Q2 Notes PacketUnit 9 Western FrontierUnit 10 ImmigrationUnit 11The Gilded AgeUnit 12 Industrial DevelopmentUnit 13 Growth of Big BusinessUnit 14 Growth of the Labor MovementUnit 15 Populists and ProgressivesUnit 16 ImperialismUnit 17 WWI

Vanishing Frontier

AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST-LATE 19TH CENTURY

Unit 9

CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE» The ______________

of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners

» Native Americans and Whites came into bloody conflicts over the ______________

THE PLAINS

Plains Indians hunt the buffalo.

THE DAWES ACT - 1887»The Dawes Act of 1887 -

attempted to _____________ natives

»breaking up of _____________ and the introduction of natives into American life

By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken

Before After

Assimilation

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ___________

»Destruction of the buffalo: _________ and fur traders shot buffalo for sport

»1800: 65 million»1890: < 1000

SHIRTLESS HUNTER WITH HIS KILL

Increase in RRRefrigerated RR carsLand from ____________ AmericansNew breeds of cattleBoarding houses, saloons, hotels, and restaurants sprung up all over the West

Harsh weatherLess grass for grazingDroughtBeef prices ____________Large businesses bought out smallerFarmers began to buy up more landViolence increased in the Cow Towns

THE CATTLE KINGDOM WILL TAKE A NEW APPROACH…..

TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

The Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869.

Transcontinental Railroad• Union Pacific began in Council

Bluffs, Iowa (1,087 miles)• Central Pacific began in

Sacramento California (690 miles)

• Met at Promontory Point, Utah• Many immigrants, such as

Irish, _____________and __________________ constructed the railroad.

Railroad ConsolidationAs railroad lines grew in length, __________ ____________

were implemented to improve safety and reliability.

The Union Pacific meets the Central Pacific at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.

Impact of the Railroads.» Railroads brought growth to the west» The railroads enabled people, supplies, and

mail to move ______________ and cheaply and safer across the plains and the mountains.

» The largest cities and towns developed where major railroad lines met.

» Because of their rapid ____________, western territories began to apply for statehood. Nevada, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington all became states from 1864 – 1890.

The Railroad spurs the growth of other industries.»The lumber industry grows, because

________________ is needed to build the train tracks.

»The steel industry grows because steel is needed to build the tracks.

»The __________industry grows because coal is needed to fuel the train.

»The growth of these industries opens thousands of new jobs for workers.

A difficult life for the farmers:» Farmers had to cut through thick,

hard earth called _____________» Winters were harsh; cold, windy

with a lot of snowstorms called blizzards

» Summers were hot and had little rain

» Farmers had to use a technique called dry-farming (growing crops that needed little water.)

» Sometimes ____________ would eat all the crops

Locust swarm

EXODUSTERS» Many African Americans

moved to the ____________ from the 1840s to late 1890s.

» They were escaping the difficult life in the South where Whites practiced __________________ Laws and denied African Americans their new Constitutional Rights.

I hope there’s no slavery in the

West.

Exodusters moving West.I hope there’s no KKK.

Maybe we can vote in the West.

HOMESTEAD ACT» People staked their claim by

finding a section of _______________ that was marked.

» Then they registered the piece of land with the government.

» After cultivating the land for ________years, it was theirs for free.

Unit 10

Who is imigrating?

-Old Immigration

Western and Northern Europe

-New Immigration, 1890

Eastern and Southern ____________

• Germany, Italy, Russia, Poland (to East Coast)

Asian Immigration

• Come to America to mine, worked on railroads, then as farmers (West Coast)

Hispanic Immigration

• Come to the South and East for political ____________

“America…We were so near it seemed too much to believe. Everyone stood silent- like in

prayer…Then we were entering the harbor. The land came so

near we could almost reach out and touch it…everyone was holding their breath…”

~Rosa Cavalleri, Italian immigrant

Where did immigrants go upon entering America?

-difficult ____________

• 1-3 weeks in steerage with diseases and not much food

-Ellis Island, NY

immigrant processing

• Physical ____________, government inspection (criminal record)

-Angel Island, SF

• Harsher examinations, detentions

Waiting in line at Ellis Island in New York. This was the major

immigrant in-processing station in the nation, as 17 million

immigrants passed through its gates to gain entrance to the

United States.

What awaited immigrants in America?

-Culture ______________

• Need a home and job in a brand new culture

ethnic communities

• Similar language/customs

-Melting Pot

• Mixing together of all cultures by assimilation

-____________________

• Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

• Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years

Once in America, new immigrants had to endure

physical examinations (to check for disease and lice), as well as

governmental examinations, which checked your criminal

record in your previous country. While many were admitted, some were sent back home.

How did Urban areas grow?

-urban life

1/12 in 1840--1/3 by 1900

-immigrant settlement

• In cities for cheap housing and available jobs

-decline of ___________

new technology, fewer workers

-closing of the frontier

• People move to the cities

-____________________

• Available jobs

-cultural opportunities

Most immigrants settled in and around the major cities because of their proximity to jobs, as well as allowing cultural groups to stay together. When this happened,

places like “Little Italy” and “Chinatown” sprang up across

major cities.

URBAN PROBLEMS

-poor housing

row houses

• Single-family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses

___________________

• Multi-family dwellings; over-crowded, unsanitary

-_______________________

• Mass transit to move people to jobs (street car, subway)

-rising crime rates

• Small police forces and the poor are very desperate

URBAN PROBLEMS

-few city services

water

• Indoor plumbing rare, water _____________to drink

sanitation

• Manure, sewage and trash in streets, foul air

fire

• Wood dwellings with candles and oil lamps

• Small fire departments with limited water supply

-pollution and disease

• Lack of ________________

Who raised awareness to how immigrants were

living?-Social _________________

Christian theme of helping the less fortunate

Salvation Army

-Jacob Riis

“How the Other Half Lives”

• Book about the urban poor written to get help

-Jane Addams

Hull House, Chicago

_______________Houses

• Community centers in slums that provide services to the poor

Jacob Riis and Jane Addams crusade for the poor to improve

their urban living conditions in the major cities.

“Presently she established a kindergarten, a gymnasium, evening classes, clubs for young people and

clubs for old people, and a day nursery where workingwomen might

leave their children. As her work advanced she experienced the need of more room and several buildings were

added to the original brick Hull House.”

A glittering exterior turns out to be a corrupt political core with a wide gap

between the rich and poor

“All that glitters is not gold…”

Unit 11

What did the corrupt govt

do?-________________

• Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

-_______________

• Taking illegal payments for services

-fraud

• Using fake names and the votes of the dead

The construction of the New York County Courthouse involved

extravagant graft and kickbacks. The project cost taxpayers $13

million, while the actual construction cost was only $3 million. The

difference went into the pockets of a political boss and his followers.

What is a _____________Machine?

Political machines helped the poor to gain voting loyalty

-party dominates an area

• Gained control by offering services in exchange for political/financial support

-_________________, loyalty, graft

• Get their people elected, then appoint others with patronage

• Government not helping the poor, city bosses will

-boss controlled many jobs, services

“I’ve been called a boss. All there is to it is having friends,

doing things for people, and then later on they’ll do things for you…You can’t coerce people into doing things for you—you

can’t make them vote for you. I never coerced anybody in my

life. Where you see a man bulldozing anybody he don’t last

long.”

~”Big Jim” Pendergrass, Kansas City “Boss”

Boss Tweed cartoons

What did the Tweed Ring Do?

• William “Boss” Tweed

-controlled NYC

-____________________Hall ring

• Stealing money, corrupt police

• Notorious

-exposed by political cartoonist __________________________

• Exposed the Tweed Ring corruption through a series of cartoons

• Broken in 1871, Tweed put in jail for fraud and extortion

“I don’t care so much what the papers write about me—my

constituents can’t read; but…they can see pictures!”

~”Boss” Tweed on Thomas Nast’s cartoons depicting his Tweed Ring

corruption

The Tammany Tiger LooseA bloodthirsty

Tammany mascot has mauled the

Republic, having broken her shield, the ballot, through

corruption. The rotund emperor, Tammany Boss

Tweed enjoys the spectacle, sitting

among other Democratic

politicians. The way Nast drew the

rampaging tiger looking directly at

the reader, clearly its next victim.

How was the patronage system

eliminated?-patronage system puts unqualified people in positions

• Leads to _____________ and corruption

• Rutherford Hayes Campaigns for political reform

• Merit system - People should be qualified to hold government offices

______________Act passes

• Civil service jobs tested

President Hayes wants to end the corruption seen during the

Grant presidency by eliminating the use of the patronage system. Why would some

people be against this?

Which American industries do you think make the most money? Why?

Unit 12

Why the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

-by 1880, U.S. is world’s leading producer of goods

- unlimited labor force

- abundant ___________ supply

- iron mining

- discovery of _______ in US

- railroad development

The United States, nearing the turn of the century in the 1880s and 1890s, teemed with immigration from many European nations, as well as many Chinese immigrants. These immigrants provided a steady work force, as well as a cheap work force, as employers could get away with paying them less per hour.

Edwin Drake’s discovery of oil led many to drill for the “black gold.” At first, the unrefined petroleum brought in money for its producers and refiners. Entrepreneurs began petroleum-refining industries to transform the oil into kerosene for lamps, and they got rid of the by-products, like gasoline. It was not until the production of the car and other mechanized items, that oil refining became big business.

What is a _________ _______ government?- government allows

business to do whatever it wants

-unlimited immigration supplied labor

-high tariffs protected American business

-public financing of railroads for shipping goods

What new innovations and technologies were

available in late 1800s?-telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

-light bulb

Thomas Edison

-electric power -Nikola ____________ —AC Power

-_________________ Process

makes mass production of steel possible (skyscrapers)

-typewriter

paves the way for new jobs for women

- Motion picture – silent film

Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and rust. It also usually contains other elements, such as carbon. Removing the carbon from iron produces a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal—steel. The raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; all that was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing process. The Bessemer Process increased iron refining into steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities (which make iron rust). This improved (and cheaper) method of steel production led to a steel boom. Major industries, such as the railroads prospered from this, as well as architectural projects.

Which Entrepreneurs were making money?-John D. Rockefeller

Standard _____________

-Andrew Carnegie

US ________________

-J.P. Morgan

bankers banker

-Cornelius Vanderbilt

railroads

-Dupont Family

steel industry

-James B. Duke

tobacco industry

-George Westinghouse

power and electronics

Unit 13

What are the advantages of big

business?-____________________

•Electricity and innovations make production quick/cheap

-economy of ____________

•The more you produce, the easier and cheaper it is

-manager system

•Appoint qualified employees to oversee production

-Productivity Study (Taylor)

•Limit movement = increase efficiency

Andrew Carnegie perfects production and company

organization to make major profits in his steel company.

What are the disadvantages of Big

Business?-unfair competition

•Difficult for small businesses to compete

-_____________ and __________________

•No unemployment or welfare

•Citizens needed jobs

•Could fire them easily

•Destroyed labor unions

Many Americans began to distrust the big businessmen and the trusts they set up, claiming that they limited

competition and held control over government officials and

Congressmen. How is this represented in the cartoon

presented above?

How did the public react to Big Business?•Some unhappy with rich getting richer and poor getting poorer

Social ________________

-survival of the fittest

-the best businesses survive

- justified their ______________

And while the law of competition may be

sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for

the race, because it ensures the survival of

the fittest in every department.

~Andrew Carnegie

What are the types of big business?

-______________ integration

•Buy out similar competing producers to control industry

-______________ integration

•Earn more money by buying out your suppliers

•Own all phases of production from start to finish

-monopoly

•Company controls all production and sales (high prices)

-trust (Rockefeller)

•Corporations unite to reduce competition

Horizontal and Vertical

Integration allowed big

businessmen to increase their profits

even more by limiting the amount of

competition available.

McDonald’s Corporation:

Example of Vertical Consolidation

Phase: __________Phase: ___________

Phase: ___________

Phase: ___________

Phase: ___________

Sample : _________

McDonald’s Corporation:

Example of Horizontal Consolidation

Business 1: _______Business 2: ________

Business 4: ________Business 3: ________

Business 5: ________

Sample : _________

What is a Robber Baron?

-extreme profits made by business owners

-Public calls for regulation

-Big business practices _______________

-Philanthropy grows:

•Donate money to charities and back to society

Gospel of _____________ (Carnegie)

•Donate money to society (book)

“The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available

wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…Of such as these the

public verdict will then be: ’The man who dies thus rich dies

disgraced.” ~Andrew Carnegie, 1889

Some big businessmen, like Andrew Carnegie, believed in the “Gospel of Wealth,” in which they

donated their money back to society. Carnegie was the most

generous of these, donating 90% of his profits back to society by

building centers for the arts across the country, like Carnegie Hall,

pictured above in NYC.

“There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses

money and nothing else.”

“Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the

good of the community.”~ Andrew Carnegie

“The only question with wealth is, what do you do with it.”

“Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people know you are doing the right

thing.”

~John D. Rockefeller

Although Rockefeller kept most of his assets, he still gave away over $500 million, establishing the Rockefeller

Foundation, providing funds to found the University of Chicago (seen below), and creating a medical institute that helped

find a cure for yellow fever.

What is the ______________ Anti Trust act of 1890?

•Made it Illegal to form a trust that interferes with free trade

•Weak law - never really broke up ________________

“Competition is a sin.” ~John D. Rockefeller

The Standard Oil Company took a different approach to mergers:

they joined with competing companies in trust agreements.

Trusts turned their stock over to a group of trustees—people who ran

the separate companies as one large corporation. In return, the

companies gained large dividends on profits. Trusts were not legal because they limited competition

and free trade.

“What a funny little government!”

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?“The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth,

which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…of such as these the public verdict will

then be: ‘the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” Andrew Carnegie

 “Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become

independent of it.” John D. Rockefeller

 “Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people

know you are doing the right thing.” John D. Rockefeller

 “There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money

and nothing else.”Andrew Carnegie

Monopoly cartoons

Who is eligible to join?

What were the goals of the union?What were the union’s methods of achieving its goals?What was the public’s perception of the union?

Use the textbook to answer the questions on this chart.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Knights of Labor

p. 484 p. 486, 556, & 589

Unit 14

The Changing American

Labor Force

The Changing American

Labor Force

What were labor conditions like?» Long hours, ________ days a week, few

breaks» Poor working conditions – no safety features» No vacation days, sick days, insurance,

workmen’s ____________» Management does not care about the

worker, only about their output

“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”

Management vs. Labor

Management vs. Labor

“Tools” of Management

“Tools” of Labor

“scabs”

Pinkertons

lockout

_____________

court injunctions

open shop

____________

sympathy demonstrations

informational picketing

closed shops

organized strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

What are the Goals of the Knights of Labor?What are the Goals of the Knights of Labor?

• ___________-hour workday.

• Workers’ cooperatives.

• Worker-owned factories.

• Abolition of child and prison labor.

• Increased circulation of greenbacks.

• Equal pay for men and women.

• ________________ codes in the workplace.

• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

• Abolition of the National Bank.

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Terence V. Powderly

An injury to one is the concern of all!

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of

1877

The Great Railroad Strike of

1877

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel Gompers

How would the AF of L

Help the Workers?

How would the AF of L

Help the Workers?• Catered to the ___________________worker.

• Represented workers in matters of national legislation.

• Maintained a national strike fund.

• Evangelized the cause of unionism.

• Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.

• Mediated disputes between management and labor.

• Pushed for _____________________ shops.

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

The Amalgamated Association of

Iron & Steel Workers

Homestead Steel Works

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

The Pullman Strike of 1894

The Pullman Strike of 1894

President Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that

card will be delivered!

The Pullman Strike of 1894

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW

“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW

Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big UnionThe Hand That Will Rule

the World One Big Union

Who is Mother Jones?

“The Miner’s Angel”

Who is Mother Jones?

“The Miner’s Angel” Mary Harris.

Organizer for theUnited __________Workers.

Founded the SocialDemocratic Party in ___________.

One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

Workers Benefits Today

Workers Benefits Today

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Right-to-Work States Today

Right-to-Work States Today

Populist and ProgressiveReform Movements

1880-1920Unit 15

What is the Populist Party?

THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST

CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR

___________organizing together to form a political party

Railroads have all the power and farmers have none

Populism – the movement of the ______________ (1892)

What did Populist want to reform?Economic reforms: increase of _________supplya rise in crop prices lower taxes a federal loan program

Political reforms: direct election of senatorssingle terms for presidents_______ -hour workday and

reduced immigration

Why did they want these reforms?THE PANIC OF1893_____________ went

bankruptthe stock market lost

value 15,000 businesses and

500 banks collapsed3 million people lost

their _____________unemployment 20%

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN 1893

How did populism end? Bryan (populist) and

McKinley (Republican) in heated election (________________ Wins)

Populism collapsed but leaves a message that: that the downtrodden

can _____________and be heard

An agenda of reforms, many of which would be enacted in the 20th century

THE PEOPLE’S PARTY WAS SHORT-LIVED BUT LEFT AN

IMPORTANT LEGACY

What is the Progressive Era?»A time where Reform minded people

wanted to see a change in ___________, government, and the economy

»Why?˃ Over crowded cities - no sewage systems, tenement

living, increased immigration, poor conditions˃ Factory system – pro business attitudes did not

protect workers˃ Corrupt government and __________________

attitudes

What are the Progressives 6 major goals?»_____________ Protection»Cleaning Up the Cities»Consumer Protection»_________________ Protection»Government Reform»Women’s Suffrage

Who was _________during the progressive era?» Theodore Roosevelt – became President after

McKinley’s assassination. Known as the “Progressive President” and the “Trustbuster”˃ ___________________Deal

» William Taft – not as Progressive as TR, but supported the goals

» Woodrow Wilson – elected in 1912 as a Democrat, criticized for his lack of Progressive vision, but passed more Progressive laws than the previous 2

1. Labor Protection» _____________Anti-Trust Act – trust

busting» Clayton Anti-Trust Act – allowed

labor unions to strike and protest peacefully

» ______________ Labor Laws – 1912» Safety Laws» Worker’s Compensation

2. Cleaning Up the Cities

• Jacob Riis – How the other half lives

• Settlement Houses – help the poor

• _______ Amendment – income tax

• Women’s Christian Temperance Movement – ___________ amendment - no alcohol

3. Consumer Protection» Upton Sinclair

˃ The _______________ (book)˃ Lead to the _________Inspection

Act˃ Pure food and Drug Act – stop the

sale of contaminated foods and called for truth in labeling

4. Environmental Protection» Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of

his administration» 148 million acres of _______________reserves» 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and he

established 50 ________________sanctuaries and several national parks

5. Government Reform» Stop Government

_____________ like Tammany Hall

» Need to pass test to hold office

» _________ Amendment – direct primary, direct election of senators

6. Women’s Suffrage» National Women’s Suffrage Association» Years of _____________, petitions, marches» ____________ Amendment passed 1920

give women's right to vote

Unit 16

“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United

States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to

extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and

safety.”

- The Monroe Doctrine -

-stay out of ___________ affairs

-___________ advice

-had been policy of government (since ______________ Doctrine)

• Do not get involved in the affairs of other nations

Why did America chose Isolationism?

What is Imperialis

m?- Build an __________ beyond U.S.

- taking colonies for economic interests (raw goods, new __________)

-Everyone else is doing it

- spheres of influence: regions where a particular country has rights over mines, railroads and trade

“Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours…We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products…Great

colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow

about our posts of trade.”

- Senator Albert Beveridge -

How did America build

its empire?-Alaska : 1867

Seward’s Folly

Purchased from ________

•Congress believed there was nothing in Alaska

-Hawaii : 1898

overthrew the Queen of Hawaii

•Led by American _____________ planters in Hawaii

“I, Liliuokalani,…do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional

government of the Hawaiian Kingdom…Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest…yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States

shall…undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the

constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian islands.”

Why did America get involved with Cuba?

(Spanish-American War)

-The Spanish Ruled _______

•90 miles south of Florida

-Spanish ruled harshly

•Cubans rebel and ask for US help; want independence

-yellow _______________

•Hearst and Pulitzer

•Exaggerated news for public sympathy and increased circulation

The rebellious Cubans appealed to America for help against Spain.

Many Americans agreed with their need, yet many still did not want

to fight. The yellow journalists, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, spurred

war fever by printing sensationalized war stories to

spark American sympathy.

Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war

between the U.S. and Spain

This drawing of male Spanish officials strip search an American woman

tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels appeared on the front page

of Hearst’s paper.

The press played a tremendous part in leading the charge toward

America's involvement in Cuba. Two publishers, William Randolph

Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, stood out among these opportunists. They perceived the conflict with Spain as their chance to increase circulation of their newspapers. Seizing upon

the opportunity to capitalize on the growing spirit of American

patriotism, Hearst and Pulitzer printed sensational anti-Spanish

stories. Graphic illustrations commissioned from some of the

country's most-talented artists and stories written by premiere authors

and journalists of the day were fodder for fueling the flames of war.

Together, Hearst and Pulitzer created a frenzy among the

American people by reporting the alleged brutality of the Spanish

toward the Cuban rebels. (However, acts of outrage committed by the

Cubans were seldom mentioned.) By the time the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, the pro-war press had roused national sentiment to the point that President McKinley

feared his political party would suffer if he did not engage in war

with Spain.

“No man’s life, no man’s property is safe in Cuba. American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American property is destroyed on all sides… Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana…The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native population are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on

the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!...Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?”

-Pulitzer’s New York World, 1896-

What occurred to start the Spanish-American

War?-De Lome Letter

•Spanish ambassador insulting American President

•Printed in _________________

-U.S. sends ship to observe

-USS Maine explodes in Havana

•260 dead

•Newspapers all blame Spain

•Probably a fire that started inside ship

-”Remember the____________”

•Battle cry for war against Spain

•U.S. declares war in April 1898

“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.”

~William Randolph Hearst, yellow journalist newspaper

producer

“The deafening roar was such a burst of thunder as perhaps one never heard before. And off to the right, out over the bay, the air filled with a blaze of light,

and this in turn filled with black specks flying in all directions.”

“The sailors’ wounds were all over them – heads and faces terribly cut, internal wounds, arms, legs, feet, and hands burned to the live flesh.”

- Clara Barton from Havana Harbor -

Cartoons Published in American Newspapers

Why did American capture the Philippines?-U.S. attacks Spanish

colony when war starts; capture the islands

•Destroys all _____________ ships

•Helps Filipino rebels

American wanted: Raw goods, markets

•Close to _________

In the Battle of Manila Bay, Spain lost over 381 men, while American

lost only one sailor.

Meanwhile in Cuba…

_________________ (rag-tag group of volunteers) – Teddy Roosevelt Leader

- San Juan Hill : U.S. Cavalry defeats Spanish

”Splendid Little War”

•Fighting is short lived (15 wks)

•More died of disease than battle

Treaty of Paris, 1898

Puerto Rico is part of U.S.

U.S. buys Philippines ($20 million)

•Spain gives up Guam to the U.S. and Cuba is free

U.S. now has an ____________

What about Asian Interests?

- Many _____________ to buy US goods

- Places in China that are influenced by foreign nations

-Open Door Policy

- John Hay asked for access to China afraid America would get forced out

-Asked leaders to share trading rights in ___________ with the U.S.

-Boxer’s Rebellion

- Chinese upset with foreigners killed 200 people

What is going on in Panama?

-Panama is part of Colombia

-U.S. tries to negotiate a ___________treaty

Want a shortcut between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

-Colombia refuses

-Panama has a ______________ backed by the U.S.

-America gets its canal built between 1904-1914

Cost- $380 million

Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

Signaled that America was climbing towards the #1 World Power

The Panama Canal Controversy

Although Roosevelt denied any role in planning the revolution that freed Panama from Colombia, he later said, “I took the canal zone and let

Congress debate, and while the debate goes on the canal does also.”

Big Stick Diplomacy

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt

How is foreign policy influenced by imperialism?

-Roosevelt Corollary-

• Addition to the Monroe Doctrine called…

-______________Policy

• U.S. will use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America

• -Taft’s ___________Diplomacy

• Replace European loans with American loans

• Stabilize Latin America – replace bullets with dollars

Teddy Roosevelt argued that disorder in Latin America might “force the United States…to the

exercise of an international police power” in order to protect US

interests.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy

THE FIRST WORLD WAR

1914-1918

Unit 17

What were the MAIN causes of WWI?___________________– The

growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending

ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps

_____________________– Economic and political control over weaker nations

NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Which Alliance was America in?Triple _______________): France, Britain, and Russia

The Triple ______________ powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and soon the Ottoman Empire

FRANCE BRITAIN RUSSIA

TRIPLE ENTENTE

What sparked WWI? The Balkan region AKA “Power keg of

Europe” became unstable:

Russia wanted access to the Med. Sea

Germany wanted a railroad to the Ottoman empire

Austria-Hungary, took control of _______________

Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was gunned down by a ________________ radical igniting a diplomatic crisis

The Archduke is assassinated in

Sarajevo in June 1914

Where did the fighting begin? On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan:

Attack Paris and ______________

prevent a two-front war for _________________

The Schliefflen Plan

What is up with trench warfare?

The Allies retreated to the Marne River in ______________

Between enemy trenches was “_________________ land” – an area pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire

British soldiers standing in mud

The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh environment.

German Soldiers

Why does America want to stay neutral? In 1914, most Americans saw _________ reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away – they wanted neutrality

Most importantly, American _________interests were far stronger with the Allies

French propaganda poster portrayed the Germans as inhuman and impacted

American attitudes toward the Germans

How does the War finally hit America? 1st 2 years of war: America

was _______________ weapons to the allied forces

Both the Germans and British imposed naval blockades on each other

The Germans used U-boats (submarines) to prevent _______________ to the North Atlantic ships are sunk

German U-boat 1919

What inches America closer to war? The ________________ Disaster:

A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists

claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition

Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against ________________ and the Central Powers

May 7, 1915

What is the Zimmerman note?The Zimmerman Note:

a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German Ambassador in ______________, proposed an alliance

Germany promised Mexico a return of their “lost territory” in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Next came the sinking of four unarmed U.S. merchant ships by German subs

America declares _________ April 2 1917

Encoded message from Germany to Mexico

(Zimmerman note)

Is America ready for war? America was not ready for war

– only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared

Congress passed the _________________________ Act in May of 1917 (draft)

About 2 million American troops reached Europe

“____________________” eager to fight and welcome relief for European troops

What new weapons are used in the war?

Machine Guns – Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute

The ______________– New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads

Airplanes – Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bomb loads

____________Gas – mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy

GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS

Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies

That same day, German sailors ___________against their government

_______________to exhausted to continue

So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed a truce ending the Great War

War ends 11/11/18

How does the War end?

What are American’s doing at home? The entire U.S.

_______________ was focused on the war effort

In the process, the power of the U.S. government _____________

Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

What are Victory Gardens?Food Administration (FA)

declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “_________________”

Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public _______________

Farmers grew almost 30% more by adding 40 million acres of farmland

What are Liberty bonds? The U.S. had two

major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war (________________)

The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort

The rest was raised through war ___________ sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

How did Women help the War Effort?

Took _________________jobs:railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers,

factory workers, and miners

served as volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross

Their service hastened the passage of the ______________ Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote

What are the Terms of the treaty? Big 4:

United States, Italy, _________, Britain

Met to establish treaty of ____________

Hall of Mirrors

What did the Treaty of Versailles say?9 new nations established

includes: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire empires are no more

_______________________:

Cannot maintaining an army

give Alsace-Lorraine back to France

Must pay _________billion in reparations to the Allies

The Big Four met at Versailles

What legacy is left by WWI? The propaganda campaign provoked powerful _____________ in society

created political instability and violence for many countries

____________ -1st communist state

Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict

WWI 1914-1918

22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded.