Unit 3: Biochemistry & Plants

Atoms & Elements

c) Atom Structure• Nucleus = Protons & Neutrons • Outside of Nucleus = Electrons

• An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. An element is made of 1 type of Atom!

• A compound consists of 2 or more elements that have been chemically combined.

• All Organic compounds contain the element Carbon. Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon are called Inorganic compounds.

The mass number will change if the number of neutrons changes (called an Isotope).

The atomic number does NOT change.

Lose Electron = Positively Charged Ion

IONS

Gain Electron = Negatively Charged Ion

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds are formed

because of ELECTRONS.

Covalent bonds SHARE electrons & are very STRONG.

Ionic bonds TRANSFER electrons & are WEAKER because they form IONS.

Hydrogen bonds are formed because of electrical CHARGES instead of

electrons. They are very WEAK.

IsotopesIsotopes have

different numbers of NEUTRONS but the same number

of PROTONS so the atomic MASS

is different.

pH is the measurement of ACIDITY because it measures the concentration of H+ ions in

the solution. The “lower” the pH, the higher

the concentration is of H+ so the substance is a stronger ACID. The “higher” the pH, the lower

the concentration is of H+ so the substance is a stronger BASE. At a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ and OH- ions is EQUAL,

so the pH is NEUTRAL. 0-6 = Acid 7 = Neutral 8-14 = Base

DECREASE by pH by 1 (make more ACIDIC)= multiply the number of H+ ions by 10

(move decimal to right) and divide the number of OH- ions by 10

(move decimal to left).(do the opposite for increasing the pH)

Compounds that contain Carbon are

called ORGANIC

Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon

are called INORGANIC

POLYMERS

are made of

MONOMERS

Compounds that contain Carbon are

called ORGANIC

Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon

are called INORGANIC

POLYMERS

are made of

MONOMERS

Muscle

Saturated Fatty Acids ONLY have Single Bonds between the Carbons.Unsaturated have at least 1 double bond.

Monosaccharides = Simple Sugars (glucose & fructose)

Disaccharides = 2 simple sugars joined together (sucrose & lactose)

Polysaccharides = Starches; many simple sugars joined together

Plant Starch = CelluloseAnimal Starch = Glycogen

Properties of WaterPolarity = one side of the molecule is SLIGHTLY POSITIVE and the other side is SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE.

H2O = The 2H are Positive

and O is Negative BECAUSE the electrons are NOT shared equally!

Polarity creates ALL of the other properties of water!

PROPERTIES OF WATER• Cohesion & Adhesion happen because of

POLARITY.• Adhesion is when water molecules adhere (stick)

to OTHER SUBSTANCES• Cohesion is when water molecules adhere (stick)

to OTHER WATER MOLECULES• Cohesion & Adhesion both create SURFACE

TENSION. They also contribute to CAPILLARY ACTION (allows water to CLIMB) AND IONIZATION (which contributes to water being the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT).

• Pure water has a NEUTRAL pH because there is the SAME concentration of H+ ions as OH- ions.

Properties of Water Surface Tension

Capillary Action

Cohesion POLARITY!!!!

Adhesion & Universal Solvent

Transpiration = Evaporation of Water From the Leaves of Plants

TRANSPIRATION

Transpiration & Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis happens in the LEAVES of PLANTS

Transpiration carries water to the leaves so that

Photosynthesis can happen.

Photosynthesis

1)

2)3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2

R

Flower StructureFlowers are the

Reproductive Organs of plants.

The Stamen contains the “male” gametes

(pollen). The Pistil contains the

“female” gametes (ovum)

Leaf StructureMost Chloroplasts are in the leaves SO most

of the Glucose & Oxygen are made in

the leaves.