unit 5: cold war cold war origins yalta conference - feb. 1945 ‘big three’- great britain, us,...
TRANSCRIPT
Cold War OriginsYalta Conference- Feb. 1945
‘Big Three’-Great Britain, US, Soviet UnionTemporary divide of Germany into 4 zonesStalin makes 2 promises:
Free Elections in PolandSoviet Union participation in the United Nations
Competing IdeologiesCapitalism
Key PointsSocialism
Key PointsCommunism
Key Points
Private Ownership of
Industry
Government ownership of
industry
Goal of a classless society
Freedom of Competition
Goal is to bring Economic Equality
No government needed
Unequal economic classes
Aims for a classless society
Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference, July 1945
Meeting of the Big 3Stalin took back free elections in Poland
and banned democratic partiesSoviet Army in E. Europe = West could do
little
Capitalism CommunismPrivate citizens control economic
activityState controls all property and
economic activity
Voting people elect president and Congress from competing political
parties
Communist Party established Totalitarian government with no
opposing parties
US Aims Versus Soviet Aims in EuropeThe United States wanted to… The Soviets wanted to…
Encourage Capitalism:New World order where nations had right of
self-determination
Encourage Communism:Promoting struggle between workers and
wealthy
Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries
Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and
raw materials
Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for
American goods
Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe
Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were
productive
Keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union
Satellite NationsStalin wanted a
barrier between E. Europe and W. Europe.
Satellite Nations: countries dominated by the Soviet Union.
US Policy of Containment
Feb. 1946: George F. Kennan, U.S. diplomat proposed the policy of containment:U.S. would take all measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries.
The Truman DoctrineMarch 12, 1947:
Declaration that the U.S. should support free countries trying resist communist pressure.1947 – 1950: U.S. sent $400 million in aiding Greece and Turkey
The Marshall PlanJune 1947: Sec. of
State George Marshall: The Marshall Plan
U.S. provide aid ($) to all European nations that needed it.
By 1952, 16 countries received some $13 billion in aid
The Berlin AirliftWest Berlin held
hostage by StalinU.S. and Great Britain flew in supplies for 327 days277,000 flights2.3 million tons of supplies
May 1949, Soviets lifted the blockade.
NATONATO: North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.Formation of 12 countries
unified by increased Soviet aggression
Military support if one of the NATO countries was attacked
1st time in history the U.S. was involved in a military alliance during peacetime.
5 Major Causes
1) Poland: “The Big Apple in the Barrel”2) Structure of governments in other E. European countries3) Future of Germany4) Economic reconstruction of Europe5) International policies toward the atomic bomb and atomic energy
Bell Ringer On a notebook piece of paper, please respond to the following question.
No longer than 1 page response.
Must have 3-5 explained reasons supporting your answer
Who started the Cold War?
ROCKY 1) How is the concert scene with James Brown symbolic to
the feeling in the U.S. after World War II?
2) The death of Apollo is symbolic of what in America Post WWII? 2) How is Drago’s training a direct example of the competition in science and engineering between the U.S. and Soviet Union? What does the scene tell you about which country was winning the “technology” war? 3) The monitoring of Drago during his training by so many scientists and military officials is a representation of what type of government and lifestyle in the Soviet Union? What can you say about the symbolism of the steroids that Drago uses? 4) How is the size and age of Drago compared to that of Rocky symbolic?
Bell Ringer: On a notebook piece of paper, please answer the
following questions:
1. What characteristics make a good spy?
2. What spy tools/gadgets would every good spy need to be successful?
3. Who is the best Hollywood spy you know? Why?
4. Who is the best Hollywood Villain? Why?
Villains Every spy has a “villain” – a target that has
information that the spy needs to acquire, or a threat that they need to neutralize
James Bond villains reflect the threats and fears that the world has faced over the years, especially during the Cold War.
1953 novel turns to film series
50s-60s=Villains wanting to sabotage US missile launch, Villains snatches US and Soviet Spacecraft
1970, Live and Let Die=Villains goal was to flood the worlds drug market with free heroin
1985, A View to a Kill=Villain wanted to destroy Silicon Valley to smooth his own path into a microchip market
1997, Tomorrow Never Dies=Media baron who creates real-life catastrophes so that his TV & newspaper outlets have a jump on reporting them
2006-Casino Royale-Villain funds international terrorism who made bank after 9/11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRIGW0H7FbI
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/01/bond-villains-javier-bardem-fears-era
Get Smarthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9WNBO3szgQ
“The nuclear arms race is like two sworn enemies standing waist
deep in gasoline, one with three matches, the other with five.”
--Carl Sagan
Nuclear Arms Race
Both the US and USSR believed the more nuclear weapons you had, the more powerful you were. After the Soviets conducted their 1st nuclear test in 1949, both nations started stockpiling weapons.
H-BombBy January 1950, the US
started production of the H-bomb. The test in 1952 of the bomb that was smaller than “Little Boy”, was 2500x more powerful.
A-bomb – fission – splitting atoms
H-bomb – fusion – basically using atom bombs to fuse atoms creating a lot more energy
“Ivy Mike”
Klaus Fuchs
US expected it to take the USSR years to get the h-bomb, but it took less than a year.
Klaus Fuchs, a German Communist exile who worked on the Manhattan Project (as a British scientist), confessed to giving the bomb secrets to the Soviets in 1950, showing the NATO countries that spies were living in our midst.
Escalation1961 - Enough nukes to destroy the
world1967 - China (communist) exploded an
h-bomb**Soviets believed in quantity over
quality...so
Troops:NATO 2.6 million, Warsaw Pact 4
millionTanks:NATO 13,000, Warsaw Pact 42,500
NATO was outnumbered, but had better quality.
MAD - Mutually Assured Destruction ensured that if either side launched, nobody would win.
Spy AgenciesSpy agencies start collecting
foreign intelligence - know what the enemy had in order to be able to compete.
CIA - US agency started in1947, had very little government control in keeping America safe thru espionage.
GRU - Soviet intelligence, which gathered info on US programs like the atomic bomb.
KGB - Largest secret police in the world, more than 500,000 people to gather intel and suppress resistance in USSR.
Becoming a Spy
Recruitment-College Degree with 3.0 GPA or
higher-interest in foreign affairs-foreign languages, criminology,
political science, chemistry, geology, knowledge of another culture, science, engineering, technology skills
-well roundedWhat skills would you have that
could make a good spy??
Training-4 months in weapons and
deadly force training and tactics
-9 weeks of specialized training- background checks,
polygraphs, and drug tests
Spy Pets
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/15/spy-animal-espionage_n_804454.html
Spy Gadgets – Cold War
http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/secret-cia-spy-gadgets-go-public/26/
Your Assignment – 30 pts Left side - you as a spy:
Will include a drawn picture/cartoon of you as a spy (what would you wear? Would you be incognito?)
Must include (can list) qualities that you have that would make a good spy, as well as any “Achilles heels” – weaknesses
Draw what “gadgets” would you as a spy be able to use? These can be gadgets that have existed, or you can create a modern day spy gadget that would help you find and control your villain. Must have at least 2.
Right side - modern day villain:
Will include a drawn picture/cartoon of a modern day villain (how would they look? Think of movie villains, criminals, threats to America and/or current American culture)
Must include (can list) characteristics and reasons why they are villains.
Give them a modern day weapon
Label what modern day fear or threat they represent.
Characteristics: Speaks Spanish and can fit in to Hispanic societies, has computing skillsAchilles Heel: Not athletic…needs to run ops by computer rather than in person
Characteristics: ??Reason a villain: ?? Threat: ??
Bell Ringer: On a notebook piece of paper, please respond to the following question.
1. Why was there a need for espionage post WWII? Please explain your answer thoroughly giving 2-3 examples(evidence) to support your answer.
Truman Buckles Down
HUAC = House Committee on Un-American ActivitiesInvestigations in and outside the government
Investigated “thought to be” Communists in Hollywood
The Hollywood Ten
Resist to cooperate with HUACThought hearings were Unconstitutional
Blacklist: a list of people who were condemned for having a Communist background.
McCarthyismJoseph McCarthy, Republican from Wisconsin
Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty w/o providing evidence.
Civil War in China
Mao Zedong – Chairman of the Communist Party
Won the support of peasants by giving them reduced rent on occupied lands
Civil War in China
Chaing Kai-Shek = head of the Nationalist Party
Supported by the U.S.
Loss of support by peasants
Koreans Go to War
38th Parallel was the artificial boundarySoviet Korea in the North
U.S.(NATO) Korea in the South
June 25, 1950 – North invades the South
38th Parallel
U.S. Fights in Korea
N. Korea pushed S. Korea south as far as Pusan
MacArthur’s miracle CounterattackLanding at InchonUp through Pusan
Big QuestionShould MacArthur cross the 38th parallel?
October 7, U.N. recommends that Mac. cross the 38th.
Warning by ChinaChina would not let U.S. come close to the Yalu River
Chinese Fight Back
Mac pushed all the way to the Yalu River
300,000 Chinese cross the riverU.S. outnumbered 10 to 1
Mac pushed 100 miles south of the 38th
Mac Recommends Attacking China
Blockade the Chinese coast and use A-Bombs
Met w/Truman for the first time at Wake Island.Rejected by TrumanSoviet Union / China = Mutual Assistance Pact
Mac v. TrumanMac went over
Truman’s headWrote letters to magazines, newspapers, Reb. Leaders
Dismissed on April 11, 1951
Stalemate38th parallel was the
border between North and South KoreaCommunist north / dem. south.
Positive: Communism contained in the north
Negative: Korea still two countries. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJRdTVIL8To
H-Bomb
1 Million tons of TNT67 times stronger than Little Boy
U.S. exploded the first H-Bomb on Nov. 1, 1952
Soviets: Aug. 1953
Republicans plan for ’52 Election
Truman decides not to run againApproval rate at an all time low of 23%
Spread of CommunismKorean War
Dem. Adlai Stevenson, Gov. of Ill.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles, Sec. of StateU.S. use all forces (even atomic) against an aggressor
Brinkmanship: Willingness to go to the edge of an all-out war.
Soviets followed suit.
The Warsaw Pact
Stalin dies in ’53West Germany joins NATO in ’55.
Fearful, the Soviets formed the Warsaw PactMilitary alliance w/seven E. European nations.
The Hungarian Uprising
Hungary dominated by the Soviet UnionHungarians wanted
DemocracyNovember, 1956: Soviet tanks
invaded the country and killed 30,000 people
U.S. / NATO did nothing (failure of the Truman Doctrine)
The Space Race
October 4, 1957: Soviets launched SputnikTriumph in Soviet technology
January 31, 1958: First U.S. satellite
U-2 Spy Plane IncidentCIA flew spy missions over the
Soviet Union starting in the mid. 1950’s
1960’s: Ike wanted the flights discontinued.Summit to be held on the
arms race.May 1: Francis Gary Powers
shot down over the Soviet Union.
Flights stopped, Khrushchev called off the summit
1960’s opened w/heightened pressure
Crisis Over Cuba
Fidel Castro: self declared Communist who welcomed Soviet aid
Took control of 3 oil refineries operated by the U.S. and British
Took control of U.S. sugar plantations
Bay of Pigs
Ike gave permission to the CIA to train Cuban exiles for a Cuban invasion
JFK – doubts but approved itApril 17, 1961 1400 Cuban
exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs
Bay of PigsA huge failureNo airstrike prior to the
invasionNo help from a
diversionary unit20,000 v. 1,400Huge embarrassment for
the U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
N.K. promised to defend Cuba w/Soviet Arms
Summer of ’62 – increased # of Soviet weapons (including nukes)
Oct. 4 – U.S. spy planes capture the activity
Soviet Union said it was not a 1st strike strategy
Cuban Missile Crisis
JFK quarantined any ships heading to Cuba
N.K. promised to remove the missiles in exchange for a promise of no invasion by the U.S.
Easing Tensions
Hot line: Direct phone line that linked the White House and the Kremlin.
Limited Test Ban Treaty: barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov Executive Officer aboard a Hotel class ballistic missile
submarine B-59 during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Caught behind the quarantine line during the Cuban Missile Crisis
In the middle of one U.S. carrier and 11 battleships
U.S. dropped depth charges to force the subs to the surface
Capt. of the sub loaded a nuclear torpedo to be used against the U.S. ships
Believed the war “already” has started
Moscow had left the decision to use one of these nukes with the captain of the submarine but with a proviso. If he felt the need to use the weapon the next two officers in terms of rank had to agree to its use as well. The political officer on board said yes. The Executive Officer, Arkhipov, said no.