Unit 6 The Middle Ages

When Rome fell barbarian groups began to occupy their own territory

--Angles & Saxons (England)--Visigoths (Spain)--Franks (France)--Constant war and chaos

led to breakdown of trade, cities became unsafe and abandoned, learning of the ancient world was lost

--People moved to the country and lived in fortified castles

--Churches and Monasteries become the only places of literacy

The Barbarian Invasions

Franks established largest of Germanic Kingdoms, united by Charles Martel

Defeats Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours in 732

Frankish kings began practice of seizing land to give to knights for their military service

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crejWfattI8

The Rise of the Franks

Charlemagne expanded his Kingdom and created an empire

expanded practice of land for service and encouraged it among nobles, knights, and peasants

--used aggressive war techniques and divided his kingdom but kept a close eye on lords and nobles

--constructed beautiful buildings

--promoted learning and attracted the best scholars

Reign of Charlemagne

At the request of the Popebecomes Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in

800 A.D.--Western Europe now

independent of Byzantines--New political and religious

unity of Western Europe under Christianity

--After his death empire divided amongst his sons

Reign of Charlemagne

With Charlemagne’s death new groups invaded Europe—Slavs, Magyars, Muslims

Greatest threat was from the Vikings, in Northern Europe, who attack coastlines in search of trade, loot, and land

--great sailors who used their longboats and vicious fighting ability to spread destruction

--Vikings did create new trade routes and settlement throughout Europe

Europe faces new threats

Feudalism—begins in Europe out of need to provide for basic security and protection

--created to help people survive the breakdown of central government

Kings offer nobles grant of land (fief) in exchange for loyalty & service

Nobles (lords) provide knights to the kingKnights were given land by nobles in

exchange for their servicePeasants (serfs)were given protection in

return for labor http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=6WHRxXY67UA&feature=PlayList&p=4671DC6E845906D1&playnext=1&index=9

Feudal Society (800-1400)

The Feudal Structure

In Feudalism, there was NO SOCIAL MOBILITY!

Hence, why it lasted for so long.

Social—created a strict class structure based on land to vassals in exchange for service

--people could not change their social position

Political—king based rulings on advice of his nobles

--build large castles and build large armies of knights

--often fought with each other or king in an attempt to grab more land

--gave Nobles tremendous power and influence

Feudal Society (800-1400)

Economic— most people live on self sufficient manors

Manorialism-- lords land where peasants (serfs ) work to produce their own food, clothing and shelter

Feudal Society (800-1400)

Peasants (serfs) are completely tied to the land and the laws of the Lord

Peasants raised the animals and farmed using the three-field system to rotate crops seasonally, bad weather often led to famine

Most serfs were farmers working long hours year round only religious days provided a break and lifeline

Peasant (Serfs)Life-styles

Medieval Manor

Role of women in Middle Ages was determined by the attitudes of the Catholic Church

Wanted women to be obedient to men (like Eve) and bear children

Extended families were common(many related peasants lived with or close to one another)

Women’s lifestyles depended on status--Noble women (prayers and domestic chores),

little educationChivalry--A code of conduct for knights to follow

(raised the status of noble women in feudal society)

--Peasant women (worked with men in fields and ran household)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfMTsYcLt10

Women in the Middle Ages

Political Economic Social

Write a two sentence summary of the effects of Feudalism on Western Europe for each.

Feudalism

During Middle Ages the Catholic Church was the single most powerful organization in Western Europe

The pope was head of the ChurchChristians were united by faith

and belief that the Church held the power to send them to heaven or hell

Church was largest landowner in Europe and created wealth through tithes (church taxes)

Church was the main center of learning--church officials usually only ones who could read and write, relied on by rulers because of education

Outreach—possessed monasteries, abbeys, and convents throughout Europe to spread their message

Age of Faith

St. Augustine—Appealed to faith in God for salvation

--documented the fall of Rome and concluded that only heaven is eternal

St. Thomas Aquinas—wrote Summa Theologica which stated that Christian teachings were compatible with reason and natural law (not passed by govts)

--men use natural laws to judge govt laws and could overthrow unjust rulers(God through the people)

Two Christian Thinkers

Christian Europeans and Muslims fight for control of the Holy Land

--Christian pilgrims not allowed access to “Holy Land” by Seljuk Turks

Pope Urban II calls on all Christians to unite and fight a Crusade(Holy war) to recapture holy land from Muslims

--Church promises salvation to all who participate

Crusades

“Begin the journey to the Holy Sepulcher; conquer that land which the wicked have seized, the land given by God to the children of Israel and which, as the Scripture says, “is all milk and honey”. Undertake this journey for [forgiveness] of your sins, with the promise of “glory which will not fade” in Heaven. When you make an armed attack on the enemy, let all those on God’s side cry out, “God will it!”

What were some of the reasons that inspired Europeans to take part in the Crusades?

Pope Urban II Sermon Calling for the First Crusade:

Crusades bring rulers across Europe together for a common cause, three major Crusades

(1) Crusaders capture Jerusalem and organize formal states

(2) Saladin takes Jerusalem(3) Richard I negotiates access

to holyland for Christian pilgrims

Effects of Crusades--expose Europeans to new

ideas and goods (use of zero, silk, perfumes)

--increased trade between Europe and Middle East

--Growth of Intolerance (Christians persecute Muslims and Jews, Muslims persecute Christians)

Call to free the Holy Land

Crusade Map

Power Learning and Art Crusades

Describe the influence of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for each in one sentence.

Role of the Church

Trade begins to revive in manors, cities and towns, new merchant class grows with demand

--Merchants and craftsman organize into powerful associations known as guilds

--with wealth comes inventions (windmills, watermills), and founding of universities (Bologna and Paris)

Church builds large cathedrals, using gothic architecture (pointed arches, spires, stained glass windows)

The Later Middle Ages

The Greek Parthenon

What characteristics make these two buildings alike? How are they different? What is the Church’s purpose in building structures like this?

Chartres Cathedral

English Nobles rebel against taxes and forced loans of King John

King John forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 it guaranteed:

--right to trial by jury--king has to have consent

of nobles to raise taxes (leads to formation of Parliament)

--limited monarchy

English Political Traditions

Several factors and events contributed to the end of Medieval Europe

The Great Famine (1313—1322)—heavy rains lead to food shortages in Europe

--people begin to question--why Church let this happen

The Black Death (Bubonic Plague)

(1347—1351)—rats carrying infected fleas entered Europe from Asian trading ships

--25 million die (1/3 pop. of Europe), shortage of labor led to decline of serfdom

--Black Death led people again to question the church, fear plague is punishment for sinful living

Crusades stimulate trade and lead to the growth of towns

The End of the Middle Ages

“In the year of the Lord 1348 there was a great pestilence in the city of Florence . It was of such a fury that in houses in which it took hold healthy servants who took care of the ill died. Almost none of the ill survived past the fourth day. Neither physicians nor medicines were effective. There seemed to be no cure. There was such a fear that no one seemed to know what to do. When it took hold in a house it often happened that no one remained who had not died. And it was not just that men and women died, but even animals died. At every church, they dug deep trenches, down to the waterline, depending on how large the parish was. And those who were responsible for the dead carried them on their backs in the night and threw them into the ditch, or else they paid a high price to those who would do it for them.”

What impact did the plague have on Florence and how did the people react?

1348 Marchione di Coppo Stefani recorded his observations of the spread of the Black Death in his native Florence. Read his reaction to the Black Death.

Plague spreads quickly through Europe

Hundred Years War (1337—1453)—between England & France over a claim to the French Throne

--strengthens royal power in both countries (kings built own armies and didn’t rely on nobles)

--new technology (longbow, gunpowder, canons) and armies make knights less important

Joan of Arc leads the French and drives the English out of Orleans, later captured and burned as heretic

The End of the Middle Ages

The Great Schism (1378—1417)—Pope clashes with European kings over treatment of clergy, Church land and taxes

Split papacy (pope) between Avignon, France and Rome

Church Council finally elects one new pope, and moves Papacy to Rome

People begin to question the authority of the Church

The End of the Middle Ages

The Crusades The Black Death

The Great Schism

The Hundred Years War

End of the Middle AgesDescribe the role that each played in ending the middle ages

1st Divide you paper into four square sections and write each of the four causes at the top

2nd Rank each based on how important you feel it was in ending the Middle Ages

--1 is the most important, 4 is the least important

3rd write one sentence supporting why you gave each the ranking that you did

4th draw a picture that best represents your supporting reason

5th be prepared to present your poster to the class

End of the Middle Ages Review