unit 3. late middle age

• Taxes Army Books

• Government Trade Church

• War Crafts Feudalism

• Peasants Burgueoisie Manor

• King Fall of cities Estates

• Nobility Invasions

• Fall of population Money

• Religion Education

GOTHIC EUROPE MENTAL MAP

Economysociety

GOTHIC EUROPE

Low middle ageXII-XV

s.XIV-XVcrisiss.XII-XIII

expansion

Rise of Trade

And crafts.

Agriculturerecovery

Twoperiods

Politics

cities

More population

Culture

Rise of monarchies

Moretaxes

Kingdomsexpansion

Parliaments

Gothic style

Universities

And finally

CRISIS

After 11th century there is a general recovery in Europe…

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

MORE FOOD

(fieldsproduced

more)

causes consequences


MORE FOOD

(fieldsproduced

more)

causes consequences

TechnicalImprovements

More securityIn the society(God’s truce)

More lands to cultivate


MORE FOOD

(fieldsproduced

more)

causes consequences

TechnicalImprovements

More securityIn the society(God’s truce)

More lands to cultivate

More population

Better healthMore Resilience to diseases

People could Work in otherActivities.


MORE FOOD

(fieldsproduced

more)

Causal chain

ECONOMYTECHNOLOGY

IMPROVEMENTS+

MORE LANDS

MORE PRODUCTIONMORE FOOD

POPULATION INCREASES

MIGRATION TO NEW LANDS /TOWNS

RECOVERY OF TRADE

ECONOMY EXPANSION 12th and 13th century

THE AGRARIAN

REVOLUTION

11th and 12thcentury

Improvements after 11th century

From the old Roman plough…

Very light, not useful for hard soils…

To the new Norman plough…

Stronger, easy to carry by beasts…

Improvements after 11th century

What is sold in this picture?

LOCAL MARKETS

“El aire de la ciudadnos hace libres”

CAUSES OF URBAN GROWTH

CITIES AND TOWNS

GROWTH

CAUSES OF URBAN GROWTH

Rural migration

Urban life

Economic growth

Priviledges

CITIES AND TOWNS

GROWTH

ECONOMY OF

MEDIEVAL CITIES

TRADE: FAIRS

PEASANTS SOLD THEIR SURPLUSNOBILITY DEMAND EXOTIC GOODSBOURGUEOISIE OFFER GOODS

CURRENCY

REPLACE BARTERING (TRUEQUE)KINGS COLLECTED TAXESPEASANTS START TO PAY A RENT

BANKING

MONEYLENDERSMONEYCHANGINGBILLS OF EXCHANGE

CRAFTS &CRAFTMEN

THE TRADE

• Local comercial activity (local markets)

• Long distance trade (trade fairs, – Silk route throughtout Asia

• Geographical areas:– Mediterranean sea (Italy, Cataluña, Muslims,

Bizantium)– Atlantic and Baltic Sea (Hansa, Low countries,

England, North of Spain…)

The new trade routes

WHAT CAN YOU SEE HERE?MAKE A DESCRIPTION

Cultivatedlands

Walls

Jewish quatier

Alcázar de la ciudad(fortress)

Main convents, churches and palaces

A MEDIEVAL TOWN: CÁCERES (12th – 15th century)

River

PARTS OF A WHOLE

• What smaller things make up the whole?

• For each of these parts, what would happen to the whole if it were missing?

• What is the function of the part?

Cultivated lands and river.Every town needed accessto water and food supply. These lands have been cultivated from 11th century onwards.

ROMAN PASTMost of the medievalEuropean cities were old Roman towns, butnot all. .

Cáceres, Arco del Cristo

WALLS AND GATES.They were very important in most of the towns,In case of war or siege. In peacetime, the gates Were locked after sunset.

Matacándome

pinnacles

SQUARE AND UPPER DISTRICTThe main square in thetown was the place wherethe most remarkable eventsTook place: the market and the

Celebration of religious acts

Coats of arms

Roman arch (gothic)

SQUARE AND UPPER DISTRICTThe main square in thetown was the place wherethe most remarkable eventsTook place: the market and the

Celebration of religious acts

Rose window

Canecillos

Bell tower

PointedArch(gothic)

Coats of arms

Roman arch (gothic)

Gargoles

buttress

URBAN CONVENTSThe church started to live In towns, in the way of newConvents, hospitals, parishChurches…

San Pablo, 15th century

ConventBuildings.

URBAN CONVENTSThe church started to live In towns, in the way of newConvents, hospitals, parishChurches…

San Pablo, 15th century

Pointedarch

Rose window

buttress

Apse

Espadaña

ConventBuildings.

alfiz

NOBILITY PALACESHad the aspectOf a fortress orCastle…

Roman arch (gothic)

Merlons

Coat of arms DoubleHorse-shoe Arch window

dovelas

Alfiz

But in the endOf Middle Agethey lost theirMilitary appearanceAnd became moreLuxurious.

Renaissancedecoration

JEWISH QUATIER(judería de Cáceres)Medieval towns createdDistricts for minoritiesLike Muslims and Jews.

CRAFTSMEN and GUILDSwith the same activityused to live and work in the same street, sometimesout of the walls.

CITY COUNCIL & TOWNHALLEvery town had his own council and townhall,And won independence from feudal lords.

URBAN PRIVILEGES AND LAWS, COUNCILS.Medieval towns had their own laws, so citizenswere free from feudal lords. Kings granted and protected these laws.

FUEROS DE CÁCERES13th century (1230)

These are some of the medieval laws from Cáceres (13th century)

The rise of monarchies: causes.

MONARCHIES

Have morepower because…

The rise of the bourgeoisie(burguesía).

The economic growth.

They expanded their territories.

By wars By familiar alliances

More taxes,More economicpower

The rise of monarchies: consequences.

MONARCHIESNow…

Fight between empire and papacy

Were not so dependent from feudal lords.

Start to fight for privileges and power against the church.

They start to fight against otherKingdoms.

Hundred years war

PARLIAMENTS- Third estate- Nobility- Church

EUROPE14th CENTURY:THE RISE OFMONARCHIES

THE MAIN CONFLICTS:

HUNDRED YEARS WARPAPACY Vs. EMPIREAVIGNON SCHISM

THE ORIGIN: THE HOLY ROMANEMPIRE VS. PAPACY

THE INVESTIDURE CONTROVERSY (12th -14th century)

THE PROBLEM: WHO WAS THE RIGHT PERSON TOAPPOINT BISHOPS?

THE MILITARPOWER

THE CHURCH POWER

NOBLESTHE CHURCH

OTON III(10th century)

HENRY IV VS. GREGORY VII

The German Emperordressed like a beggarand barefoot.

The PopeForgiving him

THE AVIGNON SCHISM

The pope from AvignonThe pope from Rome

THE AVIGNON SCHISM(14th century)

CONCILIE OF CONSTANZA 1415

HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337-1453)

English bowmen Heavy armoured knights

French flag(Capets)English flag

(Plantagenets)

Great battles: Agincourt (1415)

THE ENGLISH BOWMEN

St. George cross

Long pikes

Wooden pikes

Long bow

A feudal war

Juana de Arco will begin the Reconquest of their country…

The fall of Constantinople (1453)

Cannons werewidely used inthe siege.

The ByzantineEmpire Dissapeared.As a consequence,Eastern Europe willBe conquered byMuslims.

The crisis in the XIV centuryCauses

Causes

Causes

Causes

Between 1315 and 1353,

the populationof Europe decreased between ¼ and ½,

From 75 millions to 51

Causes

The crisis in the XIV century

140045 millions

Causes

Causes

Causes

130075 millions

THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGE

• CAUSESToo much population

+

Agriculture stagnation

-

Less food -

Weaker population DISEASES:

THE PLAGUEBAD CROPS:CLIMATE CHANGE

DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS

The spread of the Plague (¡¡la peste!!)

FLEA

The population ofEurope declined More than one third in 50 years, Only 50 millions of population at The begining of the 15th century.

The ebola plague (2014)

The plague(1347-1351)

GOTHIC STYLE

triforium

Ribbed vault

Rose window

Stained glass Capitals & columns

Pinnacle

Flying butresses Rose window

Archivoltes

Pointed arch

Gargoles