unit 7 the progressive period- answers

Unit 7The Progressive Period- Answers

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

Goal 7: Objective 7.01: Explain the conditions that led to

the rise of Progressivism. Essential Questions: • How did the political, economic, and social conditions

of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era? • How did scientific and technological advances create

a mass consumer culture? • To what extent did an emerging mass consumer

culture define what it means to be an American? • What tactics were most effective in bringing about

the social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era?

The Rise of Progressivism

The Need For Reform: Progressive Period: when government officials and

citizens called for reforms in business, politics, and society as a whole

Many reforms came about during this time Most people were poor while only a small portion of the

population enjoyed great wealth Urban slums grew in cities Slums often had open sewers that attracted rats, and

disease Slums often had polluted air from coal-fired steam

engines and boilers Why is it important?

◦ These types of conditions led people to call for reforms

Working conditions were terrible for immigrants and the poor

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: when a fire broke out in the factory many of the doors had been locked to prevent employees from taking breaks and stealing- 146 people died

The fire led to demands for better working conditions

The Need For Reform:

1991 Hamlet, North Carolina the Imperial chicken processing plant fire

25 people died because the doors had been locked to prevent theft and vandalism

The plant had not been properly inspected before the accident

Why is it important?◦ Shows that today there is still a need to protect

workers

The Need For Reform:

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Discovery Education Videos:

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Fire Worker’s Rights: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Fire

Muckrakers: journalists that exposed the “muck” in society

Frank Norris: first important naturalist author- inspired other writers to expose abuses in government and big business

Lincoln Steffens: exposed corruption in St. Louis in his novel “The Slave of the Cities”

Ida Tarbell: exposed the abuses in Standard Oil Upton Sinclair: wrote “The Jungle” in 1906

exposed the truth about the meat packing industry◦ Helped to create the federal meat inspection program

Muckrakers:

Early Industrial America


Objective 7.02: Analyze how different groups of Americans made economic and political gains in the Progressive Period.

Essential Questions: • How effective was the Progressive Movement in

addressing the political, economic, and social needs of all Americans?

• To what extent did progressive political reforms successfully combat the social and economic ills created by a rapidly industrializing

society? • How successful were the Progressive Era Presidents in

leading reform efforts?

Goal 7:

Reform in Meatpacking and For Labor


Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform

Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform:

In addition to muckrakers many others fought for reforms

Jacob Riis: exposed horrible living conditions in tenements

Jane Addams: opened Hull House- provided help for poor immigrants and workers

Hull House led to an investigation of economic, political, and social conditions in the city of Chicago

Why is it important?◦ Started the ground work for future reforms and inspired

other settlement houses across the country

The Temperance Movement grew as calls for reforms increased

Carrie Nation: leader of the Temperance Movement- would walk into saloons and smash bottle of liquor with a hatchet while her supporters prayed and sang hymns

1919 18th Amendment: prohibited the making, selling, or transportation of alcohol◦ Called prohibition because it prohibited alcohol

Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform:

Theodore Roosevelt was a Progressive president who called for many reforms

1902 Anthracite Coal Mine Strike: 150,000 miners went on strike demanding higher pay and shorter work days, and recognition of their union

Mine owners would not negotiate Roosevelt called both sides to the White House and demanded

they work it out- threatened to send in troops Mine owners agreed to arbitration (third party helper ex. Mr.

Colvin) Why is it important?

◦ Miners got a wage increase◦ Roosevelt seen as hero◦ President sided with workers, not owners- change from the past

Theodore Roosevelt:

Roosevelt did believe some regulations were needed although he did support big business

Roosevelt was concerned about trusts and the monopolies they created

1895 United States v. E.C. Knight Co.- the Supreme Court ruled some monopolies could not be broken up- (sugar) (couldn’t have a monopoly for distribution, but could have monopoly for manufacturing)

President Roosevelt believed many monopolies were harmful and worked to stop them

Theodore Roosevelt:

Roosevelt put limits on the railroads by pushing for the Elkins Act

Elkins Act: made rebates from railroads to big business illegal

Roosevelt sued the Northern Securities Company and its railroad monopoly in the Pacific Northwest

1904 Northern Securities v. U.S.- the Supreme Court ruled the company’s existence violated federal law and must be broken up

Roosevelt was admired as a reformer

Theodore Roosevelt:

President Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt


1908 Taft became president Taft supported some Progressive reforms, but not as many

as Roosevelt Mann-Elkins Act: expanded the power of the Interstate

Commerce Commission to regulate telephone and telegraph rates

Taft brought many anti-trust cases to court American Tobacco Company (started by James Duke in

Durham) controlled 90% of the nation’s cigarette production American Tobacco v. U.S.- Supreme Court ruled the

Dukes had an illegal monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act

American Tobacco Company was forced to break up

William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and the Election of 1912:

Taft was expected to win re-election in 1912 until the Payne-Aldrich Tariff problem

Payne-Aldrich Tariff: was intended to lower tariffs and help people, but when Congress finally passed it they had changed the bill so much that it ended up raising tariffs and hurting consumers

People were furious- even made Taft’s friend Roosevelt mad


Why is it important?◦ This caused the Republican Party to split into two groups-

Republicans and Progressives◦ Taft won the nomination for the Republicans◦ Roosevelt won the nomination for the Progressives

Nicknamed Bull Moose Party Ideas like the Populists of the 1890’s Wanted better working conditions, government regulation of

business, women’s suffrage, end to child labor, direct election of public officials

Problem: Republican vote was divided and neither Taft or Roosevelt got enough votes to win

Wilson became president in 1912


Wilson opposed big business and big government He enforced antitrust laws without hurting

competition 1913 Federal Reserve Act: established a

federal reserve to oversee banking in the U.S. ◦ Gave the federal government greater control over the

circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act: made strikes,

peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal◦ Meant employers could no longer use antitrust laws to

put down strikes or break up labor unions


16th Amendment: (1913) Congress could collect income tax

17th Amendment: (1913) senators elected by people, not state legislatures

18th Amendment: (1919) prohibited alcohol

19 Amendment: (1920) women’s suffrage (right to vote)

Constitutional Amendments During the Progressive Period:

Progressives in states began to make changes like the ones made on the federal level

Robert La Follette: famous reform governor of Wisconsin

Wisconsin began the direct primary system in their state to elect people to public office

This allowed the people to choose and took power away from Party Bosses◦ Within 10 years almost every state had adopted the idea

Wisconsin Idea included a merit system for state civil service workers, and state regulations and taxes on railroads

Reforms in State Government:

Why is it important?◦ States began using reforms (ideas from Populists)

States used referendums- citizens can vote directly on government issues

States used initiatives- citizens of a state can force the vote on a specific issue

States used recall- having special elections to remove officials from office

States used secret (Australian) Ballot- people vote secretly so they are not afraid to vote the way they choose

Reforms in State Government:

Party Bosses like Boss Tweed made people call for reforms in city government

Cities began to use Commissions: a group of people who run the city government instead of a single mayor or political boss

City Managers are used to oversee the city- are hired, not elected and have to answer to the commission or city council

City Council- group of people who are elected to run the city instead of a single mayor or political boss

Reforms in City Government:

Objective 7.03: Evaluate the effects of racial segregation on different regions and segments of the United States’ society.

Essential Questions: • To what extent were the social, political, and

economic standing of African Americans positively affected by progressive efforts?

• What did it mean to be black in America at the turn of the century?

• Why did multiple perspectives develop for addressing racial injustice during the Progressive Era?

Goal 7:

Racial Segregation During the

Progressive Period

Disenfranchisement of African Americans:

Disenfranchisement: to deny a group the right to vote

13th Amendment ended slavery 14th Amendment defined citizenship and

granted equal rights and due process to citizens

15th Amendment gave all male citizens the right to vote

Even with these changes to our constitution African Americans still faced racism and discrimination

To keep power out of the hands of black people states made their own laws to stop black people from voting

Literacy Tests: made people read before they could vote

Poll Taxes: made people pay a fee before they could vote

Grandfather Clause: allowed poor illiterate people to vote if they had a family member who had ever voted before, or if they had fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War

Disenfranchisement of African Americans:

When literacy tests and poll taxes didn’t’ stop black people from voting racists used violence to scare people

Ku Klux Klan: hate group that used violence to scare black people and other minorities

Hate groups used kidnapping, torture, beatings and lynching to intimidate

Violence and Intimidation:

Lynching

The Wilmington Race Riots:

During the late 1800’s African Americans gained political and social power in Wilmington, N.C.

Republicans and Populists had cooperated to stop racists Democrats from taking power

Two important events occurred that caused a riot- a black newspaper editor printed a controversial news article and after an election Democrats won power in the N.C. General Assembly (state Legislative Branch)

Why is it important? 1898 Wilmington Race Riot started

◦ White Democrats began violent attacks against African Americans

◦ Democrats overthrew the city of Wilmington’s Republican government and replaced it with a Democratic council and mayor

◦ State of North Carolina passed Jim Crow Segregation laws

Wilmington Race Riots are seen as the end of African American rights after Reconstruction

The Wilmington Race Riots:

Jim Crow Segregation Laws: the legal separation of races

Two Kinds of Segregation: ◦ De jure segregation- based on law◦ De facto segregation- based on economic or social

factors Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Homer Plessy was 1/8

black sat in the “Whites Only” train car- he was arrested because he was considered black

Plessy lost in court so he took his case to the Supreme Court stating the segregation law was unconstitutional

Segregation:

Why is it important? The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson

that segregation is legal as long as it allows for separate but equal facilities for the races

Known as the “separate but equal” ruling This allowed separate restaurants, buses,

theaters, rest rooms, schools, divisions in the military, hospitals, etc. to be legal

1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas the Supreme Court over turned Plessy and made segregation illegal

Segregation:

De facto Segregation- evolves due to economic or social factors

This type of segregation was common in northern cities

Great Migration: when thousands of African Americans left the South and moved North looking for industrial jobs created by World War I

Inner city neighborhoods became divided by poverty, race, and cultural differences

Segregation:

Booker T. Washington: former slave who began the Tuskegee Institute

Tuskegee was a place where African Americans were trained in a trade so they could earn their own money and escape the oppression of uneducated people

Washington believed if black people did well in their field of expertise that would eventually help all black people been seen as equals and be treated equally

Tuskegee trained people to be farmers, teachers, and blue collar workers

Washington believed segregation was acceptable ◦ Believed we can be separate socially as long as we unite for

“mutual progress”

Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period:

W.E.B. Du Bois: first black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard University

Disagreed with Washington about segregation Called Washington’s speech about segregation

the Atlanta Compromise because he felt Washington had sold out to try to please white people

Du Bois believed black people should work to gain jobs in white collar fields

Believed black people must be politically, legally, and socially active to gain equality


Niagara Movement: group organized by Du Bois- goal to outline a plan for African American progress in the United States

1905 the group had to meet in Canada because they were denied hotel accommodations in the U.S.

1909 Du Bois help start the NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- goal to devote itself to the progress of the African American community◦ The Crisis- magazine published by the NAACP


Ida Wells-Barnett: fought for civil rights guaranteed to Americans in the Constitution

Fought for equality on railway cars before the Plessy ruling

Fought to end lynching in the South Fought for women’s right- refused to

stand at the back of suffrage parades just because she was black

Helped Du Bois start the Niagara Movement and the NAACP


Marcus Garvey: encouraged “black pride”- had over 500,000 followers

Known for his “Back to Africa” movement- he advocated for blacks to leave the United States and move to Africa to create a homeland

His ideas began a sense of cultural pride many African Americans had not felt before


Native Americans suffered from discrimination By 1871 the United States no longer

recognized Native Americans as members of a distinct tribe or nation

They were not granted the rights of citizenship

1924 Snyder Act: granted full citizenship rights to native Americans ◦ Also known as the Native American Suffrage Act

because the Snyder Act gave Native Americans the right to vote

Native Americans and Citizenship:

Objective 7.04: Examine the impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life in the United States.

Essential Questions: • What was the economic and social impact of

the technological changes of the Progressive Era?

• How was American culture redefined during the Progressive Era?

• Does society cause government to change or does government cause society to change?

Goal 7:

The Progressive Period happened at the same time as big business was growing and Industrialization was happening

Many technological advancements happened during this time that changed American culture

Electricity: factories could stay open longer and production increased

Electric Sewing Machine: changed the market for pre-made clothes- more could be produced quicker with less physical energy

Technological Innovations During the Progressive Period:

Refrigerator: food could be kept longer without spoiling

Electric Trolleys: people could move through the city faster than walking, could move out of the city and take the trolley into work, less time traveling allowed people more time for entertainment

Technological Innovations During the Progressive Period:

1850’s Bessemer process made it easier to produce large amounts of steel quickly

As more people moved to cities less and less land was available to use

Steel made it possible to build up instead of out

Skyscrapers: buildings so high they seem to touch the sky

Skyscrapers:

Construction Workers Eating Lunch

Henry Ford: first to perfect the car and to successfully market it

1907- Ford sold 30,000 of the first mass produced car- the Model T

Ford wanted regular people to be able to afford to buy one of his cars

He believed if he could sell enough cars he could charge less for them and make them affordable for people to buy

Automobiles and Airplanes:

Why is it important? Ford began to use the assembly line to produce his

cars Assembly Line- Ford had his employees stay in

one place while a conveyer belt moved the pieces in front of the workers◦ Faster than having workers walk to different parts

Ford saw his workers as consumers and wanted them to be able to buy his cars◦ Paid his workers $5.00 a day

From 1907-1926 Ford built about half the cars in the world


Airline Industry: making and using planes for business and leisure travel transportation

1903 the Wright Brothers successfully flew the first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Airplanes were first used to carry mail and military service

1926 Commercial Air Travel: passengers could fly to their destinations and get there faster than ever before


Mass Culture: forming a culture for the nation

Before technological advances in communication and travel most values and priorities were defined by where you lived

Mail Order Catalogs: allowed people to buy products from across the country- united Americans as we could all have the same fashions and products

Birth of Mass Culture:

Movie Camera: began the motion picture industry◦ 1903 first movie “The Great Train Robbery” was

made People from all over the country saw the

same images of movie stars in fancy cars, clothes, dancing, eating, smoking and drinking and falling in and out of love


Kodak produced cameras regular people could afford to own and were able to operate

For the first time people could take pictures themselves instead of hiring a professional

Coca Cola was the first bottled soft drink◦ Launched the sale of Coca Cola with one of the

first national advertising campaigns Why is it important?

◦ The United States began to develop a national culture


Progressivism at the National Level How We Lived Progressives’ Programs


unit 7 the progressive period- answers

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