• Clans

• Czar

• Excommunication

• Hagia Sophia

• Icon

• Justinian Code

• Pastoralists

• Patriarch

• Justinian p.301

• Genghis Khan p.331

• Kublai Khan p.335

• Marco Polo p.337

UNIT 4 VOCABULARY TERMS

1. How did Diocletian contribute to the Fall of Rome?

2. How did Constantine contribute to the Fall of Rome?

3. List one political, social, economic, and military factor that led to the Fall of Rome.

4. What do we call the mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture?

BELLRINGER (USE NOTES 3H TO ANSWER)

1. Make a list of ten names we have discussed in class so far this year.

2. Make a list of five religions.

3. Name 3 civilizations or cultures.

BELLRINGER

• In this unit we will learn about the relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires, the Great Schism, the fall of Constantinople, and the impact of the Mongols

UNIT FOUR

• Emperor Diocletian saw fit to divide the Roman empire into two parts- East and West

• Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome (west) to Byzantium (east)

• Germanic tribes and Huns attack Roman Empire, empire extremely weak

• 476- last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, ousted by German forces

• The eastern part not only survived, but flourished after the fall of the west

FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE-REVIEW

WESTERN AND EASTERN PARTS OF ROMAN EMPIRE

• The eastern half of the Roman empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

• Rulers in the eastern part of the empire continued to rule as emperors for all of Rome

• In 527 CE, a man named Justinian became the ruler of the Byzantine Empire

• Absolute ruler, government and church

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• 533- Justinian sends his best general, Belisarius, to recover North Africa from Germanic tribes

• 535- Belisarius attempts retaking Rome from a group known as the Ostrogoths-16 years later Rome won back

• After numerous campaigns, almost all of the territory that was controlled by Rome was taken back

JUSTINIAN AND BELISARIUS

• Wife of Justinian

• Most powerful woman in Byzantine history

• Met with foreign envoys (messengers), wrote to foreign leaders, passed laws, and built churches

• When she died, Justinian was so depressed that he didn’t pass a single major law

EMPRESS THEODORA

• Justinian had a panel to examine 400 years of Roman law

• They kept what was useful, and eliminated what was not useful

• The Code contained 4 parts:• 5,000 Roman laws still considered useful

• The Digest that quoted the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers

• The Institutes that told law students how to use the laws

• The Novellae, which were new laws passed after 534 CE

JUSTINIAN CODE

• Justinian set out to make Constantinople a great city

• He had workers construct a 14 mile wall and make other fortifications

• Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”)- crowning glory of Justinian

• When Justinian had this church rebuilt, many Christians thought it was the most splendid church in the Christian world

• Justinian built a massive palace, baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals

CONSTANTINOPLE

CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

• Held 60,000 spectators

• Free entertainment in which people watched chariot races

• 532- fans of two opposing teams sparked city-wide riots

• They were upset because they thought the govt had been too harsh in putting down a previous riot

• Nika Rebellion- The mob packed the Hippodrome and demanded the overthrow of Justinian

• Belisarius put down the rebellion and had 30,000 people killed

HIPPODROME AND NIKA REBELLION

HIPPODROME

HAGIA SOPHIA

HAGIA SOPHIA-INSIDE

1. Discuss in a paragraph the impact Justinian has on Constantinople, and his efforts to reclaim the western half of what was the Roman Empire.

2. What is the significance of Hagia Sophia?

3. What was the Nika Rebellion?

TOTD

1. Which part of the Roman empire fell, and which part thrived?

2. What type of ruler was Justinian?

3. What happened to Justinian when Theodora died?

4. What does Hagia Sophia mean in Greek?

5. How many people were killed in the Nika Rebellion?

6. Describe the strategic location of Constantinople.

BELLRINGER

CONSTANTINOPLE: MOST IMPORTANT CITY OF BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Europe

Asia

• Byzantium began sending missionaries to the land of the Slavs in the 800’s CE

• They also traded with their neighbors to the north

• 957- Princess Olga of Kiev goes to Constantinople and converts to Christianity

• Her grandson, Vladimir, came to the throne in 980

IMPACT OF BYZANTIUM

• Vladimir was very interested in religion and sent out people to observe major religions of the time

• The team that went to Constantinople gave an incredible account (p.308)

• In 989 CE, the citizens of Kiev were baptized and began practicing Eastern Orthodox

• Vladimir imported teachers to give guidance to the people

• Because of this, the people of Russia developed a close relationship with Constantinople

EASTERN ORTHODOX SPREADS TO RUSSIA

• During the Byzantine Empire, the Church underwent a dramatic transformation

• Christianity began to develop differently in the eastern and western parts of the empire

• In the 8th century, the Christian church had a major dispute over the use of Icons

• The pope in Rome supported the use of Icons; The emperor in Constantinople banned the use of Icons

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH DIVIDES

• Differences continued to grow between the east and west

• Finally in 1054, the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine

• This was known as the Great Schism; The Christian church split between the Roman Catholic church in the west, and the Eastern Orthodox church in the east

THE GREAT SCHISM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EAST (BYZANTINE) AND WEST (ROMAN) CHURCH.

Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox

Church

Leadership

The pope has authority over

all other Bishops and the

Church.

The pope claims authority

over all kings and Emperors.

The patriarch and other bishops

head the church as a group. The

emperor claims authority over

the patriarch and other bishops

in the kingdom.

Priest Priests and clergy not allowed

to marry.

Priests and clergy allowed to

marry.

Language Services were held in Latin. Services were held in Greek or

other local languages.

Holy Day The celebration of the birth of

Jesus.

The celebration of the day Jesus

rose from the dead.

Icons Worshipped images such as

Christ, the Virgin Mary, and

Saints.

Outlawed the use of Icons,

church art became mosaic.

1. How many minarets does the Blue Mosque have?

2. What color is popular in Turkey?

3. What is calligraphy?

4. Are Muslim women ok with worshiping in the back of the mosque?

5. What does Constantinople’s name change to?

6. When was Hagia Sophia completed?

7. What kind of fish are they catching to sell and eat?

VIDEO QUESTIONS: WRITE THESE DOWN

1. How many years were there between the time Justinian came to the throne and the fall of Rome?

2. What was the purpose of the code established by Justinian?

3. What advantage does the city of Constantinople have because of its location?

4. The Christian church was united when it began and remained so until 1054 CE. What happened to cause it to split and what was the event called?

5. How did Christianity spread to Russia?

BELLRINGER

• After Justinian’s death in 565 CE, the Byzantine empire suffered many setbacks• Street riots

• Religious quarrels

• Foreign dangers

• Plague

• Attacks from the east and west

DECLINE OF BYZANTIUM

• In the later years of Justinian’s reign, Constantinople was hit was a terrible plague

• It is estimated that in one of the worst years of the plague that 10,000 people were dying every day

• It is likely that the plague came from India on ships infested with rats

THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN

• Much like the Roman empire, Byzantium had many enemies along its borders

• Slavs and Bulgars attacked from the north; Persians attacked from the east

• After the rise of Islam, Arab armies attacked the city twice

• Russians attempted three invasions between 860 and 1043

• Christian armies during the Crusades attacked the city

• When the Turks took over the Muslim world they fought their way into Byzantine territory

ATTACKS FROM THE EAST AND WEST

• Despite all of the attacks, the Byzantines lasted almost 1,000 years

• They used diplomacy, political marriages, bribes, and military power to keep their enemies at bay

• By 1350, however, the Byzantine Empire was significantly smaller

• 1453- Finally the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks under the leadership of Mehmed II

• After the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, they changed the name to Istanbul

FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE

• From map on page 175, Label: Britain, Spain, Gaul, Italy, Rome , Carthage, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Africa, Egypt, Anatolia, Syria, Black Sea, Bosporus Strait, Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea

• Shade Western Part light green, Shade Eastern part light blue

• From map on page 299: Kievan Russia (shade area on your map light red like that on 299), Kiev, Red Sea, Cordoba, Crete, Cyprus

UNIT FOUR MAP

• We have discussed the rise and fall of many cities, civilizations, dynasties, and groups. List the factors that led to the fall of Constantinople, Rome, and Greece. Tell me what factors made these civilizations great, and what factors played a role in their fall.

TOTD

1. Who was the Byzantine Empire’s most successful leader?

2. What other plague was the Plague of Justinian similar to?

3. How much had the Byzantine Empire shrank by 1453?

4. What Ottoman leader defeated the city of Constantinople, and what did they change the name to?

BELLRINGER

• Nomadic peoples who lived in central Asia

• These people were pastoralists, people who herded domesticated animals

• They were always on the move, looking for good pasture to feed their animals

• Groups would fight each other over grassland and water

• They depended on animals for food, clothing, and housing

• They traveled together in groups called clans

CLANS OF CENTRAL ASIA

• For centuries, the Mongol people roamed the eastern steppe in loosely organized clans

• Around 1200 CE, a man named Temujin sought to unify the Mongols under his leadership

• He defeated his rivals one by one until he became the supreme ruler of the Mongols and given the title “Genghis Khan”-which means Universal Ruler

• Over the next 21 years, Genghis Khan led the Mongols in conquering much of Asia

RISE OF THE MONGOLS

• Brilliant organizer- Genghis Khan organized his armies into units of 10,000 men. These were organized into 1,000 man brigades, 100 man companies, and 10 man squads

• Brilliant Strategist- he used various tricks to confuse his enemies

• Incredibly cruel- if a city refused to surrender, he would kill the entire city after defeat. This caused his enemies to surrender without a fight in many cases

GENGHIS KHAN THE CONQUEROR

• Russia

• China

• Middle East

MONGOL CONQUESTS

• 1240- the Mongols attacked and destroyed Kiev

• After the fall of Kiev, the Mongols ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years

• The Mongols demanded 2 things from the Russians:• Absolute obedience

• Massive tributes, or payments

MONGOL RULE IN RUSSIA

• 1258- One of Genghis Khan’s grandsons led his troops to the outskirts of Baghdad, which had a protective wall

• When the Mongols finally took Baghdad, they burned down the caliph’s palace and had tens of thousands killed

• The caliph himself was wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses

MONGOL CONQUEST OF MIDDLE EAST

• Grandson of Genghis Khan, became the Great Khan is 1260

• Kublai ruled the entire Mongol empire, but in reality the empire was split between 4 rulers

• Kublai controlled modern-day Korea, northern China, Tibet, and Mongolia

• He set out to conquer China and extend his power

KUBLAI KHAN

• 1279- Kublai Khan’s armies overwhelm China

• The Chinese always feared and fought invasions of the northern nomads, and sometimes lost

• With Kublai’s victory, he ruled all of China

• He united China for the first time in 300 years, and is considered one of the greatest emperors

KUBLAI UNITES CHINA

• Young trader from the city of Venice, Italy

• Traveled with his father and uncle by using the Silk Roads

• Arrived at the court of Kublai Khan in 1275

• Served on the court of the Great Khan for 17 years

• 1292- Polo made the long journey back to Venice and told of his adventure

MARCO POLO

WHICH ONE ARE YOU?

1. In 476 CE the western part of the Roman Empire (Rome) fell to invaders. What condition was the eastern half in and what was the dominant city?

2. What steps did Justinian take to regain Rome’s former glory?

3. The crowning glory of Justinian’s rule was a church that means “Holy Wisdom” in Greek. What is its name?

4. How did Christianity spread to Russia?

5. In 1054 the Christian church splits into two factions between East and West. What type of Christianity was practiced in the East, and what type was practiced in the west? What was the event called?

6. In what year did Constantinople fall to the Ottoman Turks?

7. Name two factors that led to the fall of Constantinople.

8. What did Genghis Khan do to cities who refused to surrender?

9. Which Khan conquered and united all of China, and is remembered as one of the greatest emperors of China?

10. Why is Marco Polo significant in world history, what did he do?