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UNIT 3 CLIMATE AND LIVING BEINGS

THE ATMOSPHEREThe Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It is composed of 99% nitrogen and oxygen, and 1% of other gases. It is divided into layers as you can see in the picture.layer=capasurrounds=rodea

1. Troposphere.(0-10 km). The troposphere is the lowest region in the Earth's atmosphere. The weather and clouds occur in the troposphere. The temperature decreases as altitude increases. 2. Stratosphere.(10-50km) The earth's ozone layer is located in the stratosphere. This layer absorbs a lot of ultraviolet rays which are dangerous for human beings. Because of that temperature increases at this layerTHE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERElocated=situado / absorb=absorber / ray=rayo / increase=aumentar / decrease=disminuir / layer=capa

3. Mesosphere. (50-80 km). Temperatures quickly decrease as height increases (about 90C). 4. Thermosphere: (80-500km). Temperatures rise again and it can exceed 1,000C5. Exosphere. (500-1,280km). It is the last layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It separates the Earth from the outer spaceTHE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE IIouter space=espacio exteriorinclude=incluir / rise (increase)=subirexceed=exceder / height=altura

day to day= da a da rainfall=precipitacin / average=media / measured=medida / over= aproximadamente en

WHAT FACTORS AFFECT CLIMATE?There are 4 factors which affect temperature. These are summarised below: 1. Latitude Temperatures decrease as you move away from the equator. This is because the Suns rays are dispersed over a larger area of land than in the equator. In addition, polar regions are colder because the Suns rays have further to travel than on the equator. Sun rays go directly over the Equator areas, temperatures are higher there.move away=alejarse de / dispersed=extendidos / in addition=adems / have further to travel=tienen que viajar msangle=ngulo /incoming=entrante / overhead=de pleno

3. Altitude Temperatures decrease with height. The air is less dense and cannot hold heat as easily. Temperatures rise 6C every 1,000 m high.2. Water CurrentsAnother important factor is the circulation of water and air. Warm air and water are transported up towards the poles, while cool air and water are transported down towards the equator. up/down towards=hacia arriba / abajo / cool=fro / while=mientrasheight=alturadense=densohold=mantenerheat=calorrise=subir

4. Distance from the sea Land heats and cools faster than the sea. Coastal areas have a lower temperature than inland areas. On the coast winters are mild and summers are cool. In inland areas temperatures are high in the summer and cold in the winter. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere like water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane trap energy from the sun.heat=calentarse / cool=enfriarse / inland=de interior / mild=suaves / cool=frescos / rise=subidaexperience=experimentar / trap=capturar

WORLD CLIMATE ZONESAccording to latitude, the temperature of the air changes and we have different climate zones on earth: polar, temperate and tropical.

POLAR. Average temperature 0 C all year. Lat (60-90 N or S) TEMPERATE. Cold winters and mild summers (0-20 C)Lat (30-60 N or S)

TROPICAL.Hot:dry or wet all year (on average over 20C)Lat (0-30 N or S)

PRECIPITATION. It is the water which falls to the earth in different forms: rain, snow, sleet or hailPrecipitation occurs when water vapour cools. When the air reaches condensation point: the water vapour condenses and forms tiny droplets of water. These tiny droplets of water form clouds. Complex forces make the water droplets fall as rainfall.

fall=caer / water vapour=vapor de agua / cool=enfriarse / reach=alcanzar / condense=condensarse / tiny droplets=gotitas / forces=fuerzas

The following examples show three different ways air is cooled causing rainfall Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. As the air rises it cools and condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs The sun heats the ground and warm air rises. As the air rises it cools and water vapour condenses to form cloudsAn area of warm air meets an area of cold air. The warm air is forced over the cold air. The warm air is cooled and water vapour condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs.

Rise=subir / over=sobre / cooler=ms fresco / moist=hmedo / forced=forzado / high ground=tierra alta / shadow=sombra / expand= expandirse / cool=enfriarse

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREAtmospheric pressure is the weight of air on the earth's surface. You can see pressure on a weather map with lines called isobars.Low pressure occurs when air becomes warmer. The air becomes lighter and it rises forming clouds and rain. Areas of low pressure are called depressionsHigh pressure occurs when air becomes colder. The air becomes heavier and it sinks. Areas of high pressures are called anticyclones, as a result, we have cold clear days in winter and hot and sunny days in summerweight=peso / become=hacerse/ rise=ascender, subir depression=borrasca / sink=hundirse / measure=medirA barometer measures air pressure

Wind is the movement of air masses from high pressure areas (highs) to low pressure areas (lows). A weather vane indicates the wind direction and an anemometer measures its speed in km/h.weather vaneanemometer

Anticyclones send out winds and they are attracted by depressionsmasses=masas / speed=velocidad / send out=enviar / attracted by=atrados por

ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA Moisture or water in the atmosphere causes clouds, fog, rain, snow, hail and sleet. Storms are temporary. A storm can bring winds, precipitation, and electricity through thunders and lightning. Movements of air masses bring winds and breezes. Optical illusions, such as, rainbows. Smoke and dust particles cause haze or mist

Moisture=vapor de agua / bring=traer / thunder=trueno / lightning=rayo / breeze=brisa / rainbow=arcoiris / dust=polvo / haze=calima / mist=bruma

WEATHER HAZARDS AND CATASTROPHIESCaused by heavy winds:tornadohurricaneCaused by heavy rains or by the absence of rainfloodsdroughtCaused by high temperaturesForest firehazard=peligro

wet=hmedo / dry=seco / cool=fresco / highlands=alta montaa

There are 3 main areas of climate, and 11 areas within the three regions. The three main climates areas are tropical, temperate and polar.TROPICAL OR WARM CLIMATES Tropical rainforest (Ecuatorial). High temperatures all year, on average 25C. Abundant rainfalls all year, on average, 1,500 mm. Examples: Singapore, Blem (Brazil) Tropical monsoon climate (Tropical lluvioso). Most common in southern Asia and West Africa, results from the monsoon winds. Average temperature over 20C all year, abundant precipitation: a bit less than 1,500 mm a year. Tropical dry climate (Tropical seco). Temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer, on average 18C. Scarce precipitation, on average, 250 mm a year. Examples: Veracruz (Mexico), Darwin (Australia)

Arid and semiarid climate (Desert). Annual precipitation: less than 250 mm (scarce rainfalls). Annual average temperature over 20 C, big difference between day and night temperatures. Example: Cairo.

Tropical areas world mapArid and semiarid areas world maprainforestdesert

Mediterranean climate. Temperatures are mild in winter and hot in summer: annual average temperature between 10C and 20C. Average yearly precipitation between 300 mm and 1,000 mm, with a dry season in summer. Example: Madrid or Seville.

Humid subtropical climate (Chino). Annual average precipitations are over 1,000 mm but it rains mostly in summer. Temperatures are very similar to the Mediterranean areas. Examples: Guadalajara (Mexico) or Luodian in southeastern China.

TEMPERATE CLIMATES

TEMPERATE CLIMATES Oceanic climate. Usually on western latitudes 45- 55. Summers are cool but winters are mild. Annual average temperature between 10C and 18C. Precipitation is over 1,000 mm and it is all year round. Examples: Limoges (France) or Seattle (USA). Continental climate. Temperatures are very cold in winter and hot in summer. Average temperature is between 0C to 10C. Rainfalls are usually in summer and they are between 300 mm and 1,000 mm a year. Examples: Chicago (USA), Stockholm (Sweden)

Oceanic climate world map

POLAR CLIMATES

Tundra climate (Polar). Temperatures are very low, even in summer. Annual average temperature is under 0C. Precipitation is scarce and in the form of snow(less than 250 mm a year). Example: Alaska Highland climate (De alta montaa). Temperatures decrease with altitude. Winters are very cold and summers are cool. Precipitation increases with altitude and depends on the latitude of the mountains. Example: The Alps (Austria)

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: PHYSICAL FACTORS Climate influences natural environment and affects the development of living beings. Winds, river waters and floods cause a lot of erosion. The characteristics of the soil depend on the composition of the rocks, on the climate and on the living beings. Rich soils produce vegetation which is scarce in poor soils. The type of climate, the presence of water, the relief and the types of vegetation determine the fauna, or animal life, of an environment.