Unit 3 The Civil War: A Nation Divided

Vocabulary

• abolitionist-an individual against slavery

• agriculture-farming • antebellum-time period before the

Civil War• arsenal-weapons storage place• artillery-large weapons; cannons• blockade-blocking the ports to

prohibit ships from entering or exiting (Savannah)

Vocabulary

• border state-states that bordered the Confederate States of America but did not join the Confederacy

• brigade-large group of soldiers• campaign-series of military

operations• cash crop-crop that is sold for

money not sold to be eaten• casualty-wounded, killed, or

missing • cavalry-soldiers on horseback

Vocabulary• company-large group of soldiers---

50 to 100 lead by a captain• Confederacy-Confederate States of

America• Confederate-a person loyal to the

Confederacy• conscript-to be a draftee in the

army• Democratic Party-political group

that supported states rights• emancipation-freedom from

slavery

Vocabulary

• hardtack-hard cookie given to soldiers as food

• industry-manufacturing goods from raw materials (raw cotton to textiles)

• Lost Cause-cultural movement against the North in an effort to accept the loss of the war by Southerners

• North-Union states• parole-pledge by Confederate soldiers

to not bear arms against the USA• popular sovereignty-vote

Vocabulary

• ratify-approve• Rebel-loyal to the CSA• Republican Party -political party created in

1850 to prevent the spread of slavery to the territories

• secession-withdrawal from the United States of America

• sectionalism-believe that the interest of a specific section of the country is more important than the overall interest of the country

• slavery-state of one person owning another person and being forced into labor without compensation

Vocabulary

• South-Confederate States of America• states’ rights- belief that if a right is not

specifically given or denied by the Constitution then a state can decide that law for their state

• territory-land within the continental United States that has not been formally accepted as a state

• Un ion- the portion of the United States that did not leave to form the CSA.

• volunteer- someone who does something because they want to do so, not forced

• Yankee- Northerner, someone loyal to the United States

Three Main Causes of the Civil War

• Economic differences• South---agricultural economy

• Plantation system• Cotton is King• Most people are poor farmers

• North---industrial economy• Focus on city life• Purchasing raw cotton and turning it into textile goods

• Factory Workers

Three Main Causes of the Civil War

• Political Issues• States’ Rights---idea that the

individual states have certain rights and the federal government may not infringe on those rights-federal government must get the approval of the states concerning those powers.

Southern states felt slavery was not addressed in the Constitution therefore it was up to the individual states to decide per Amendment 10. Northern states disagrees and felt it was a national issue to be decided by the federal government.

Three Main Causes of the Civil War

• Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860• South felt he was anti-slavery and

would act in favor of Northern interest rather than be understanding of the economic issue slavery represented for the South. Seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln was inaugurated as President.• South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,

Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas (December 20, 1860)

Background to the Conflict

Differences in the North and South in the 1800s

Economy In the North they had better jobs, higher job wages, more people and more factories. Most southerners were farmers and some people owned plantations, the South had less railroads, they were losing their population to the North, and a lot of Southerners were poor.

Population

In the South they had a smaller population than they had in the North and the South had less political power. The North they had a bigger population than the South. Also, the North had a greater amount of political power

Slavery Most people in the North were against slavery. People in the South thought that slavery was essential. In the South they thought that they needed to have slaves so they could work in the fields.

Compromises to the Issue of Slavery

Missouri Compromise• Agreement put forward by Henry Clay that allowed

Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter the Union as a free state. The Compromise also drew an imaginary line at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, dividing the new Louisiana Territory into two areas, one north and one south. All of the Louisiana Territory north of this line was free territory, meaning that any territories that became states from this area would enable African-Americans to be free. The Compromise also encouraged people in the north to return runaway slaves to their homes and did not prohibit slavery, even in the free territories.

Compromises to the Issue of Slavery

The Compromise of 1850• California was admitted to the Union as the 16th

free state. In exchange, the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico. Texas lost its boundary claims in New Mexico, but the Congress compensated Texas with $10 million. Slavery was maintained in the nation's capital, but the slave trade was prohibited. Finally, and most controversially, a Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law

Compromises to the Issue of Slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act• The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that

mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders by voting on the issue. Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas–Abraham Lincoln’s opponent in the influential Lincoln-Douglas debates–the bill overturned the Missouri Compromise’s use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act’s passage led to the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas.

United States Railroads 1860

• In the South most railroads in 1860 were local affairs connecting cotton regions with the nearest waterway. Most transport was by boat, not rail, and after the Union blockaded the ports in 1861 and seized the key rivers in 1862, long-distance travel was difficult. The outbreak of war had a depressing effect on the economic fortunes of the railroad companies, for the hoarding of the cotton crop in an attempt to force European intervention left railroads bereft of their main source of income..

United States Railroads 1860

• Many had to lay off employees, and in particular, let go skilled technicians and engineers. For the early years of the war, the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate an overall policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. With the legislation of impressment the same year, railroads and their rolling stock came under the de facto control of the Confederate military

John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid

• http://www.history.com/topics/john-brown/videos/john-browns-raid

• How did John Brown’s beliefs and ideals on the issue of slavery influence his actions?• abolitionist-he believed that slavery should

be abolished• slave rebellion idea• raid at Harper’s Ferry

John Brown Essay• Introduction:

• Important individual in antebellum history• Abolitionist-define the term• Strong beliefs lead him to action• Willing to die for his ideal of a world without slavery• Remembered today for his strong beliefs that turned

to action• Paragraph 2

• Kansas-Nebraska Act-explain• Popular sovereignty-define the term• Murdered 5 people• Murder victim trying to vote to keep slavery in Kansas• Known as Bleeding Kansas

John Brown Essay

• Paragraph 3• Harper’s Ferry incident• Raid the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry• Steal guns and give them to slaves• John Brown and three sons died

• Two sons killed during the fighting• Third son hung for treason• John Brown hung for treason

• Remember him today because his beliefs and ideals caused him to give his life to end slavery.

Harriett Beecher Stowe…little lady that started the great big war

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFy4RjYGbQ

• How did Harriet Beecher Stowe inspire conflict that resulted in change?• Abolitionist, wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

(1852), the novel explored the cruelties of chattel slavery in the Upper and Lower South and exposed the moral ironies in the legal, religious, and social arguments of white apologists.

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

• How did Harriet Beecher Stowe inspire conflict that resulted in change?

• Conflict-the issue of slavery as an immoral and inhumane condition• immoral-against God• inhumane-lack of compassion or pity

• Change- the abolition of slavery as a practice in the United States

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

• Paragraph 1• Inform your reader of what Harriet Beecher

Stowe did concerning the conflict of slavery• Visited Kentucky and saw a slave auction• Talked to people and found out how slaves

were treated• beatings• splitting up of families• denied the right of an education

• Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Written from the point of view of an enslaved person

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

• Paragraph 2• Inform your reader of how Uncle Tom’s Cabin caused

change in the practice of slavery.• "Uncle Tom's Cabin" supported the abolitionists'

cause by revealing the horrors of slavery to the general public,

• helped the abolitionists gain more supporters because they could see why slavery was not the great institution that they had believed it was.

• It made people feel that slaves were people, not property (chattel)

• encouraged the operating of the Underground Railroad  -  the safe-house system that smuggled fugitive slaves into Canada

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

• Paragraph 3• inform your reader of the change that

occurred nationally due to “Uncle Tom's Cabin“ becoming a number one best seller both in the United states and England• Southern states lost European support for slavery• Southern states left the Union and formed the CSA• Civil War was fought lasting from 1861 to 1865• North won the Civil War• 13th amendment was passed ending slavery

forever in the United States

Nat Turner

• http://www.biography.com/people/nat-turner-9512211#synopsis

• How did the actions of Nat Turner impact groups and institutions of the Civil War era?

• On August 21, 1831, he led a violent insurrection. He hid for six weeks but was eventually caught and later hanged. The incident ended the emancipation movement in that region and led to even harsher laws against slaves.

Nat Turner Essay

How did the actions of an individual, Nat Turner, impact groups and institutions of the Civil War era?

Individual---Nat Turner• Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner

had a vision in 1825 of a bloody conflict between black and white spirits.

• Three years later, he had what he believed to be another message from God calling him to action

• Turner would receive another sign telling him when to fight, saying "I should arise and prepare myself and slay my enemies with their own weapons

Nat Turner Essay• Groups

• Slaves and slave owners• On August 21, 1831, Turner and his supporters began their

revolt against white slave owners.• Results:

• 60 deaths of white people and 100 deaths among black people• 200 black individuals murdered by slave owners• Nat Turner was hanged

• Institutions• legislators in Virginia passed laws prohibiting the education of

blacks (both slaves and free); restricted the right to assembly, required white ministers to present sermons for blacks

• 56 black individuals executed for taking part in the revolt• 30 slaves convicted of crimes, 18 hanged and 12 were sold out

of state to new owners• 1 free black was hanged

Dred Scott Decision

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qlXBNwmoTw

• What were intended and unintended consequences of the Dred Scott decision?• Brought before the court by Dred Scott, a slave who had

lived with his owner in a free state before returning to the slave state of Missouri. Scott argued that his time spent in these locations entitled him to emancipation. The court found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. The Dred Scott decision incensed abolitionists and heightened North-South tensions.

Consequences of the Dred Scott Decision

• the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was still a slave and that he had no right to file suit in a United States court as he was not a citizen and did not have the rights of a white citizen

• slaves were considered property

• drew a clear line of how the government stood on the issue of slavery

• made abolitionist very angry

• pleased Southerners that felt the federal government was on their side now concerning slavery

• supported the Missouri Compromise

• an eye-opener to Northerners who believed that slavery was tolerable as long as it stayed in the South.

Leaders of the Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

U. S. Grant

Robert E. Lee

William T. Sherman

Stonewall Jackson

Important Battles of the Civil War

Fort Sumter Gettysburg Atlanta Campaign

Sherman’s March to the

Sea

Appomattox Courthouse

When? When? When? When? When?

Where? Where? Where? Where? Where?

Who? Who? Who? Who? Who?

What? What? What? What? What?

Gettysburg

• Having concentrated his army around the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Gen. Robert E. Lee awaited the approach of Union Gen. George G. Meade’s forces. On July 1, early Union success faltered as Confederates pushed back against the Iron Brigade and exploited a weak Federal line at Barlow’s Knoll. The following day saw Lee strike the Union flanks, leading to heavy battle at Devil's.

• Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Peach Orchard, Culp’s Hill and East Cemetery Hill. Southerners captured Devil’s Den and the Peach Orchard, but ultimately failed to dislodge the Union defenders. On the final day, July 3rd, fighting raged at Culp’s Hill with the Union regaining its lost ground. After being cut down by a massive artillery bombardment in the afternoon, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge and was repulsed in what is now known as Pickett’s Charge. Lee's second invasion of the North had failed, and had resulted in heavy casualties; an estimated 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or listed as missing after Gettysburg

Effects of the War

• Political Effects• North

• South

Effects of the War

• Economic Effects• North

• South

Effects of the War

• Social Effects• North

• South

The Four Sectors of the Economy

• Households

The Four Sectors of the Economy

• Private Business

The Four Sectors of the Economy

• Banks

The Four Sectors of the Economy

• Government