Unit 7Unit 7The Urinary System The Urinary System

Word FormationWord Formation

ur/o-ur/o- 尿尿 ( ureter, urethra )

abdomin/o- 腹 ( abdomen )

-itis 炎症 ( urethritis, cystitis )

cyst/o- 囊 , 膀胱 ( cystitis, cystoscopy )

pyel/o- 肾盂 ( pyelonephritis, pyelogram )

nephr/o- 肾 (nephron )

vagin/o- 阴道 ( vagina )

dia- 通过 ; 区别 , 分离 ( diaphragm )

sperm/o- ( spermicidal, spermicide)

-cide-cide 杀杀 ( spermicidal )

bio- 生 , 生命 ( antibiotics )

anti- 抑制 , 对抗 , 防止 ( antibody )

micro- 小 , 微 , 细

( microbe )

-gram 图 , 照片 ( pyelogram, radiogram )

-scopy 检查( 法 )

( cystoscopy )

tri- 三 ( trimethoprim )

tetra- 四 ( tetracycline )

immun/o- 免疫 ( immunoglobulin )

Group DiscussionGroup Discussion

What are the organs of urinary system ?What are the organs of urinary system ? Can you name a few urinary tract infections Can you name a few urinary tract infections

in English ?in English ?

Clinical and Pathological ConditionsClinical and Pathological Conditions

CystitisCystitis----inflammation of the urinary bladder----inflammation of the urinary bladder

NephritisNephritis----inflammation of the kidneys ----inflammation of the kidneys

GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis

----nephritis accompanied by inflammation of the ----nephritis accompanied by inflammation of the

capillary loops in the glomerli of the kidneycapillary loops in the glomerli of the kidney

ProstatitisProstatitis----inflammation of the prostate gland----inflammation of the prostate gland

PyelonephritisPyelonephritis----inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis. ----inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.

UreteritisUreteritis----inflammation of a ureter----inflammation of a ureter

UrethritisUrethritis----inflammation of the urethra----inflammation of the urethra

IntroductionIntroduction

The urinary system plays a most important role in The urinary system plays a most important role in

maintaining the homeostasis by excreting waste maintaining the homeostasis by excreting waste

materials through urine. It consists of two materials through urine. It consists of two kidneyskidneys

which filter the blood and secrete the urine, two which filter the blood and secrete the urine, two uretersureters, ,

which convey urine from the kidney to the urinary which convey urine from the kidney to the urinary

bladdebladderr, which receives and retains the urine, and a , which receives and retains the urine, and a

urethraurethra, through which the urine is removed from the , through which the urine is removed from the

body.body.

The kidneys are a filter for the blood. The body has two

kidneys located in the middle of the back at about the

location of your elbows. Blood is pumped from the heart

to the kidneys to be cleaned. Each kidney has about

1000,000 nephrons that act as filters. As the blood goes

into a nephron, everything that is dissolved in the blood

( waste products, food ) is pushed out of the blood into

small tubules. As these things travel through the tubule,

the water and anything else the body needs goes back into

the blood.

The rest of the waste products keep moving through the

tubule into the ureters. The ureter is the tube that leads

to the bladder. The cleaned blood leaves the kidney and

travels throughout the body. About 150 liters (33 gallons)

of fluid pass through your kidneys every day. But 99%

of this is cleaned and goes back into your blood. In their

lifetimes, adults pass about 40,000 liters (8,800 gallons)

of urine.This is enough to fill 500 bath tubs.

The bladder is where urine is stored to be released from

the body. It can hold between one half to two cups of

urine before it needs to be emptied. Everyday about two

to five cups of urine pass through the bladder.The more

water you drink, the more urine is produced. If it is hot

outside and you produce a lot of sweat, you will not make

as much urine.

About 96% of urine is water. It also contains some waste

salts and a substance called urea. Urea( 尿素 ) is made

during the breakdown of proteins in your liver. Urea

may also leave your body in sweat. If urea builds up in

your body, it is a sign that your kidneys are not working

properly. Kidney failure can be fatal if it is not treated

quickly.

A glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's

capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. It receives

its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal

circulation, and empties into an efferent arteriole. The

resistance of the arterioles results in high pressure in the

glomerulus aiding the process of ultrafiltration where

fluids and soluble materials in the blood are forced out

of the capillaries and into Bowman's capsule. The rate

at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli is the

glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measurements of

which are often used to determine renal function.

Understanding the TextUnderstanding the Text

Para. 1-2Para. 1-2

Question:Question:

1. What do the first two paragraphs try to tell us ?1. What do the first two paragraphs try to tell us ?

Difficult Points

doctor visits---- 就诊，就医，看病 (P107)

e.g. UTIs account for about 8.3 million doctor visits

each year. 每年有约 830 万的患者因尿道感染就医。

病人身体太弱不宜探视。

More examples:

1) The patient is too weak to have any visits.

2) He is allowed visits of only ten minutes.

他只被允许十分钟的探视。

3 ） visiting times 探视时间

prone to / susceptible to / vulnerable to----likely to suffer from 易于…的，有…倾向的

e.g. 1) Young people are especially prone to this disease.e.g. 1) Young people are especially prone to this disease.

2) Elderly women are more susceptible to 2) Elderly women are more susceptible to

osteoporosis and even fracture.osteoporosis and even fracture.

3) Premature babies are especially vulnerable to 3) Premature babies are especially vulnerable to

infection. infection. 早产儿特别容易被感染。早产儿特别容易被感染。

Para. 3Para. 3

Questions:Questions:

2. What are the organs of the urinary system ?2. What are the organs of the urinary system ?

3. What are the functions of the kidneys ?3. What are the functions of the kidneys ?

Para. 4Para. 4

pass----to allow (feces or urine) to come out of the bodypass----to allow (feces or urine) to come out of the body

1) He passed blood in his bowel movement. 1) He passed blood in his bowel movement. 他便血。他便血。2) She had pains when she passed water. 2) She had pains when she passed water. 她尿痛。她尿痛。

Para.5 Para.5 Question:Question:4. What characteristics does urine normally have ?4. What characteristics does urine normally have ?Para. 6Para. 6Question:Question:5. What are the three pathological conditions mentioned 5. What are the three pathological conditions mentioned

in this paragraph ?in this paragraph ?Para. 7Para. 7Question:Question:6. What kinds of bacteria can cause UTIs according to 6. What kinds of bacteria can cause UTIs according to this paragraph ? Is there anything special about this paragraph ? Is there anything special about them ?them ?

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli ( (E. coliE. coli), is one of many species of ), is one of many species of

bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals, bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals,

known as gut flora. When located in the large intestine, known as gut flora. When located in the large intestine,

it assists with waste processing, vitamin K production, it assists with waste processing, vitamin K production,

and food absorption. Discovered in 1885 by and food absorption. Discovered in 1885 by Theodor Theodor

EscherichEscherich, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist,, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist,

E. coliE. coli are abundant: the number of individual are abundant: the number of individual E. coliE. coli

bacteria in the feces that a human defecates in one day bacteria in the feces that a human defecates in one day

averages between 100 billion and 10 trillion. averages between 100 billion and 10 trillion.

E. coliE. coli can generally cause several intestinal and can generally cause several intestinal and

extra-intestinal infections such as: extra-intestinal infections such as: urinary tract infections,urinary tract infections, meningitis, meningitis, peritonitis, peritonitis, mastitis, mastitis, septicemia septicemia Gram-negative pneumoniaGram-negative pneumonia

Low-temperature electron micrograph of a cluster of E. coli bacteria, magnified 10,000 times. Each individual bacterium is oblong shaped.

Para. 8Para. 8

Question:Question:

7. What does this paragraph mainly talk about ?7. What does this paragraph mainly talk about ?

Difficult Points

ward off----fend off; turn aside 挡开 ; 避免 , 防止，抵御 e.g. 1) These herbs are said to ward off influenza.

2) Cold viruses can be warded off with a diet rich in

vitamins and minerals.

2) Good hygiene can also ward off infection, which is

why doctors recommend regular hand washing.

Para. 9-13Para. 9-13

Questions:Questions:

8. What kinds of people are usually more prone to UTIs ? 8. What kinds of people are usually more prone to UTIs ?

9. Why do women have more urinary infections 9. Why do women have more urinary infections

than men ? ( para. 12 )than men ? ( para. 12 )

Difficult Points

void---- vt. 排泄 , 排空 ; 排尿 (para.10)

trigger---- to cause, lead to (para. 12)

e.g. For many women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger

an infection. 对许多妇女，性交可能引发感染。

Catheter (para.10 )Catheter (para.10 ) A hollow flexible tube for insertion into a body A hollow flexible tube for insertion into a body cavity, duct, or vessel to allow the passage of fluids cavity, duct, or vessel to allow the passage of fluids or distend a passageway. or distend a passageway. Its uses include the drainage of urine from the Its uses include the drainage of urine from the bladder through the urethra or insertion through bladder through the urethra or insertion through a blood vessel into the heart for diagnostic purposes.a blood vessel into the heart for diagnostic purposes.

Any catheter which is inserted into the bladder and Any catheter which is inserted into the bladder and

allowed to remain in the bladder is called an indwelling allowed to remain in the bladder is called an indwelling

catheter. A common type of indwelling catheter is a catheter. A common type of indwelling catheter is a Foley Foley

cathetercatheter. A Foley catheter has a balloon attachment at one . A Foley catheter has a balloon attachment at one

end. After the Foley catheter is inserted, the balloon is end. After the Foley catheter is inserted, the balloon is

filled with sterile water. The filled balloon prevents the filled with sterile water. The filled balloon prevents the

catheter from leaving the bladder. catheter from leaving the bladder.

Foley Catheter, Stomach Tube, T-tube,etFoley Catheter, Stomach Tube, T-tube,etc.c.

An An umbilical catheterumbilical catheter is a long, soft plastic tube is a long, soft plastic tube

(usually made of silicone) that is placed in the umbilical (usually made of silicone) that is placed in the umbilical

cord either through the umbilical artery or umbilical vein cord either through the umbilical artery or umbilical vein

to allow IV fluids and medications to be given over an to allow IV fluids and medications to be given over an

extended period of time. extended period of time.

Para. 13 Para. 13

spermicidal foam-spermicidal foam------- 杀精泡沫杀精泡沫Para.14Para.14

Question:Question:

10. What are the common symptoms of UTIs in adults ?10. What are the common symptoms of UTIs in adults ?

Para.15Para.15

11. What are the common symptoms of UTIs in children ?11. What are the common symptoms of UTIs in children ?

Para. 16Para. 16Question:Question:12. How to get a “clean catch” urine sample ?12. How to get a “clean catch” urine sample ?

A "A "clean-catchclean-catch" urine sample is performed by collecting " urine sample is performed by collecting

the sample of urine in midstream. Men or boys should the sample of urine in midstream. Men or boys should

wipe clean the head of the penis. Women or girls need to wipe clean the head of the penis. Women or girls need to

wash the area between the lips of the vagina with soapy wash the area between the lips of the vagina with soapy

water and rinse well. water and rinse well.

A small amount of urine should initially fall into the A small amount of urine should initially fall into the

toilet bowl before it is collected (this clears the urethra toilet bowl before it is collected (this clears the urethra

of contaminants). Then, in a clean container, catch of contaminants). Then, in a clean container, catch

about 1 to 2 ounces of urine and remove the container about 1 to 2 ounces of urine and remove the container

from the urine stream. The container is then given to from the urine stream. The container is then given to

the health care provider.the health care provider.

Difficult PointsDifficult Points

puspus----yellow liquid composed of blood serum, pieces of ----yellow liquid composed of blood serum, pieces of

dead tissue, white blood cells and the remains of dead tissue, white blood cells and the remains of

bacteria, formed by the body in reaction to bacteria, formed by the body in reaction to

infection. infection. 脓脓py-py- or or pyo- pyo- ----pus e.g. pyoderma ----pus e.g. pyoderma 脓皮病脓皮病 pyogenic pyogenic 生脓的生脓的genitalgenital--------adj.adj. referring to reproductive organs referring to reproductive organs 生殖器的生殖器的 e.g. genital herpes e.g. genital herpes 生殖器疱疹生殖器疱疹 genital organs (genitals) genital organs (genitals) 外生殖器外生殖器 genitalia genitalia 生殖器生殖器

Para. 17Para. 17

Questions: Questions: 13. What is urinalysis test ?13. What is urinalysis test ?

14. What is sensitivity test ?14. What is sensitivity test ?

urinalysis

---- the analysis of urine, using physical, chemical and

microscopical tests to determine the proportions of its

normal constituents and to detect alcohol, drugs, sugar,

or other abnormal constituents.

sensitivity testsensitivity test

----A laboratory method for testing antibiotic effectiveness----A laboratory method for testing antibiotic effectiveness

Para. 18Para. 18

urine cultureurine culture

----A urine culture is a test that is done to see if there are ----A urine culture is a test that is done to see if there are

bacteria (germs) that cause infection in the urine. A bacteria (germs) that cause infection in the urine. A

""clean catchclean catch" urine specimen (one that has no outside " urine specimen (one that has no outside

bacteria in it) is necessary for an accurate urine bacteria in it) is necessary for an accurate urine

culture. In order for the specimen to be "clean," culture. In order for the specimen to be "clean,"

careful cleansing of the area is important. careful cleansing of the area is important.

Difficult PointsDifficult Points

cultureculture--------n.n. bacteria or tissues grown in a laboratory bacteria or tissues grown in a laboratory

培养物培养物 ;; 培养基培养基 (culture medium)(culture medium)

cultivatecultivate--------v.v.

e.g. Agar is used as a culture medium to cultivate e.g. Agar is used as a culture medium to cultivate

bacteria in a laboratory. bacteria in a laboratory. 在实验室琼脂被用做培 在实验室琼脂被用做培 养细菌的培养基。养细菌的培养基。

Para. 19. Para. 19.

Question: Question: 15. What is an intravenous pyelogram ?15. What is an intravenous pyelogram ?

Difficult Pointsstrain----group of microorganisms which are different

from others of the same type 株e.g. 1) a new strain of influenza virus

2)When an infection does not clear up with treatment

and is traced to the same strain of bacteria, the

doctor may order some tests to determine if your

system is normal.

Para. 20Para. 20

Question:Question:

16.What tests may doctors suggest for recurrent infections? 16.What tests may doctors suggest for recurrent infections?

Difficult Points

recurrent----adj. occurring again 复发的e.g. recurrent abortion/ fever 习惯性流产 / 回归热recurrence----n. 复发e.g. He had a recurrence of a fever which he had

caught in the tropics.

recur----v. to return 复发e.g. The headaches recurred frequently, but usually after

the patient had eaten chocolate.

Difficult Points offending bacteria---- invading bacteriaoffending bacteria---- invading bacteria

入侵的细菌入侵的细菌 ;; 致病菌致病菌offend----offend----vtvt. . 冒犯冒犯 ; ; 使不舒服 使不舒服 e.g. offending the ear/eye e.g. offending the ear/eye 刺耳刺耳 // 眼眼

Para. 21Para. 21Question:Question:17. What are the common therapies for UTIs according 17. What are the common therapies for UTIs according to this paragraph?to this paragraph?

Para.22Para.22Question:Question:18. For doctors, is there anything special in treating 18. For doctors, is there anything special in treating UTIs ?UTIs ?

Difficult Points

follow-up----check on a patient who has been examined

before 随访 ; 复查e.g. A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm that the

urinary tract is infection-free. 随访尿检帮助确认尿路感染是否治愈。

Para. 23Para. 23

Question:Question:

19. How to treat patients with kidney infections 19. How to treat patients with kidney infections

according to this paragraph ?according to this paragraph ?

Difficult Points

hospitalize / hospitalization

e.g. 1) 他病得很厉害必须马上住院。

He is so ill that he must be hospitalized immediately.

2) 医生建议马上住院。

The doctor recommended immediate hospitalization.

Para. 24Para. 24

Question:Question:

20. What advice do doctors have to prevent UTIs ? 20. What advice do doctors have to prevent UTIs ?

Do you have any other good ideas ?Do you have any other good ideas ?

A A heating padheating pad is a pad used is a pad used for warming of parts of the for warming of parts of the body in order to manage body in order to manage pain. Localized application pain. Localized application

of heat causes the blood of heat causes the blood vessels in that area to vessels in that area to dilate, enhancing perfusion dilate, enhancing perfusion to the targeted tissue. Types to the targeted tissue. Types of heating pads include of heating pads include electrical, chemicalelectrical, chemical and and hot hot water bottleswater bottles..

Para. 25. Para. 25.

Question:Question:

21. Why do some women and children tend to get UTIs 21. Why do some women and children tend to get UTIs

repeatedly according to the researchers ?repeatedly according to the researchers ?

Difficult PointsVaccination 接种 ---- a means of producing immunity to a disease by using

a vaccine, or a special preparation of antigenic material,

to stimulate the formation of appropriate antibodies.

Vaccine 疫苗----a special preparation of antigenic material that can be

used to stimulate the development of antibodies and thus

confer active immunity against a specific disease or

number of diseases.

Difficult PointsDifficult Points

suppository---- suppository----

a medicinal a medicinal preparationpreparation in solid form suitable for in solid form suitable for

insertion into the rectum or vagina.insertion into the rectum or vagina.

栓剂栓剂 固体医学制剂 固体医学制剂 , , 适用于塞入直肠或阴道内。适用于塞入直肠或阴道内。

Para. 26Para. 26Question:Question:22. What is the main idea of the last paragraph ?22. What is the main idea of the last paragraph ?

Phrases in the TestPhrases in the Test

1.1. urinary tract infectionurinary tract infection2.2. reproductive systemreproductive system3.3. prostate glandprostate gland4.4. spermicidal foamspermicidal foam5.5. a frequent urge to urinatea frequent urge to urinate6.6. pubic bonepubic bone7.7. a fullness in the rectuma fullness in the rectum8.8. loose bowelsloose bowels9.9. intravenous pyelogramintravenous pyelogram

10.10. offending bacteriaoffending bacteria

11.11. single-dose treatmentsingle-dose treatment

12.12. a follow-up urinalysisa follow-up urinalysis

13.13. injected and oral vaccinesinjected and oral vaccines

14.14. change in urinary patternchange in urinary pattern

DialogueDialogue

Parent: Parent: My baby ran a high temperature suddenly last My baby ran a high temperature suddenly last

night and cried all night.night and cried all night.

Doctor: Doctor: Is there anything else unusual ?Is there anything else unusual ?

Parent: Parent: She cries each time she passes water.She cries each time she passes water.

Doctor: Doctor: Does she urinate more often than usual ?Does she urinate more often than usual ?

Parent: Parent: Yes, very often.Yes, very often.

Doctor: Doctor: What color is the urine ?What color is the urine ?

Parent: Parent: It’s cloudy.It’s cloudy.

Doctor: Doctor: PleasePlease give us a specimen of her urine for give us a specimen of her urine for

examination right now.examination right now.

Parent: Parent: Here’s the result. Is it normal ?Here’s the result. Is it normal ?

Doctor: Doctor: No, it’s not. Has she been ill like this before ?No, it’s not. Has she been ill like this before ?

Parent: Parent: No. This is the first time.No. This is the first time.

Doctor: Doctor: I think she is suffering from a urinary tract I think she is suffering from a urinary tract

infection.infection.

Parent: Parent: Will she be all right ?Will she be all right ?

Doctor: Doctor: Yes, there’s nothing to worry about. Give her Yes, there’s nothing to worry about. Give her

the medicine regularly and see that she drinks the medicine regularly and see that she drinks

plenty of fluids. Bring her back here in one week.plenty of fluids. Bring her back here in one week.