of genetic diseases within populations.

N&J pg 244-249



Resources 10

47

Pedigrees: • construction and

interpretation of pedigrees for autosomal and sex-linked conditions

• A pedigree or family tree can be used to observe patterns in a family

• Males are represented by squares

• Females by circles • Marriage represented by a joining

horizontal line • Characteristic being studied is

shaded • Pedigree of Albinism • Pedigree of attached earlobes • Pedigree of tongue rollers

• Powerpoint – family trees/pedigrees

• Draw diagrams of albino pedigree pg 256– then add alleles

• Draw diagrams of ear rolling – add alleles

• Activity 38 STAWA

STAWA activity 39 N&J pg 256-259

10

48

Pedigrees: • Probabilities of producing

affected offspring for autosomal and sex linked inheritance

• Pedigrees used to investigate patterns of inheritance for single gene disorders

• Dominant inheritance -Huntington’s disease

• Recessive inheritance – thalassemia, PKU and Cystic Fibrosis

• Advice given about these conditions is called genetic counselling

• Simple punnet squares for Dominant inheritance -Huntington’s disease

• Recessive inheritance – thalassemia, PKU and Cystic Fibrosis

• Activity 19.2 page 267 N&J • Review questions page 256

N&J pg 261 -267

10

49

Mutations: • causes of mutations • changes in the DNA

sequence

• offspring that show variation that do not resemble either parent and have never occurred before in the family are referred to as mutations

• Difference between gene and chromosome mutation

• Agents that increase the rate at which mutations occur are called mutagens

• Mutation terminology sheet • Read page 280 and make notes

– include all keywords in red • Video clip - mutations • Activity 21.1 page 288 N&J

N&J pg 280-282 Videoclip - mutations

1

50

• Conditions caused by mutations including somatic and germ line mutations

• Define terms Somatic and germline mutations

• PKU • Gene mutations – Albinism,

Duchenne form of muscular dystrpphy, cystic fibrosis

• Read pages 280-284 • Answer review questions page

290 • Video clip – gene mutations

N&J pg 282-290 Video clip – gene mutations



Resources 1

51

• Chromosomal mutations including analysis of karyotypes.

• Chromosome mutations involve all or part of a chromosome – affect a number of genes

• Can be deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, non-disjunction

• Chromosome mutations cause abnormalities so severe that miscarriage often occurs in early pregnancy

• A chromosome mutation that occurs often in older mothers is Downs syndrome – Trisomy 21

• Patau syndrome – extra chromsome 13 – 80% die within a month of birth

• Trisomy 16 – most common in humans – usually results in miscarriage in first 3 months of pregnancy

• XXY or XYY Klinefelters syndrome

• Cri du chat syndrome – missing part of chromosome 5

• X (missing X) Turners syndrome

• Read pages 282-285 • Make a summary fact sheet of

examples of chromosomes mutations

• Summary Worksheet 21

N&J pg 282-285 Worksheet 21

1

52

Genetic testing of parents and offspring for: • gene and chromosomal

abnormalities. Medical technologies: • sex selection of embryo to

avoid genetic disease • birth control methods

• Sex selection means choosing to have a baby of the desired sex

• Examples include – sperm sorting and PGD, amniocentesis or ultra-sound

• 4 types of genetic disorders • Prevention of genetic diseases –

reproductive choice, pre-natal diagnosis and sex selection

• Read pages 293-294 • Answer review questions 1-5 pg

302 • Activity 40 STAWA

N&J pg 293 Activity 40 STAWA



Resources 1

53

• Treatment for various genetic diseases including cell replacement therapy and gene therapy

• Treatment of genetic diseases – prevention of symptoms, replacement therapy, gene therapy

• Research treatment for various genetic disorders

• STAWA activity 41 or activity 22.1 Debating the issue pg 301 N&J

N&J pg 263 N&J pg 301 STAWA activity 41

2

54

Human Genome Project: • Information provided by the

Human Genome Project

HGP launched in 1990 The genome is the complete set of genetic information of an organism In a human this is 20,00 – 25,000 genes Project complete in 2003 analysis of data will continue for many years Genetic counsellors will be able to predict the future likelihood of some diseases

• Research information provided by HGP

• Research possible uses of HGP • Class debate HGP

N&J pg 263-264 http://www. biotechnologyonline.gov.au/ human/genomeproject.cfm

2

55

Human Genome Project: • Information provided by the

Human Genome Project • range of possible uses for

this information.

Extended response 15% 5% report 10% validation

2 56

Revision

2 57

Test 3 – 12.5% Genetics and Variation

3

58

Variations and the environment: • New variations due to

mutations may be advantageous or disadvantageous to survival

• Mutant allele resulting in Haemophilia

• Mutation of Sickle cell anaemia

• Sickle cell trait – advantageous to malaria

• Sickle cell trait = an example of a selectively advantageous mutation

• An environment when one genotype is favoured over another is an example of natural selection

• Research using websites listed and others of your choice how variations can be advantageous or disadvantageous to survival

• Summarise an example of each in a word document.

N&J pg 285-287 http://www. englishmonarchs.co.uk/ haemophilia.html http:// www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/ Diseases/Sca/SCA_Causes.html



Resources 3

59 • Teratogens: the range of

actions and their effects.

• Effect of teratogens on development

• STAWA activity 53 EHBS S2BW (53) pg 307 N&J pg 280/206

3 60 • Relevance of human

biology in everyday life • Antibiotics • Immunity

• Choice articles on Antibiotics internet

4

61

• Relevance of human biology in everyday life

• Blood groups and transfusions

• Genetic engineering’s and alternative medicine

• Choice articles on blood groups • Choice articles on genetic

engineering and alternative medicines

internet

4 62 Revision

4 64

Revision

4 65

Revision

5-7 Exams – 30%

Suggested Resources: Newton T.J. & Joyce A.P. Human Perspectives 2A/2B Book 1 (Fifth edition), McGraw-Hill. 2009 Human perspectives CD STAWA Exploring Human Biological Science Stage 2 Body Works, edited by Glenda Leslie. 2008

unit 2bhbs functioning humans -...

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