RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Physiology with the tittle “Respiration”. Which

made by :

Name : Nazhat Afsani

Reg. Num (ID) : 131 444 1023

Class : Biology ICP A

Group : One (1)

After checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this

report was accepted.

Makassar, July 2015

Assistant Coordinator

Nurhikmah Tenri PadaID : 101 404 174

Assistant

Makmum Ashari ID : 121 444

Knowing,

Lecture of Responsibility

Dr. Andi Mu’nisa, M.SiID : 19720526 199802 2 001

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Every day we always respiration, issuing carbon dioxid and breathes in

oxygen, Air very important for life in the world. Without the air organism can

not life. Life organism need oxygen for their respiration process. In multicelular

organisms and unicellular do gas exchange easily through cell membranes,

because of the gases dissolved in the liquid, then the availability of the damp

membrane has an important meaning for the movement of gases into and out of

cell or organisms.

In physiology, respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the

outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the

opposite direction. The physiological definition of respiration should not be

confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular

respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by

reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy).

Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and

thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in

individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk

flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external

environment.

So that, to know about respiration it’s main respiration about animal we

apply Valanga nigricornis, Periplaneta americana and Rana cancarivora, we

must done this observation to know the respiration and the respiration process,

and know about animal’s respiration, that afters experiment can know clearer, not

only read to book or only at heard, we can not say theory before unknowingly,

and also we can compare organism need oxygen follow the type and weight.

B. Purpose

The purpose this observation is :

Activity I : To prove that the oxygen needed for respiration.

Activity II : To prove that in the process of respiration produced CO2.

Activity III : To prove that in the process of respiration produced H2O.

Activity IV : To prove that the tissue or organ in the continue process of

oxidation.

Activity V : To know permeability of lung to gas.

C. Benefit

The benefit of the observation are known prove that life organism need

oxygen for their respiration and is we knew that respiration process resulted CO2

and H2O.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Respiration is the process of releasing the energy stored in the energy sources

of the substance through a chemical process using oxygen. From respiration will

produce the chemical energy of ATP animal lays life activities, such as synthesis

(anabolism), movement, growth. The reaction to the demolition of glucose into CO2

+ H20 + Energy, through the three stages of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron

transport respiration. Respiration the process of oxidation of metabolites by the

organism when there is no oxygen to capture the energy contained in the bonds

metabolites. Respiration not only generate energy, but also produce byproducts such

as carbon dioxide and water. Similarly, the processes of glycolysis and gas in a way

necessary to provide oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide. Clearly gas

exchange in a way necessary to provide oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide.

Somewhat confusing indeed, but the process is known as respiration situ. For

membedakn both forms of respiration, a process referred to as oxidative respiration

internal or cellular respiration, whereas gas exchange is called external respiration, or

respiration organismic (George, 1999: 230).

The term respiration is applied to one particular phase of metabolism. It refers

to the integrated series of chemical reactions by which the living cell particular foods

nutriens. In many organisms including man, the respiratory process consists the

oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates and fats as the principal energy sources for the

many activities of the cell. Respiration is easily distinguished from digestion (another

particular phase of metabolism), although both involve the degradation of larger

molecules to smaller ones. Any energy relased in the rupturing of chemical bonds by

hydrolysis during the course of digestion is wasted as heat. In respiration, larger

molecules are split into smaller molecules, in part as a result of oxidation-reduction

reactionswhich constitute several of the key steps in the process, its most significant

aspect is that an appreciable portion of the chemical energy relased during respiration

in trapped as useful energy to be utilized ultimately for the various activities of the

cell (Nalson, 1965).

Air typicallyenters the body through the nostrils of the nose. Smallhairs just

inside the nostrils may stop some of the unwanteddust and dirt particles found in the

air. The air moves fromthe nostrils into the two nasal cavities of the nose. A wallof

cartilage and bone separates the two cavities. The air isheated at this point by warm

blood flowing through blood vessels in the nasal cavities. This acts like a radiator. Air

taken in through the nose is warmed before going to thelungs. Air can also be brought

into the body through the mouth, but here there are fewer opportunities for dust

anddirt particles to be removed, and there will not be this warmingprocess. The

respiratory system works with the circulatory systemto transport oxygen to the cells

and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs for elimination from the body. The heart

sends blood that has returned through veins from all over the body into the lungs.

This blood is carrying carbon dioxide which it will release into the alveoli. Then

oxygenfrom recently inhaled air will pass through the cell walls of the alveoli and

capillaries into the blood. The blood will continue back to the heart, where it receives

its push to travel to various parts of the body. The effects of gas mixtures comprising

supplementary 3% carbon dioxide, 35% oxygen or acombination of 3% CO2 plus

35% O2 (Sherman, 1997).

The word respiration expresses the manifestations of one process on the least

three different levels. First, at the level of the whole animal, respiration means the

process of breathing, that is, the inspiration and expiration of air. The term artificial

respiration is used in the context. Second, at the tissue level, respiration refers to the

osmotic and chemical processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide. By breathing, the oxygen concentration in the alveoli of the lungs is kept

high and the carbon dioxide concentration is kept low. To be transported to the body

cells by the blood, the oxygen must difuse into the blood through the alveolar

membrane and the capillary wall, carbon dioxide moves into and out of the blood in

the same manner but by processes more complex than simple diffusion (Whaley,

1954).

It is known that the end result of respiration is CO2 and H2O, this occurs

when the substrate is completely oxidized, but when the various compounds in the

above form, the initial substrate respiration is not entirely converted into CO2 and

H2O. Only a few substrates respiration entirely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, while the

rest is used in anabolic processes, especially in the growing cells. While the energy

captured from the complete oxidation of several compounds in the respiratory process

can be used to synthesize other molecules needed for growth (Irjchak, 2014).

CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Wednesday / July 1st 2015

Time : 14:00 - 15:00 WITA

Place : Biology Laboratory, third floor east side Mathematics and

Science Faculty, State University of Makassar.

B. Tools and Materials

Activity I

1. Tools

a. Respirometer b. Cotton c. Syringe

2. Material

a. Vaseline b. Crystal KOH c. Metilon Red

d. Periplaneta americanae. Valanga nigricornis

Activity II

1. Tools

a. Plastic pipette, 2 pieces

b. Beaker glass 250ml, 2 pieces

2. Materials

a. Clear lime water

b. Distilled water

Activity III

1. Tools

a. Mirror

Activity IV

1. Tools

a. Syringe

b. Dissection tool

c. Stopwatch

2. Materials

a. Metilon blue

b. NaCl 0.7 %

c. Rana cancarivora

Activity V

1. Tools

a. Thread

b. Dissection tools

c. Stopwatch

d. Ballast

e. Test tube

2. Materials

a. Starch solution 5 %, 1%, and 0.5 %

b. Buffer solution pH4, pH7, and pH9

c. Iodine lugol solution

d. Aquades

C. Work Procedure

Activity I

1. Weigh animals that you will use as experimental material.

2. Enter 1-2 crystals KOH into respirometer tube by wrapping it with cotton.

3. Enter the test animals into respirometer tube, closed respirometer with the

cover.

4. Basting vaseline between the tube with a cover to prevent air entering.

5. Respirometer put on the stand, then the respirometer placed on a flat place.

6. Fill metilon red liquid using by the syringe, then inject the glass pipeline on

scale at the scale 1-2 mm.

7. Observe shift in the scale at metilon blue every 1 minute to 5 minutes and

record the results every minute scale.

8. After the observation of Periplaneta americana, replace with the Valanga

nigricornis and do the same treatment.

Activity II

1. Make clear lime water by prepared distilled water about 100ml. added lime

water and stir until saturated. Left for 1 night. Stram lime solution, take the

water in bottle and closed with fitting.

2. Take distilled water and lime water every 5ml and entered to the difference

beaker.

3. Blowed distilled water and lime water by used pipette about 5 minutes.

Observed the changed.

Activity III

1. Blown mirror like shown on the picture.

Activity IV

1. 2-3 injections of methylene blue (1: 1000) in sotosin saline solution (0.7%

NaCl) into the lymph sacs next to the dorsal frog. With the rapid oxidation,

methylene iru becomes colorless.

2. After 30 minutes, kill the frogs, check out the tissues and organs: blood,

muscles, pancreas, liver, jntung, spleen, and kidneys.

3. If the tissue has died, the blue color will be back with the return of oxygen.

Activity V

1. Fasten it lung bronchus frogs in the area after pressing out the gas contained

therein.

2. Cut lung bound earlier. put her ballast and then drowned into water carbonate

in the test tube.

3. Note the changes that occur in the lungs.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

Activity I “The oxygen needed for respiration”

Observation table

No Organism WeightScale Indicator of Metilon Blue / Minutes

1 2 3 4 5

1Periplaneta

americana1.1188 0.25 0.4 0.6 0.71 0.74

2Valanga

nigricornis 10..2927 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.19

3Valanga

nigricornis 20.4316 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.21

Data analysis

v=st

Explanation: s = removal scale (scale)

t = time was used (second)

v = respiration’s celerity

Observation I: Periplaneta Americana

v1=s1

t 1

=0,2560

=0,0041 m /s−1

v2=s2

t 2

= 0,4120

=0,0033 m /s−1

v3=s3

t 3

= 0,6180

=0,0033 m / s−1

v4=s4

t 4

=0,71240

=0,0029 m /s−1

v5=s5

t 5

=0,74300

=0,0024 m /s−1

v=∑ v

5=

v1+v2+v3+v4+v5

5

¿ 0,0041+0,0033+0,0033+0,0029+0,00245

=0,0032m / s−1

Observation II : Valanga nigricornis 1

v1=s1

t 1

=0,0760

=0,0011 m /s−1

v2=s2

t 2

=0,09120

=0,0007 m / s−1

v3=s3

t 3

=0,12180

=0,0006 m / s−1

v4=s4

t 4

=0,18240

=0,0007 m /s−1

v5=s5

t 5

=0,90300

=0,0006 m /s−1

v=∑ v

5=

v1+v2+v3+v4+v5

5

¿ 0,0011+0,0007+0,0006+0,0007+0,0065

=0,00074 m /s−1

Observation III : Valanga nigricornis 2

v1=s1

t 1

=0,0160

=0,0001 m /s−1

v2=s2

t 2

=0,08120

=0,0006 m/ s−1

v3=s3

t 3

=0,13180

=0,0007 m /s−1

v4=s4

t 4

=0,16240

=0,0006 m /s−1

v5=s5

t 5

=0,21300

=0,0007 m / s−1

v=∑ v

5=

v1+v2+v3+v4+v5

5

¿ 0,0001+0,0006+0,0007+0,0006+0,00075

=0,00054 m / s−1

Activity II “The process of respiration produced CO2”

NoKind of water

Bubble SedimentThere is Nothing There is Nothing

1Lime water

that saturated

+ - + -

2Distilled

water+ - - +

Activity III “The process of respiration produced H2O”

Treatment Produced

Breath in the front of mirror Misty mirror

Activity IV “Oxidation of tissue”

Activity V “Permeability of lung to gas”

B. Discussion

Activity I

The First Observation

Periplaneta americana, is one of animal, according to result which at gets

deep observation, metilon red move on faster when Periplaneta americana,

average which at gets every minute for Periplaneta americana is 0,0032 m /s−1,

this shows that the appears defference so body weight influence oxygen

requirement living thing.

The Second Observation

Valanga nigricornis is one insec, of result observation we get metylon red

speed oves on every minute big Valanga nigricornis compare small Valanga

nigricornis, and of average we get distinctive on big Valanga nigricornis are

0,00054 m /s−1 and small Valanga nigricornis are 0,00074 m /s−1, so big organism

need many oxygen meanwhile small organism and wight influence oxygen

needed.

Activity II

Based on the observation at respiration produced CO2 used lime solution.

The solution added water and showed to stand a few minute until the precipitate

formed then filter until solution become clear. Lime clear solution given treatment

with blowed lime solution or green CO2 during 5 minutes. And result the lime

solution there is bubble and there is sediment. So, this indicate CO2 has produce.

Lime solution is the chemical compound which can reacted with carbon

dioxide. Reaction produced is the substance which sediment like milk, then settle

which is limestone particles. And function as indicator to indicate carbon dioxide

or wheter at respiration produced CO2. The working principle lime reacted with

water is:

CaCo3 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 then lime solution reacted with carbon

dioxide if give treatment is

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O. the CaCO3 that caused solution become

cloudy.

Activity III

Based on the obsevrvation at respiration produced H2O, we give treatment

with breathing mirror. Then the result is at mirror there dewy and that is the point

of water. That’s mean respiration produced H2O.

Activity IV

Activity V

BAB V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

Respiration is the process of releasing the energy stored in the energy

sources of the substance through a chemical process using oxygen. From

respiration will produce the chemical energy of ATP animal lays life activities,

such as synthesis (anabolism), movement, growth. The reaction to the demolition

of glucose into CO2 + H20 + Energy, through the three stages of glycolysis,

Krebs cycle, electron transport respiration. Respiration not only generate energy,

but also produce byproducts such as carbon dioxide and water. Similarly, the

processes of glycolysis and gas in a way necessary to provide oxygen to cells and

remove carbon dioxide.

It is known that the end result of respiration is CO2 and H2O, this occurs

when the substrate is completely oxidized, but when the various compounds in

the above form, the initial substrate respiration is not entirely converted into CO2

and H2O. Only a few substrates respiration entirely oxidized to CO2 and H2O,

while the rest is used in anabolic processes, especially in the growing cells.

B. Sussgestions

For a fluency observation, the practitioner is expected to be really careful

in making observations, so there are no mistakes and get the desired results.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Av, Sherman. 1997. The Human Body Systems Series. From www.biologymad.com,

July 3rd 2015.

George. 1999. Schaum’s Outlines, Jakarta: Erlangga

Irjchak, Deanauly.2014. http;//fistum07.wordpress.com/respirasi-tumbuhan/. On

Accessed July 2nd 2015. Makassar.

Nalson, Alvin.1965. Text Book of Modern Biology. New York: John Wiley and son,

inc.

Whaley, W Gordon.1954. Principles of Biology. New York : Harper and Row

Publisher.