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Science 10 Unit D ‐ Climate of 16 Student Notes

Science 10

Unit D Climate & Energy

This Booklet Belongs to: ________________________________


1.1: Climate results from interactions among the components of the biosphere. There is a vast difference between weather and climate: WEATHER: _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ CLIMATE: the average weather conditions of a region over at least 30 years.

Weather and climate occur because of interactions within our biosphere. BIOSPHERE: the parts of earth that have the conditions suitable for supporting life. It is made up of three parts

that are cycled using energy from the sun. The three structural zones that make up our biosphere:

Atmosphere: Air o __________________________________________

Lithosphere: Earth o __________________________________________

o __________________________________________

Hydrosphere: Water o __________________________________________

A. Atmosphere: A mixture of gases extending about 500 km from the surface of Earth

a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________

Layers of the Atmosphere o _________________________

Gets really hot (up to 1500ᵒC) Auroras (caused by earth’s magnetic field)

o __________________

Temp decreases

o ________________________ (10 to 50 km)

Temp increases as you go up in this layer

Contains __________ (O3) gas (ie. ozone layer)

o ____________________ (0 to 10 km)

Average temp (15 ̊ C)

Nearly all life contained in this layer

Auroras: o Auroras are caused by charged _____________________ by the sun. Thankfully, these particles are

deflected by the Earth’s _______________________. o These _______________________‐ at the poles where they excite air molecules to produce

beautiful streams of plasma called “_______________‐”.


______________________‐ o In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

o This is one reason for the upper limit of plant growth on mountains and the formation of

glaciers at high altitudes.

o Conditions in the atmosphere can cause temperature to change; An

___________________________________________________________.

B. Lithosphere

o The solid part of the earth – floats on the semi‐ molten mantle layer

o Life is found to depths of several ______________ o The Crust is the location of _______________.

C. Hydrosphere o ____________________________________

o _____________________________

o ____________ (most of which is frozen as mountain glaciers and continental ice sheets)

1.2: Climate Why is it that developing nations have the largest populations despite the smaller land masses, whereas areas

like Northwest Territories have very small populations, in such a large land mass? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why are there different organisms and animals that live in different parts of the world? List at least 2 examples

in your response: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organisms have certain specific adaptations for the environment that they live in. For example:

Dry:

Wet:

Cold:

Hot:

Assignment:

1. C&R Pg348 #1,3,5,7,10


Answer the following questions: 1. Do all adaptations have to be physical? ______ 2. If no, what other type? ____________________________‐ 3. What do humans do for adaptation in various climates?

________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is there a cost difference in living in different climates?

________________________________________________________________________ 5. Does climate affect the food that people eat? Provide examples:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Climate Change

o ________________ is a change that occurs to the ___________ of a specific region over 30 years or more.

o ____________________ are recorded through recording _____________ data over time.

o Climate change is nothing new, we have ___________ of drastic changes in ________ over millions of year.

o ________________is collected by analyzing tiny bubbles in yearly layers of ice.

o Average _____________ can also be measured this way.

What types of evidence exist?

o _________________: relies on interpretations that people have provided. May be biased. )Ie. This year

is colder than last year; there is more snow this year than last etc)

o ________________: Unbiased, and is based on collected evidence that is analyzed by scientists looking

for factual trends.

Anecdotal Evidence Scientific Evidence

o o

Activities & Assignment:

1. Pg 354 #1‐6


2.1: Energy Relationships and the biosphere RADIATION is the __________________________________________________________________

• Defined as the mechanism of energy transfer in which atoms or molecules emit _________________________________.

• They release this energy only when they _________________________________ • Solar radiation consists of many different wavelengths affected differently as they enter the atmosphere

_____Insolation_______: Amount of energy received by the earths’ surface. Varies based on latitude and specific characteristics of the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Q: What causes the different seasons? Some people think that Earth is closer to the Sun in the summer and that is what causes the hot weather, but this is not true.

Earth is actually __________________________________________________________

However, these minimal changes do not affect our seasons. o Earth orbits around the sun in an _____________, not a circle.

Since Earth is tilted at so different concentrations of sunlight reach the surface.

This change of concentration of sunlight rays is what creates our different seasons. _________________________________: refers to the degree by which earth’s poles are tilted. So the angle of inclination of the earth is 23.5o. The earth takes a full year to orbit the sun. During one year, there are 4 seasons, each are marked by specific days we call solstice or equinox __________________: A point at which the poles are most tilted away or towards the sun.

June 21‐22: Summer Solstice (most hours of daylight in the northern hemisphere, and the least in the southern hemisphere.)

December 21‐22: Winter Solstice (least hours of daylight in the northern hemisphere, and the most in the southern hemisphere.)

___________________: A point when the number of daylight hours is exactly equal to the number of hours at

night.

March 21‐22: Spring equinox

September 22‐23: Autumnal equinox ______________________: Angle between a ray of sun hitting the earth’s surface and the perpendicular line on that surface.

This has a very large impact on the climate that is created on earth

As you move from the equator to the poles, the air temperature decreases.


Absorption and Reflection: The earth absorbs and reflects a lot of the sun’s rays. Some is absorbed and used, which some is reflected of various surfaces on earth and in the atmosphere. Albedo

• Albedo is a measure of ___________________________________________________________ • Light from the sun is either absorbed and converted to heat, or reflected back to space. • Snow, ice, clouds and suspended particles (e.g. volcanic ash) have high ___________________ • When light is reflected back to space, it can have a global cooling effect.

Natural Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in our atmosphere trap in heat radiated from earth. • GHGs include ___________________________________________________________.

• Without the greenhouse effect, earth would be covered completely with ice. Net Radiation budget As mentioned above, the earth and its’ atmosphere are responsible for absorbing as well as reflect the suns rays. The Net budget shows the different between incoming and outgoing radiation.

o Incoming Radiation: solar energy that reaches earths’ surface o Outgoing Radiation: thermal radiation re‐emitted (ie – not absorbed.

• Solar Energy entering the atmosphere – 51% is _______________________________________________ – 19% is __________________________________________________________________ – 6% is __________________________________________________

Some regions on earth have an unbalanced radiation budget due to latitude. For example Polar regions tend to always have lower insolation and higher albedo than other regions. This means the poles have net radiation budget deficit.

Assignment:

C&R pg 369, #1‐16 even


2.2: Thermal transfer in the atmosphere Thermal Energy Transfer – _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

• Ex. A cup of room temp water – A) placed in a fridge – B) placed in a preheated oven

Methods of Transfer

A. Radiation‐ ___________________________________________________________ – Can be reflected or absorbed

• Absorbing objects take in energy ( their molecules vibrate faster) • Objects reflecting light (have no change in Energy)

– Infrared radiation is emitted from any object that is hotter than its surroundings. B. Conduction – __________________________________________________________________

– vibrating molecules are colliding with one another.) C. ____________________ – particles (having thermal energy) are free to move from one location to another in a

fluid.

– As the particles move they create _________________________. (2 types air and water that we worry

about)

– Movement is due to change in _________________

– With the exception of water, increasing the temp of an object increases its volume and makes it less

dense.

– This causes warmer objects to rise.Ex. fireplace

Thermal Energy transfer in the atmosphere (Convection Currents) 1 – air sinks – _______________________________ low photons /m2 high albedo 2 – air rises – _________________________________ high photons /m2 low albedo 3 – air moves laterally to fill in the missing gaps as air moves in position 1 and 2.

• As the winds move across the surface of the Earth they change their direction as seen from the surface of the earth because the Earth is moving under them. See picture D2.212 on page 373 text

The Coriolis Effect

• Because the Earth is moving underneath the wind it ends up curving ________ if you are in the Northern

Hemisphere or __________ if you are traveling in the Southern Hemisphere.

• As the winds move across the surface of the Earth they change their direction as seen from the surface of the

earth because the Earth is moving under them.

Trade winds

Trade Winds are named from the direction the came from. They are due to a

combination of Convection currents and Coriolis Effect

1 – ______________________________

2 – ______________________________

3 – ______________________________

Jet Streams There are also high altitude fast moving winds called Jet Streams. These tend to move the other

Assignment:

C&R pg 375 #1‐10


lower winds around.

2.3: Thermal transfer in the hydrosphere

Heat and the Hydrosphere • Earth’s relatively moderate climate is largely thanks to the presence of so much water. • Water has the ability to store tremendous amounts of heat. (i.e. water has a high

________________________________ – the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

• Water’s specific heat capacity is 4.19 J/g∙oC • Water heated in the tropics flows north and dumps its heat. This reduces temperature extremes.

Waters`unique characteristics

• Water has a lot of cohesion (water molecules are attracted to each other) • This is because water is a ____________________________ (meaning that one end is more positive and the

other end is more negative.) • Water can be bent by ____________________________________ • The cohesion comes from ________________________ because of the attraction between the positive

hydrogen atoms and the negative oxygen atoms. • Water has ____________________: and attractive force between water molecules on the surface. • Because of water’s H‐bonds, it has a high melting point (0 degrees C) and a high boiling point (100 degrees C) • Ice is less ___________ than water, so it floats (the only substance that does this)

Calculating Heat Transfer • The amount of energy gained by a substance as it increases in temperature:

Practice Problems 1. How much energy is released when 55 g of water cools from 35ºC to 12ºC?

2. What mass of sea water could have its temperature lowered from 25 ºC to ‐10 ºC if it released 120 kJ of energy? (Note – Released energy is exothermic energy)

3. A 1000 g block of ice, at 25.0ºC, is warmed by 35 kJ of energy. What is the final temperature of the ice?

Q =

m =

c =

∆T =

TmcQ

Assignment:

Practice Problems: pg 379‐380 #1‐8

Worksheet on next page


SpecificHeatCapacityProblems

1. Howmuchenergyisreleasedwhena750gironpotcoolsfrom50.0ºCto15.0ºCafterbeingonthe

fire?(iron’sspecificheatcapacityis0.440 Jg °C

)

(‐1.16104J)

2. Howmuchenergyisneededtoheatenoughwatertomakeacupoftea(250mL),ifthewaterisinitiallyat20.0ºCandyouwanttoincreasethetemperatureto85.0ºC?(1.00mLofwaterhasamassof1.00g.)

(6.8104J)

3. Astheteainthepreviousquestionsteeps,itcoolsfrom85.0ºCto75.0ºC.Howmuchenergyislostbytheteaasitsteeps?

(–1.05104J)

4. If100.0kJofenergyisusedtoheat500.0gofwater,whatisthetemperaturechangeofthewater?

(47.7C)

5. A1000gblockofice,at25.0ºC,iswarmedby35kJofenergy.Whatisthefinaltemperatureoftheice?Challenge!(mayneedtwosteps)

(–7.5C)


6. Howmuchwatercanbeheatedfromitsmeltingtoitsboilingpointbyadding2.75106Jofenergy.Hint,whatiswater’smelting/boilingpoint??

(6.56kg)

7. Howmuchheatwouldberequiredtowarm1000kgofpurewaterfrom5°Cto37°C?a) 134080kJb) 7637.2kJc) 134.1kJd) 32000kJ

8. Whatwouldbethetemperaturechangeofamassof15gofpurewaterif2.75kJofheatwereapplied?a) 183°Cb) 172.8°Cc) 43.76°Cd) 0.043°C

TheoryQuestions:

9. Whichsubstance100gofmoistair,100gofwater,or100goficewillexperiencethegreatesttemperaturechangeif100Jofenergyisusedtowarmit?Why?

10. Imaginethatyouhavea500gironpot(c=0.440 Jg °C

),a500gcopperpot(c=0.385 Jg °C

),and

a500galuminumpot(c=0.897 Jg °C

).Youfilleachpotwith250mLofwaterandheatthewater

to100ºConastove.Whichpotwillkeepthewaterwarmthelongest?Explainyouranswer.


Energy Transfer in the hydrosphere: • Earth’s hydrosphere undergoes a constant cycle involving _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ • The sun provides the energy that drives the process of the _____________________________.

Phase Changes

• The hydrologic cycle involves changes in phase that either absorb energy (endothermic) or release energy (_______________).

Energy Released = negative = exothermic Energy Absorbed = positive = endothermic Water’s Heating Curve:

• While water is changing states it’s temperature does not change • e.g. when water is melting all of the surrounding heat is used to change ice to liquid, not to heat it up.

1000C

00C

Time


Terms Heat of fusion: _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ Heat of vaporization: ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Calculations: Practice Problems:

1. How much energy is released when 2.05 mol of water vapor, at 100C, condenses with no change in temperature?

2. How much energy is absorbed when 4.50 mol of liquid nitrogen vaporizes (Hvap = 5.56 kJ/mol) with no change in temperature?

3. If 175 kJ of heat caused a chunk of ice at 0ºC to melt to liquid water at 0ºC, how many moles were in the ice?

Assignment

Practice Problems Pg 386 #9‐15


Water Cycle Terms o Precipitation

• _______________________ falling in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew...

o Groundwater • water on the surface or just below the surface lakes,

rivers, oceans, aquifers, artesian wells… o Evaporation

• _________________________________________ _________________________________________

o Condensation • Water vapor that forms into water droplets when __________

o Cellular Respiration • the process in which living organisms convert the energy of sugars into energy used by

_______________________________________ o Transpiration

• the _______________________ through the leaves of plants

2.4: Biomes

• The Earth’s Biosphere can be divided into different regions called Biomes depending on Temperature,

precipitation and plants and animals.

• Biomes are open systems because they exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. (the

hydrosphere is a closed system)

The cell is an open system like a biome

• Biomes may change due to additional factors: soil types , topography, and human activity.

• Dividing the Earth into Biomes helps scientists discover interactions between matter and living things

as well as other Biomes

Fill in the following tables with the characteristics of each Biome.

Tundra

Location Climate Plants Animals Adaptations

Taiga


Assignment

• Practice Problems 386‐387 #9‐15

• Pg 390 # 12‐22


Deciduous Forest


Grassland (Prairie – like Alberta)


Grassland (Savanna – like Africa, Central America & Australia)


Rainforest


Desert


Science 10 Unit D of 16 Student Notes

2.5: Analyzing Energy Flow Define Climatograph: ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ List factors that determine the climate of an area:

2. Insolation: dependent on latitude of region as well as other factors like cloud cover and atmospheric dust

3. Global wind patterns 4. Pattern of warm and cold currents in Earth’s oceans.

Using the rest of this sheet, construct a climatograph of Victoria, BC and Edmonton, AB using data on page 406. There are examples of climatographs on pages 403 and 404.

Science 10 Unit D of 16 Student Notes

Section 3.0 Human Impact on Global systems List some human sources of GHG’s. CO2: Fossil Fuel Combustion

• __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________

CH4: Decay without oxygen present

• __________________________

N2O:

• __________________________

• __________________________ Due to human activities, carbon dioxide and other GHG’s are ____________________________. Average global temperature __________ by about ________ oC over the last century.

Predicting the Future: Trying to predict how a complex system will behave in the future depends on:

• past patterns • knowledge of the present state of the system • understanding how the system works

Scientists use computer models to try to predict how earth’s climate will behave in the future.

International Efforts to reduce human impact on Climate change THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

• phase out CFC’s (a GHG) • first major international agreement addressing earth’s atmospheric health

U. N. FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE • laid ground work for an international action plan to address ________________ • focused on _____________ development (using resources without endangering future

generations) KYOTO PROTOCOL ON CLIMATE CHANGE

• U. N. treaty • Canada agreed to reduce GHG emissions to _____ below 1990 levels. • Emission‐reduction __________ (if you take GHG’s out of the atmosphere) – can be bought and

sold internationally

Human activities are adding to the GHG’s in the atmosphere – causing a general warming of the global climate

GHG’s include:

Assignment ‐ Unit D Review ‐ Prepare for Unit D final

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