Unit 7 Unit 7 Political RevolutionsPolitical Revolutions

1750-19141750-1914

New Political Philosophies Inspire Change New Political Philosophies Inspire Change and Revolutions through Enlightenment and Revolutions through Enlightenment

Ideology based upon the belief of Individual Ideology based upon the belief of Individual Rights, Democracy and in the case of Russia Rights, Democracy and in the case of Russia

– Communism. – Communism.

Every individual has the Every individual has the unalienable rights of life, liberty and unalienable rights of life, liberty and

the pursuit of happiness. the pursuit of happiness.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

We will explain the impact of Absolutism on Enlightenment Ideologies and identify the major causes and describe the major effects of Political Revolutions from 1750 - 1914.

BackgroundBackground

Until the 18Until the 18thth and 19 and 19thth centuries, most centuries, most people in Europe had people in Europe had accepted beliefsaccepted beliefs that that kings ruled by kings ruled by divine rightdivine right and that well-to- and that well-to-do nobles had do nobles had privilegesprivileges not enjoyed by not enjoyed by the lower classes. By the end of the the lower classes. By the end of the century, many changes would occur that century, many changes would occur that revolutionized these thoughts and revolutionized these thoughts and changed the political, social and economic changed the political, social and economic systems in most areas of the world.systems in most areas of the world.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3ru_S_5k2c#

What is Absolutism?

• Absolute Monarch: king or queen who believes all the power rests in their hands / no limit to their power or authority.

• Divine Right: belief that God created the monarchy and the king/queen was God‘s representative on earth

• Absolute Power + Theory of Divine Right of Kings = Absolute Divine Right Monarchy

Causes for AbsolutismCauses for Absolutism- Medieval History

- Renaissance/Reformation

- Exploration

- Global Commerce

- Industrialism

- Nationalism

- Militarism

- Powerful Monarchs

RAQ #2 – Discuss with your partner why people during the RAQ #2 – Discuss with your partner why people during the Medieval periodMedieval period would eventually prefer an Absolute would eventually prefer an Absolute ruler over the Feudal system that had been in place for ruler over the Feudal system that had been in place for centuries. centuries.

Medieval Society and AbsolutismMedieval Society and Absolutism

Medieval Society and AbsolutismMedieval Society and Absolutism

Disorder and confusion which prevailed in Disorder and confusion which prevailed in Europe during Europe during the Medieval periodthe Medieval period greatly greatly contributed to the growth of the absolute contributed to the growth of the absolute monarchies. People were fed up with monarchies. People were fed up with uncertain conditions which caused them uncertain conditions which caused them untold misery and were willing to be ruled untold misery and were willing to be ruled by an absolute ruler who could assure by an absolute ruler who could assure them peace and order. them peace and order.

Renaissance, Reformation and Renaissance, Reformation and AbsolutismAbsolutism

RAQ #3RAQ #3

How did the Renaissance contribute to the development of How did the Renaissance contribute to the development of Absolute rule?Absolute rule?

Did the Protestant Reformation have an impact on the Did the Protestant Reformation have an impact on the development of Absolutism? If so, how?development of Absolutism? If so, how?

Renaissance, Reformation and Renaissance, Reformation and AbsolutismAbsolutism

The The RenaissanceRenaissance greatly contributed to the greatly contributed to the growth of absolute monarchies. As a result of growth of absolute monarchies. As a result of Renaissance people took to the study of Renaissance people took to the study of classical literature and discovered that ancient classical literature and discovered that ancient Romans thrived under the autocratic rule of one Romans thrived under the autocratic rule of one person and were willing to support autocratic person and were willing to support autocratic rulers for the sake of the glory of the nation. rulers for the sake of the glory of the nation.

The The ReformationReformation dealt a severe blow to the dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the Catholic Church and in a number prestige of the Catholic Church and in a number of countries the king became the head of the of countries the king became the head of the church. i.e. King Henry VIIIchurch. i.e. King Henry VIII

Exploration, Global Commerce, Exploration, Global Commerce, Industrialism and AbsolutismIndustrialism and Absolutism

RAQ #4RAQ #4

Discuss with your partner how Discuss with your partner how the Age of Exploration, Global the Age of Exploration, Global Trade (the Columbian Trade (the Columbian Exchange) and the Industrial Exchange) and the Industrial Revolution brought rise to the Revolution brought rise to the idea of an Absolute Monarchy.idea of an Absolute Monarchy.

Exploration, Global Commerce, Exploration, Global Commerce, Industrialism and AbsolutismIndustrialism and Absolutism

The enormous expansion in The enormous expansion in tradetrade, , commercecommerce, , industryindustry and the consequent rise of towns and and the consequent rise of towns and cities during the 17cities during the 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries greatly centuries greatly contributed to the growth of absolute monarchies contributed to the growth of absolute monarchies in Europe. The traders, merchants and in Europe. The traders, merchants and industrialists wanted peace and order so that they industrialists wanted peace and order so that they could carry on their occupation could carry on their occupation withoutwithout any any hindrance and were too willing to extend hindrance and were too willing to extend necessary support to the absolute rulers who necessary support to the absolute rulers who promised them peace and order as long as the promised them peace and order as long as the middle classes continued to middle classes continued to provide the kings with provide the kings with necessary finances and useful officials. necessary finances and useful officials.

Nationalism, Militarism and Nationalism, Militarism and AbsolutismAbsolutism

RAQ #5RAQ #5

With your partner, describe how feelingsWith your partner, describe how feelings

of Nationalism allowed a Monarch to ruleof Nationalism allowed a Monarch to rule

with absolute authority.with absolute authority.

Explain how the build up of militaries and theExplain how the build up of militaries and the

invention of new weaponry in the Industrializedinvention of new weaponry in the Industrialized

countries contributed to Absolutism?countries contributed to Absolutism?

Nationalism, Militarism and Nationalism, Militarism and AbsolutismAbsolutism

The spirit of The spirit of patriotismpatriotism and and nationalismnationalism which grew during the seventeenth and which grew during the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries played a the eighteenth centuries played a significant role in the promotion of significant role in the promotion of absolute monarchies. Fired by the spirit of absolute monarchies. Fired by the spirit of patriotism and nationalism people were patriotism and nationalism people were willing to extend full support to the rulers willing to extend full support to the rulers who could provide position of pride to the who could provide position of pride to the country. country.

Nationalism, Militarism and Nationalism, Militarism and AbsolutismAbsolutism

Discovery of gun-power greatly facilitated Discovery of gun-power greatly facilitated the emergence of absolute monarchies. the emergence of absolute monarchies. After the discovery of gunpowder the After the discovery of gunpowder the kings tried to free themselves from the kings tried to free themselves from the control of the feudal lords and started control of the feudal lords and started maintaining standing armies of hired maintaining standing armies of hired soldiers. Militarism has been a significant soldiers. Militarism has been a significant element of the imperialist or expansionist element of the imperialist or expansionist ideologies of several nations throughout ideologies of several nations throughout history. history.

Powerful Monarchs and AbsolutismPowerful Monarchs and Absolutism

Finally, the emergence of absolute monarchs wasFinally, the emergence of absolute monarchs waspossible due to the presence of a number of powerfulpossible due to the presence of a number of powerfulmonarchs in history:monarchs in history:

- Elizabeth I of England 1558-1603- Elizabeth I of England 1558-1603 - Louis XIV of France 1643- 1715- Louis XIV of France 1643- 1715 - Peter the Great of Russia 1682-1725- Peter the Great of Russia 1682-1725 - Philip II of Spain 1556-1598- Philip II of Spain 1556-1598 These rulers waged numerous wars and broughtThese rulers waged numerous wars and broughtglory, wealth and power to their nation-states.glory, wealth and power to their nation-states.

European Nations and Absolutism

England

Spain

France

Russia

The Impact of AbsolutismThe Impact of Absolutism

RAQ #6RAQ #6

With your partner, explain what the followingWith your partner, explain what the following

quote means:quote means:

"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power

corrupts absolutely. Great men are almostcorrupts absolutely. Great men are almost

always bad men." always bad men."

Lord Acton of Britain in the late 18Lord Acton of Britain in the late 18thth century century

The Impact of AbsolutismThe Impact of Absolutism

RAQ #7 – Discuss with your partner and list the Pros and RAQ #7 – Discuss with your partner and list the Pros and Cons of AbsolutismCons of Absolutism

The Impact of AbsolutismThe Impact of Absolutism

Pros:Pros: Cons:Cons:

Created Stable GovernmentCreated Stable Government High Taxes on lower classesHigh Taxes on lower classes

Standing military for protectionStanding military for protection Social Class inequalities Social Class inequalities

Colonization of new territoriesColonization of new territories Costly Wars with Imperialist nationsCostly Wars with Imperialist nations

Treaties that set up trade alliancesTreaties that set up trade alliances Privileged nobilityPrivileged nobility

Lavish spending/building projectsLavish spending/building projects

Religious controlReligious control

No Individual rightsNo Individual rights

The Perfect Example of the Absolute Monarch

King Louis XIV of France1643-1715

RAQ #8 Analyze the Picture of King Louis XIV using the OPTIC format.

O – Overview

P – Parts

T – Title

I – Interrelationships

C - Conclusion

King Louis XIV of FranceKing Louis XIV of France

Quotes attributable to Louis XVIQuotes attributable to Louis XVI

"I have no intention of sharing my authority""I have no intention of sharing my authority"

"L'état, c'est moi." (I am the state)"L'état, c'est moi." (I am the state)

"One king, one law, one faith.""One king, one law, one faith."

"The interests of the state must come first”"The interests of the state must come first”Discussion: How would we, the citizens of the United States, react

to these types of statements today?

The Perfect Example of the Absolute Monarch

Louis XIV fully embodied absolutist principles. The Louis XIV fully embodied absolutist principles. The Sun Sun KingKing ruled France from 1643 to 1715. In many ways, ruled France from 1643 to 1715. In many ways, Louis was the embodiment of the modern age for the Louis was the embodiment of the modern age for the whole of Europe. Historians like to consider the reign of whole of Europe. Historians like to consider the reign of Louis XIV as the beginning of the modern state. Most of Louis XIV as the beginning of the modern state. Most of the practices of the modern state were more or less the practices of the modern state were more or less instituted in the France of Louis XIV: centralized instituted in the France of Louis XIV: centralized government, a centralized civil bureaucracy, national government, a centralized civil bureaucracy, national legislation, a national judiciary, a large, standing military legislation, a national judiciary, a large, standing military under the direct control of national authorities, and a under the direct control of national authorities, and a national tax collection mechanism in which taxes went national tax collection mechanism in which taxes went straight to the national government rather than passing straight to the national government rather than passing through the hands of regional nobility. Monarchs turned through the hands of regional nobility. Monarchs turned to him as a model for government, but countries, such as to him as a model for government, but countries, such as England, reacted against his example.England, reacted against his example.

The Perfect Example of the Absolute Monarch

In order to secure his power, Louis had to centralize the In order to secure his power, Louis had to centralize the military, take control of taxes, reign in independent military, take control of taxes, reign in independent territories, break up the legislative assemblies, and territories, break up the legislative assemblies, and impose a religious unity on the country. Rather than impose a religious unity on the country. Rather than charging nobility to collect taxes, Louis set up a charging nobility to collect taxes, Louis set up a bureaucracy to collect taxes directly from the peasantry. bureaucracy to collect taxes directly from the peasantry. The social classes were divided into three estates: The social classes were divided into three estates: First First Estate – ClergyEstate – Clergy, , Second Estate – NobilitySecond Estate – Nobility and the and the Third Third Estate – merchants and peasants.Estate – merchants and peasants. The First and Second The First and Second Estates did not have to pay taxes at all. Estates did not have to pay taxes at all. By the end of his reign, Louis was collecting more taxes By the end of his reign, Louis was collecting more taxes than ever from the Third Estate. Louis spent much of this than ever from the Third Estate. Louis spent much of this money to improve roads, build the Palace of Versailles, money to improve roads, build the Palace of Versailles, on wars and to invest in national industry. on wars and to invest in national industry.

The Perfect Example of the Absolute Monarch Louis moved the monarchical residence out of the center Louis moved the monarchical residence out of the center

of Paris to a suburb in Versailles. There he built the most of Paris to a suburb in Versailles. There he built the most opulent palace ever built for a king of Europe: the palace opulent palace ever built for a king of Europe: the palace of Versailles. It was an awe-inspiring structure and was of Versailles. It was an awe-inspiring structure and was built as a stage on which to display monarchical power. built as a stage on which to display monarchical power. The building itself was over a third of a mile long; the The building itself was over a third of a mile long; the outside was surrounded by magnificent gardens and over outside was surrounded by magnificent gardens and over 1400 fountains employing the newest hydraulic 1400 fountains employing the newest hydraulic technologies. The inside was an altar to French military technologies. The inside was an altar to French military might, room after room decorated with paintings, might, room after room decorated with paintings, tapestries, and statues celebrating French military tapestries, and statues celebrating French military victories, heroes, and, especially, French kings.victories, heroes, and, especially, French kings.

Louis required every noble to spend some time at the Louis required every noble to spend some time at the palace at Versailles. There he would stage elaborate palace at Versailles. There he would stage elaborate performances and rituals designed to show the nobility his performances and rituals designed to show the nobility his power. power.

Effects of AbsolutismEffects of Absolutism

RAQ #9 RAQ #9

After watching the video, discuss how the After watching the video, discuss how the Third Estate in France would have reacted Third Estate in France would have reacted to the palatial luxuries at the Palace of to the palatial luxuries at the Palace of Versailles.Versailles.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X235vpOToVU

Results of AbsolutismResults of Absolutism

RAQ #10RAQ #10

List 3 probable results of Absolutism as a result ofList 3 probable results of Absolutism as a result of

the abuses of power, war and taxation:the abuses of power, war and taxation:

1.1.

2.2.

3. 3.

Results of AbsolutismResults of Absolutism Constitutionalism (i.e. England, United States) and Constitutionalism (i.e. England, United States) and

Limited Monarchs – rulers who must obey the laws of the Limited Monarchs – rulers who must obey the laws of the government established by the people (Parliament)government established by the people (Parliament)

Enlightenment Ideas/Thinkers (Locke, Hobbes, Enlightenment Ideas/Thinkers (Locke, Hobbes, Montesquieu, Blackstone, Rousseau, Wollstonecraft)Montesquieu, Blackstone, Rousseau, Wollstonecraft)

Revolutions and Independence Movements (i.e. Revolutions and Independence Movements (i.e. England, America, France, Latin America, Russia)England, America, France, Latin America, Russia)

Individual Rights (English Bill of Rights, Bill of Rights, Individual Rights (English Bill of Rights, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen)

Enlightened DespotismEnlightened Despotism Cultural and Economic changes (Russia - Communism)Cultural and Economic changes (Russia - Communism)

Limited MonarchyLimited Monarchy

A monarchy that is limited by laws and a A monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution. constitution.

EX: constitutional monarchyEX: constitutional monarchyEX 2: Magna Carta limits the King’s Power EX 2: Magna Carta limits the King’s Power

(Robin Hood)(Robin Hood)