unit 3 great inventions from the past

7/31/2019 Unit 3 Great Inventions From the Past

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Unive rs i d a d Naci o n a l

de Lo j a

Instituto de Idiomas

Editor and Project Manager :SandraJannethOchoa deMaldonado.

L oj a - E cu a d o r

English Workshop II

The will leads you to the way


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UNIT 3: Great inventions from the past

GREAT INVENTIONS FROM THE PAST, BRING COMFORTTO OUR PRESENT

Along the time, inventions have become great improvementsthat have bring us comfort, save time and in some cases shortdistances; these inventions have changed the way we do things.For instance in old days life was slow, people used to walk or ridecarriages to get somewhere, there wereno phones , among others.

In the following paragraphs you will seehow some inventions have changed ourlives.

The Chinese invented paper andprinting, and afterwards the papermoney, umbrellas, wheelbarrows,rockets, brandy and whiskey, and chess,gunpowder, the abacus-called suan-

pan.

The abacus is a mechanical deviceused for counting. It s an ancientinstrument that performs addition,multiplication, and division, extract

square roots and cube roots. Skilledusers of the abacus are like lightning-fast calculators.

The number and variety of inventionsmade by the Chinese over the centuries is a powerful testament totheir practicality and ability to think logically.

Josephine Cochran invented the first practical dishwasher. In1950s, that dishwashers caught on with the general public.Josephine Cochran's machine was a hand-operated mechanicaldishwasher. She founded a company to manufacture these dishwashers, which eventually became Kitchen Aid.

The first fax machine was invented byScottish mechanic and inventorAlexander Bain. To fax or faxing is bydefinition "a method of encoding data,transmitting it over a telephone line orradio broadcast, and receiving a hardcopy of the text, line drawings, orphotographs at a remote location.

The technology for fax machines wasinvented a long time, however, faxmachines did not become popular with

consumers until the 1980s.

a picture taken fromwww.abacus.ca

gunpowder-fireworks

a picture taken fromwww.inventors.about.com

modern fax machine

A picture taken fromwww.inventors.about.com

Vocabulary

comfort: when you feelphysically relaxed, happy.

someone or something that

helps you feel happier orless worried

improvement: whensomething becomes betterthan it was.

save time: use less time,money, energy etc, so thatyou do not waste any.

change: to becomedifferent, or to makesomeone or something

become different.

slow: not moving orhappening quickly.

device: a machine or toolused for a particularpurpose.

perform: to do somethingsuch as a job or piece ofwork.

wheelbarrows: an opencontainer with one wheeland two handles that youuse outdoors to carrythings, especially in the

garden.

dishwasher: amachine that washesdishes.
http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.abacus.ca/


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Look at these pictures and see how different life was in the past.

running water / wooden tubs

1. People didnt have running water. (running water= comes from thefaucet)They took baths in wooden tubs.

electric lights / candles

2. People didnt have electric lights.

They burned candles.

stoves / over a fire.

3. People didn't have stoves.They cooked over a fire.

cars / horses

4. People didnt have cars or gas power.They rode horses, and later carriages.

Candlelight(a picture from

shandadodd.theworldrace.org)

woodentubs(a picture from

www.bensonsimport.com)

Carriage

(a picture fromw ww.copyright-free-

pictures.org )

cooking over fire( pictures from www. flickr.com and beifan.com
http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/


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phones / in person

5. People didn't have phones.They had to talk in person.( face-to-face)

Cds / gramophones

6. People didn't have tapes or Cds on the computer to listen tomusic.They listened to music on gramophones.

Abacus / calculator

7. People didnt have calculators to performs addition,multiplication, and division.

They used abacus to performs addition, multiplication, anddivision.

GramophonesWooden Gramophone With A

Handle And Golden Horn Playing

Music From A Record

face-to-face

Chinese abacus.


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SIMPLE PAST WITH REGULARAND IRREGULAR VERBS

The Simple Past Tense of regular verbs:Spelling rules

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at aspecific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific

time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Past

THE RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST ARETHE FOLLOWING.

1)Add ed to the simple form of most regular verbs.Example: work = worked

want =wanted

I worked overtime yesterday.

2)verbs ending in 'e' add only d.Example: love = loved

change =changedarrive =arrived

like =liked

3) verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change y foriand add+ edExample: study = studied

try = tr iedcarry =carriedworry =worr ied

Lorena studied Chinese two years ago.

4) With verbs of 1 syllable which end in consonant + vowel +

consonant, double the last letter.Example: stop = stopped

plan =plannedhug =hugged

Note: the letters w x and y at the end of the words areconsidered vowels, so do not double the last consonant

row = rowedplay = playedmix = mixedbow = bowed


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EXAMPLES :

Final sound -ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds.

1. Its winter. The ground is white because it snowed yesterday.

[snOd]

2. The window was open. Mr, Carson closed it because it was cold outside.

[klOzd]

Final -edis pronounced/t/ after voiceless sounds.

Judged, lived, bathed, rubbed, hummed, massaged, occurred, missed, laughed,wished

1. I watched TV last night.

[ wtt]

2. Steve touched my shoulder with his hand to get my attention.

[ ttt ]

Pronunciation Rules of edending.

The final sounds for regular verbs in the past tense are /t/ /d/, and /id/

1. -ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds:(a, e, i, o, u, b, g, , r, l, z, m, n,r,, , , v, and z)

Examples: played lived pulled - learned

-ed is pronounced /t / after voiceless sounds: (p/ k/ f/ s/ sh/ ch, , and )

Examples: stopped worked watched passed.

-ed is pronounced /id/ after /t / or / d/

Examples: wanted needed omitted -permitted


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Final -edis pronounced /d/ if a verb ends in the letters d or t.

instructed, rested, attended

1. The baby wanted to play with the toy

[wntd ]

1. The story ended mysteriously.

[endd]

(+) Affirmative Statements (-) Negative Statements

Subject + past form of the verb +

Complement.

Subject + did + not (didnt )+ Verb- base form +Complement.

1. I finished my project last night. I didnt finish my project last night.

2. He arrived from the airport at 8:00. He didnt arrive on time.3. Edward went to Brazil for about three years. Edward didnt go to Brazil.

4. My boyfriend bought me a fantastic birthdaypresent.

My boyfriend didnt buy me flowers.

5. They took the children to the beach. They didnt take the children to the concert.

6. The students did their homeworkappropriately.

The students didnt make any mistake.

IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST

A lot of common verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple forms

are different- they dont have the usual ed ending.

We make questions and negatives in the same way as for regular verbs.

There is a list of irregular verbs on the last page of this document.

Practice -ed ending in t his web page

www.5minuteenglish.com/apr8ht m

Pract ice past tense with the irregualr verbs visit

www.5minuteenglish.com/jan21.ht m
http://www.5minuteenglish.com/apr8htmhttp://www.5minuteenglish.com/jan21.htmhttp://www.5minuteenglish.com/jan21.htmhttp://www.5minuteenglish.com/apr8htm


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YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Question:

Did + Subject + Verb base form + Complement + ?

1. Did you finish the project yesterday night?2. Did he arrive at 8:00?3. Did Edward go to Brazil for three years?4. Did your boyfriend buy you a fantastic birthday present?5. Did they take the children to the beach?6. Did the students do the homework appropriately?

Answers: Affirmative Negative

1. Yes, we did. No, we didnt. We finished it two minutes ago.

2. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He arrived at 9:30.

3. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He went to Alabama for three years.

4. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He bought me a pair of socks.

5. Yes, they did. No, they didnt. They took the children to avacation camp.

6. Yes, they did. No, they didnt. They forgot the instructions.

The negative answer must be completed with the correct information.

WH-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH REGULARAND IRREGULAR VERBS

To form Wh- questions use the appropriate wh-word plus did ,and the verb in base form.

Review the uses of the wh-words in unit 3.Here you have a guide to build information questions with past tense.

Wh- word + did + Subject + ( rest of question)+?

1. Where did you go last vacation?

I went to the beach last vacation

2. Who did you see there ?

I saw a famous TV star -

3. When did you come back?

I came back two days ago


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WRITING

Parts of a Paragraph

A paragraph is a group of sentences about one main idea. A good paragraph hasdifferent parts.

When you use a title for your paragraph, choose a few key words that focus onyour main ideas.

Begin your paragraph with a topic sentence that tells the main idea.

Then support your idea with sentences that give more information: details, facts,reasons and examples. These are called detail sentences

Finally, write a concluding sentence that shares your main idea in different words.

Example:

Title topic sentence detail sentence concluding sentence1 2 43

Source: Backpack Workbook N-6

Pen Pals

By Vidonia Ferreira.

Writing to pen pals is an excellent way to get to know interesting new people

and learn more about the world. When you communicate by e-mail or by

letter with someone from a different city or country, you can find out what your

new pal does every day at school and after school for fun. You can learn

about your pen pal's family and friends and how they live. You can find out

the kinds of food they eat, the clothes they wear, the chores they do, and the

things they do in their free time. You can even learn interesting facts about

your pen pal's town, cultural traditions, and country. For example, from my

pen pal Alicia, I learned about two holidays in Mexico-Cinco de Mayo and

Las Posadas. And from my pen pal Helmut, I learned about a German game

calledsardinen. I also learned how to make delicious cookies with cinnamon

called zimtstern from Helmut`s mother! As you can see, having pen pals is

not only educational but also a lot of fun.

1

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4


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Using the previous steps, you will write a paragraph that includes a title, a clear topicsentence, detail sentences that support the main idea, and a concluding sentence.

To carry out the writing activity you can use a diamond shape to help you organize yourparagraph.

The top of the diamond represents yourmain point.

The middle represents the details and information you give.

The bottom of the diamond represent yourconcluding sentence that restates themain point.

Topic sentence describes the main idea

detail sentence supports the main idea




concluding sentence restates the main idea


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WRITING PROCESS

STEPS:1. PRE-WRITING

1.1. Choosing a Topic

Plan what to write

Choose the topic (purpose, audience)

1.2. Explore your Topic

Think about the topic

Brainstorm

1.3 Organizing

Organize ideas into categories(introduction, 1stparagraph, 2ndparagraph, conclusion)

2. DRAFTING

First draft

Think of the beginning and ending of the paragraph

Free-writing

Write as much as you can (keep the purpose in mind)

Topic sentence (main idea)

supporting sentences (detail sentences)

closing sentences (concluding paragraph)

3. REVISING

Proofread(eliminate mistakes, check spelling, grammar:sentence structure, correct

verb forms, subject, verb agreement, punctuation) Reread

Did I make a clear point?

Do I have specific details/facts?

Do I have well organize according to the outline?

Check sense, logical order, something missing,

Check sense

Peer editing (2nddraft)

4. PUBLISHING

Make the information available by handing out your written work.


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The following words can help you to connect the ideas in the paragraphs.

ONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTING WORDSConjunctions

Conjunctions join two parts of a sentence and help to show the connection betweenthe two parts of the sentence. Note the use of commas before some conjunction.

Conjunction Function Example

and tells you more We got home and went right to bed

but makes a contrast They are rich, but they aren't happy.

because answers the question

why?

We went home because we were

tired.

so tells you the result We went home early, so we missedthe end of the concert.

when answers the questions

when orat what time?

We went home when it started to

rain.

before, after answers the question

What happened first?

We went home before the concert

ended.

We went home after the singer sang

his first song.

although/

though

tells you something

is surprising

We went home although /though we

did not really want to.

if makes a condition We will go home if we are tired

onnecting words

Word Function Example

only says something is smaller

or less than usual

He sleeps only three hours every

night.

even says something is

surprising or unusual.

Everyone was on time for the

meeting, even Pat, who's usually late

like makes a comparison She looks like her dad.

than Used after a comparative

adjective or adverb

Ann is older than Chris. / She works

harder than he does.

also / too / as well says something is in

addition

He works in the store, and she does

also/too/as well.


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PUNCTUATION

The symbols or marks used to organize writing into clauses, phrases andsentences to make the meaning clear. e.g.

Symbol Word (common term in brackets)

. full stop, comma? question mark! exclamation mark: colon

; semi-colon- hyphen (dash)& ampersand/ virgule (forward slash)\ reversed virgule (backward slash)@ at# hash pound symbol euro symbol

$ dollar symbol' apostrophe

~ tilde* asterisk

acute accent

` grave accent" quotation mark( ) left / right parentheses[] left / right square bracket{} left / rightbrace

< > left / right anglebracket
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REGULAR VERBS

Base form Past form

1 Answer Answered

2 Arrive Arrived

3 Ask Asked

4 Call Called

5 Carry Carried

6 Clean Cleaned

7 Cook Cooked

8 Dance Danced

9 Enjoy Enjoyed

10 Exercise Exercised

11 Fill Filled12 Finish Finished

13 Help Helped

14 Invite Invited

15 Laugh Laughed

16 Join Joined

17 Like Liked

18 Listen Listened

19 Learn Learned

20 Live Lived

21 Look Looked

22 Love Loved23 Miss Missed

24 Move Moved

25 Open Opened

26 Play Played

27 Practice Practiced

28 Promise Promised

29 Start Started

30 Stay Stayed

31 Study Studied

32 Talk Talked

33 Try Tried

34 Visit Visited

35 Wait Waited

36 Want Wanted

37 Wash Washed

38 Watch Watched

39 Work Worked

IRREGULAR VERBS

Base form Past form

1 Am / is / are Was, were

2 Begin Began

3 Bring Brought

4 Buy Bought

5 Catch Caught

6 Come Came

7 Cut Cut

8 Do Did

9 Draw Drew

10 Drink Drank 11 Eat Ate

12 Get Got

13 Give Gave

14 Go Went

15 Grow Grew

16 Have Had

17 Hear Heard

18 Hold Held

19 Hurt Hurt

20 Know Knew

21 Leave Left22 Lose Lost

23 Make Made

24 Meet Met

25 Put Put

26 Read Read

27 Ride Rode

28 See Saw

29 Send Sent

30 Sing Sang

31 Sit Sat

32 Sleep Slept33 Speak Spoke

34 Swim Swam

35 Take Took

36 Tell Told

37 Think Thought

38 Throw Threw

39 Understand Understood

40 Wear Wore

41 Win Won

42 Write Wrote
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unit 3 great inventions from the past

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