unit 4 avionics
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 4-Flight Deck and Unit 4-Flight Deck and CockpitCockpit
Control and display technologies, CRT LED Control and display technologies, CRT LED LCD & Plasma panel, Touch Screen, Direct LCD & Plasma panel, Touch Screen, Direct
Voice Input; Civil Cockpit and military cockpit, Voice Input; Civil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFD, HUD MFK HOTASMFD, HUD MFK HOTAS
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SYLLABUSSYLLABUS
1. Control and display technologies, CRT LED LCD & Plasma panel, Touch Screen
2. Direct Voice Input; Civil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFD, HUD MFK HOTAS
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Cockpit TechnologiesCockpit Technologies
• Fight Display Technology-PFD & MFD
• Flight Control Technology- PFC & SFC
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Cockpit-DefinitionCockpit-Definition
• Pilot controlling the aircraft area -Cockpit.
• Windows with a sun shield & can be opened when aircraft on the ground
• Control column or Joystick located centrally to Pilot for Control
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Flight Display TechnologyFlight Display Technology
TypesTypes
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Flight Display TechnologiesFlight Display Technologies
1. PFD-Primary Flight Displays providing information critical to flight-1. True Airspeed, 2. Attitude, 3. Altitude, 4. Heading, 5. Vertical speed and 6. Yaw.
2. MFD-Multi Flight Displays-Providing information on 1. Weather, 2. Navigation 3. Engine performance for safe landing and take off from Multiple systems
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Primary Flight Display Primary Flight Display
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Lay outLay out
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LayoutLayout
1. Attitude
2. Air speed
3. Altitude
4. Vertical Speed
5. Heading
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LayoutLayout
- +- +
-20
-10
+10
+20ALT HDG
0 ΔΔ
Δ
AttitudeAltitude
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LayoutLayout
1. Centre of PFD indicate Attitude AI, indicating to Pilot Attitude, Aircrafts Pitch and Roll, and Orientation of Aircraft relative to Horizon
2. Aircraft movement in the next few seconds as calculated by the Onboard computer
3. Altitude indicator to the left and right of the attitude4. Colored Flags indicating the allowable airspeed5. Bottom of the display indicate the heading6. ARINC 429 and RS232 interface to work with GPS and
NAV systems
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2. Multi Function Display2. Multi Function Display
• A large format display to the Pilot for making Safe Decisions on every phase of the flight
• Provide Engine performance and Situational Data (location, terrain, traffic, weather and airport information) presented to him at a glance
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5.5” MFD-Multifunction Display5.5” MFD-Multifunction Display
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SchematicSchematic
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SchematicSchematic
1. 2 Displays with a Small LCD Screen or OLED screen
2. A Moving Map on the Right Hand Side showing Traffic, Terrain, lightening, and info about the nearest airport
3. Aircraft Instrumentation on the left4. Destination airport diagram and list of
possible approaches are loading and is viewed at any time during the flight
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Flight Control TechnologyFlight Control Technology
Types, FMS and backup instruments Types, FMS and backup instruments
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2 Types2 Types
Primary Flight Control Technology-
For Controlling the pitch For Controlling the Rudder pedals
for yaw for vertical movement For Controlling the throttle for
speed
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PFCPFC
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PFCPFC
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SFCSFC
2. Secondary Flight Control :A. For controlling the elevator trim,
B. For holding a pitch attitude ,
C. For altering the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds during r takeoff and landing.
D. For Controlling air brakes and variable-sweep wings.
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Technology in PFCTechnology in PFC
1. Fly By Wire-FBW-mechanical linkage between control column and control surface has been replaced by electrical wires as in Airbus 320-Both PFC & SFC controlled by 7 computers
2. Fly By Light-FBL-Input command signals are sent to the actuators through the medium of optical-fiber lines for smooth autopilot override function
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FBLFBL
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Airbus 320 using FBWAirbus 320 using FBW
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Flight Display Flight Display TechnologiesTechnologiesTypes, description and Types, description and
comparisoncomparison
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TypesTypes
1.Cathode Ray Tube -CRT2.LCD 3.Plasma4.LED 5.ELD
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1. CRT Displays1. CRT Displays
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONCOMPARISON
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Multi color CRT Multi color CRT
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Definition of TermsDefinition of Terms
1. Size2. Resolution-ability to adjust and distinguish the
electron beam 3. Contrast Ratio:Ratio of the brightest possible
white value compared to the darkest possible black value
4. Dot pitch-Size of a given pixel on the screen in millimeters.
5. Screen Contour-Variety of contours to the front of the screen or tube
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Schematic Schematic
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SchematicSchematic
1. Red
2. Green
3. BlueShadowMask
ScreenWith coating
Electron GunMagnetic Anode+
Magnetic Cathode -
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Color CRTColor CRT
• By 3 Electron Guns producing RGB, directing the electron on the screen with different phosphor material
• The beam from a particular Gun (Red) striking the Screen elements with Red color, appearing as Red dots,
• Due to Raster Scan, & due to persistence of Vision, Red screen appears stationary
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6” x 6” CRT Monitor6” x 6” CRT Monitor
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Features Features
1. Size of Screens 6” x 6”,5”x5”
2. High Resolution
3. High Brightness
4. Airworthiness against shock& vibration (0.02 g2/Hz), altitude(20,000 M) and temp(-55 to 85*C)
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Multi color CRT Multi color CRT Displays(767/757)Displays(767/757)
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Advantages Advantages
I. Contrast ratio and Depths of colors greater than LCDs
II. Ability to easily scale to various resolutions.
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Dis-AdvantagesDis-Advantages
1. Size and Weight of the tube
2. High power consumption
3. Specification and visual verification of a color
4. Color ability degrading over time due to breaking down phosphors in the tube.
5. Generating Excess Heat
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2. LCD 2. LCD
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONCOMPARISON
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LCD DisplayLCD Display
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FunctionFunction
• Liquid Crystals modulate light on application of electrical input from VLSI Transistors thru backlight source
• These Transistors activate RGB Matrix of Filters thru transparent electrodes
• Each pixel of RGB activate three sub-pixels in front of them
• Thru Polarizer the image is formed in front according to color combination
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Cross Section-LCDCross Section-LCD
Liquid crystal Transparent Electrode
RGB FiltersGlass Substrate
Glass Substrate
polarizer
polarizer
VLSI Transistors
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Exploded viewExploded view
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FeaturesFeatures
1. Have more Contrast, Sharper, Brighter and faster
2. Smaller and Lighter
3. Energy Efficient
4. Less Eye Fatigue
5. Blurry Images Outside Native Resolution
6. Motion Blur on Fast Moving Images
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CRT & LCD Compared CRT & LCD Compared
No Features CRT LCD
1 Size & Weight, viewing angle
Heavy Light weight,portable and large
2 Voltage High Low
3 Brightness Not bright High
4 Eye Fatigue High Less
5 Contrast Ratio Higher than
LCD
High
6000:1
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Plasma Display Panel-Plasma Display Panel-PDPPDP
FUNCTION, FEATURES, FUNCTION, FEATURES, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONDESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON
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FunctionFunction
1. Plasma-Gas in the cells turns into a plasma –a collection of free flowing ions responding to Electromagnetic field.
2. Mixture of noble gases-He, Ne held between two panels of glass
3. On application of Signal, Plasma excites phosphors to emit light as Photons
4. There are plenty of Grids excited by Address Electrode to emit light on the Display electrode, protected by front and back glass plate
5. Display electrode being protected by an insulating Dielectric material.
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SchematicSchematic
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Cross SectionCross Section
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FeaturesFeatures
1. Large Display-108” upto 150” Screen device with an excellent viewing angle 150*
2. Higher Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixels
2. Bright -1000 lux
3. High Contrast Ratio 100,000:1
4. Power consumption varying with picture
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SchematicSchematic
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Advantages Advantages
1. Slim & Low cost2. Wall mounted 3. Lighter and less bulky4. Achieves better and accurate color
reproduction than LCDs 5. Higher contrast ratios (up to 1:1,000,000) 6. Wider viewing angle-up to 150°7. No motion blur due to fast response time (up
to 0.001 milliseconds)
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Disadvantages Disadvantages
1. Susceptible to Screen burn-in and image retention
2. Loosing luminosity over time, 3. Susceptible to "large area flicker" 4. Smaller size not available5. Susceptible to reflection glare in bright rooms 6. Heavier than LCD due to the requirement of a
glass screen to hold the gases 7. Damage to the glass screen permanent and
difficult to repair.
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Plasma Vs LCDPlasma Vs LCD
No Features Plasma LCD
1 Contrast Ratio High Low
2 Color Accuracy High High
(bright room)
3 Viewing Angle Highest
150*
Less
(120 to 130*)
4 For Static image Good V.good
5 For Fast moving objects V.Good Good
6 Use In aircraft Not much suited Highly suitable
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ELDELD
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONCOMPARISON
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PrinciplePrinciple
• Consisting of a Solid State thin film Phosphor and a glass Substrate with an insulator-producing Blue luminescence; other colors by RGB filters
• (GaAs between two layers of conductors • Through current flow or electric field, conducting layer
of material emitting radiation in the form of visible light.• Light Emitted by Strong Electric Field driven by +/- 200V
pulses• Instant Turn on and no cooling required• Can be dimmed at night • Used as a Backlit display
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ELDELD
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Cross SectionCross Section
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LED LED
FUNCTION,Types DESCRIPTION FUNCTION,Types DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON to ILDAND COMPARISON to ILD
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LED-sLED-s
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Basic typesBasic types
1. Edge Emitting LED
2. Surface Emitting LED
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Major Applications Major Applications
1. As Backlit indicators in MFD in Avionics
2. Destination displays in Airport Buses from Terminal to Aircraft
3. As traffic light Signs
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7 Segment LED7 Segment LED
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Based on Color Based on Color
1. Ultraviolet and Blue LEDs (Gallium Nitride)
2. Multicolor LEDs3. Phosphor based LEDs (Blue-Indium
Galium Nitride)4. Organic LEDs-(OLED)Zinc Selenide5. Quantum LED-s using semiconductor
nano crystals
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OLED StructureOLED Structure
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FunctionFunction
• Ge, Sil or GaAz as the basic P material having an N substrate, when excited by a DC voltage, emitting photons
• LED have Anode and Cathode
• Depeding on the material used as impurity, produce different color
• Used to indicate Numerals, and sign indicators for speed, altitude etc.
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LED Vs ELDLED Vs ELD
• Produce multiple colors
• Require only small DC voltage (5v or 12V)
• No cooling reqd• Cannot be dimmed at
night• Currently OLED being
used in Avionics
• Produce only one color
• Require high voltage Pulse
• No cooling reqd• Can be dimmed at
night• No Technological
improvement
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Flight Control TechnologyFlight Control Technology
Analog & DigitalAnalog & Digital
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Cockpit Instruments-AnalogCockpit Instruments-Analog
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Glass Cockpit in Space ShuttleGlass Cockpit in Space Shuttle
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Cockpit InstrumentsCockpit Instruments
1. Mode Control Panel, usually a long narrow panel located centrally in front of the pilot, used to control Heading(HDG), Speed(SPD), Altitude(ALT), Vertical Speed(V/S), Vertical Navigation(VNAV) and Lateral Navigation(LNAV)
2. Primary Flight Display showing the current pressure setting for the altimeter (local or standard), target speed and current speed, target altitude and current altitude, vertical speed and the condition of the Instrument Landing System (ILS)
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Cockpit Instruments-contdCockpit Instruments-contd
3. Navigation Display, adjacent to the PFD, showing the current route and information on the next waypoint, current wind speed and wind direction
4. Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (for Boeing) or Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (for Airbus) allow the pilot to monitor the : values for N1, N2 and N3, fuel temperature, fuel flow, the electrical system, cockpit or cabin temperature and pressure, control surfaces and so on.
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PFD & Nav DisplayPFD & Nav Display
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A310 Flight deckA310 Flight deck
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Flight Control sytstemsFlight Control sytstems
Fly by Wire and Fly by LightFly by Wire and Fly by Light
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Voice Recognition and Voice Recognition and Speech SynthesisSpeech Synthesis
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Voice Recognition and Voice Recognition and Speech SynthesisSpeech Synthesis
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Speech SystemsSpeech Systems
• Displaying text and turns the written text into speech. For "hands free” for Pilots
• An automated checklist either in text only or in text-to-speech mode
• Thru Voice Commands & speech regonition systems
• No Co pilot, except a PC
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Types of Speech Recognition Types of Speech Recognition systemssystems
• Acoustic Model
• Direct Voice Input
• Speech Synthesis
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Speech Recognition systemSpeech Recognition system
• specified in terms of accuracy and speed
• Accuracy measured in terms of word error rate (WER),
• Speed is measured with the real time factor.
• Modern Speech Regonition Algorithm-Makhov Model
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Direct Voice InputDirect Voice Input
• DVI allowing the pilot to activate non-safety critical mode and data entry functions as an alternative to using manual methods
• Manual methods:• Multi-Function Head Down Display (MHDD)
selection and manipulation • Radio selection and navigation route
manipulation • Target selection • Target allocation to formation members
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DVIDVI
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DVI systemDVI system
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DVI-featuresDVI-features
• DVI module -a speaker-dependent, connected word, voice recognition system
• Can recognise up to 200 words, • System must be "trained" to recognise each
pilot's voice on a ground station.• More than 95% in the cockpit environment. • System coupled with voice warning generation
modules
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Direct Voice InputDirect Voice Input
• DVI allows the pilot to activate non-safety critical moding and data entry functions as an alternative to using manual methods
• Manual data entry • Multi-Function Head Down Display (MHDD)
selection and manipulation • Radio selection and navigation route
manipulation • Target selection • Target allocation to formation members
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DVIDVI
• DVI module is a speaker-dependent, connected word, voice recognition system
• It can recognise up to 200 words, any 25 of which may be active at a given time, says CDC. The system must be "trained" to recognise each pilot's voice on a ground station. The target recognition performance is more than 95% in the cockpit environment.
• The system is coupled with voice warning generation modules in the CAMU, which provide direct voice output.
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CockpitsCockpits
Lay outCivil Cockpit and military Lay outCivil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFK,HMD, HUD,HDD, HOTAScockpit, MFK,HMD, HUD,HDD, HOTAS
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Types of Cockpits Civil & Types of Cockpits Civil & MilitaryMilitary
• MFK- Multifunction Keyboard Cockpit for Single Seat (Military)
• HOTAS (Hand on Throttle And Stick) for Military (F16)
• HMD-Helmet Mounted Display-for Civil Aircrafts• HUD-Head Up displays for both military and civil
aircrafts• HDD-Head Down Display-all modern aircrafts
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Head up DisplayHead up Display
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MFK DisplayMFK Display
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HOTASHOTAS
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Eurofighter using HOTASEurofighter using HOTAS
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HMD (F35)HMD (F35)
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Glass CockpitGlass Cockpit
• left- and right-side- flight display (FD) and navigation display (NAV) screens
• horizontal and vertical positions by Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) for time and speed
• over-and-under center display screens shows the aircraft's systems conditions and engines performance
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Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up DisplayDisplay
• Decided by Engineering and Human factors• Cockpit desgn based on action/information
requirements, timelines and workload analysis• Workload analysis include include external
vision,internal vision,right hand, left hand, feet, audidion and verbal
• Usually top down system
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Layout of a Cockpit-Head up Layout of a Cockpit-Head up displaydisplay
• Displays perpendicular to line of sight ( not more than 45*)
• Each Pilot shld have Airspeed indicator, Gyroscope Bank, Pitch indicator, Altimeter, Rate of Climb indicator, Direction indicator
• Visible instruments for the pilot=Clock,Air temp indicator, Magnetic compass
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Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up DisplayDisplay
CRT Lens
Collimator
Folding Mirror
CanopyEYE
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HUDHUD
• A High intensity with Green Phosphor CRT or an AMLCD array with high intensity lamp
• A collimator to pass the rays 90* to the Pilot
• HUD may be 2 element or 3 element collimator (combiner)
• For Max brightness HUD-monochramatic
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Glass Cockpit in Boeing 737, 767 Glass Cockpit in Boeing 737, 767 and Airbus A300 A310 Airbusand Airbus A300 A310 Airbus
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HOTAS-Hands on Throttle and HOTAS-Hands on Throttle and StickStick
• a style of aircraft control which allows the pilot to access the cockpit functions and fly the aircraft
• HOTAS controls allow the pilot to carry out complex tasks with relative ease during intense situations
• Sensor and weapon controls • DASS management • Aircraft handling • Target manipulation • X/Y Cursor Control
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HOTASHOTAS
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Advantage of HMD over HUDAdvantage of HMD over HUD