UNIT 4

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

SPONCHWhat is SPONCH?

SPONCH

• S= Sulfur• P= Phosphorus• O= Oxygen• N= Nitrogen• C= Carbon• H= Hydrogen

6 most important elements to life

Periodic Table of Elements

• Organized table of elements discovered so far

• Organized according to atomic structure and chemical characteristics

CARBON – the building block of life!

• DRAW Carbon

Carbon is able to bond with up to four other elements or form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms. Because of the unique bonding properties, there are millions of different organic chemicals. Each one has unique properties (functions).

Carbon

• Inorganic compounds are substances that don’t have carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, like minerals, metals, and salts.

• Organic compounds contain CARBON atoms and are made by living things. Most matter in your body that is not water is made of organic compounds.

MACROMOLECULES-LARGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• 4 Main Groups of Macromolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

CARBOHYDRATES •Provide ENERGY source for cells (1 gram = 4 Calories)

•Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1

•Monomer is monosaccharide (glucose -C6H12O6, fructose)

•Animals store glucose in form of polysaccharide glycogen and plants store glucose in form of starch

•Found in fruits, vegetables, grains

• Two linked = disaccharides– Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose)

and lactose (glucose and galactose)

• Polymer = polysaccharides

– Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

Cellulose (fiber)– polysaccharide that provides structural support for plants, humans cannot

digest for nutrients; aids in digestion

LIPIDS

• MONOMERS = fatty acids

• Saturated-animal fats, butter, lard, grease

• Unsaturated-most plant oils, olive oil, fish oils

• TRIGLYCERIDES

• PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• WAXES

• STEROIDS

TYPES OF LIPIDS

POLYMER FUNCTIONS• TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy

storage (1 gram = 9 Calories)

• PHOSPHOLIPIDS – main component in cell membranes

•WAXES – ear wax, beeswax, lanolin, protection from water loss in plants

STEROIDS - (Examples: cholesterol, Vitamin D, estrogen, cortisone, chlorophyll) stimulate bone and muscle growth, development of reproductive organs, sexual function, anti-inflammatory, essential in brain function, plant pigments

HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES

• Adaquate amounts of lipids are essential to a balanced diet.

• Eating too many foods with fats, such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, can cause a build up in arteries

• What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis (narrowing and hardening of the arteries)?

PROTEINS• Monomers = amino acids

• Peptide = short chain of amino acids

• Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids

• Humans must have 20 different amino acids, but can produce only 10; others must be from food we eat

• Structure is very important – pH and temperature can affect shape

• Food sources high in protein include legumes, eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and meat (1 gram = 4 Calories)

FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS

• Structural (bones, ligaments, skin)– collagen, protein fibers

• Defense against infection- antibodies• Hormones – insulin, prolactin• Transport – hemoglobin (carries oxygen)• Histones – “spools” around which DNA winds• ENZYMES!!! – speed up reactions in body,

help break down molecules

Enzyme Lock and Key Model

Enzymes (special type of protein)

•Usually end in “-ase” (lipase,catalase)

•Act as catalysts (speed up reactions)

•Lower activation energy (amt of energy needed for a chemical rxn to occur)

•3D shape of enzyme is very important!

•Factors that can affect the rate of a reatction:

pH level

temperature

enzyme concentration (amt of enzyme present)

substrate concentration (amt of substance being acted on by enzyme)

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale indicates the concentrion of H+ ions in water

Acids have higher concentration of H+, bases have higher concentration of OH-

The higher the pH, the more BASIC the solution. The lower the pH, the more ACIDIC the solution.

NUCLEIC ACIDS•Monomer – nucleotide (a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group)•DNA – found in nucleus of plant and animal cells, double-stranded; contains information, determines proteins made (organisms characteristics), directs cell activities•RNA – single-stranded; stores, transfers info from DNA to make proteins, can act as enzymes•Both made of nucleotides (thousands of linked monomers)•Found in all cells

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which include

that consist of that consist of that consist of

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Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Monosaccharides(sugars)

Fatty acids Nucleotides Amino Acids

Glucose

cellulose

Butter, oil

testosterone

DNARNA

CollagenHemoglobin

enzymes