unit eight protecting environment

I. Lead-in Questions

1. What does the current environment look 1. What does the current environment look like?like?

2. What is a sensible environmentalism?2. What is a sensible environmentalism?

3. What should we do to protect the 3. What should we do to protect the environment.environment.

II. Cultural Notes

1. Greenhouse

effect

1. Greenhouse

effect

2. Gaia hypothesis2. Gaia hypothesis

greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect

The phenomenon whereby the earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth’s surface.

It is believed that it will cause a rise in temperature of the earth and its atmosphere, known as global warming.

Gaia Hypothesis

Gaia was the ancient Greek’s earth goddess, who bore and married Uranus and became the mother of the Titans and the Cyclope. In Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth(1979), James E. Lovelock, the British scientist, put forward Gaia theory. He suggested that the earth is a self-regulating organism, like the human body, and if mankind disturbs the earth’s ecological balance, the earth would in return weaken man’s domination.

III. Language Points

WordsWords

1. conflict: n/v. being in a disagreement, collision, or opposition 不一致，冲突e.g. Their accounts of the event conflicts with each other. 他们对事件的说法互相矛盾。My brother and I have a personality conflict. 我和我哥哥性格不和。

WordsWords

Come into conflict with 和冲突 In conflict with 同相冲突，有抵触。

WordsWords

2. propose: v. 1) to put forward a suggestion, a plan, etc.

or intend to do sth. 提议、建议 , 打算 2) offer oneself in marriage 求婚e.g. He proposed to open a café. 他打算开一

家咖啡馆。 He proposed that we should start early.

他提议我们早点出发

WordsWords【扩展衍生词】Proposal 提议，建议e.g. Her proposal to travel to Indonesia was turned down by her husband in consideration of the tsunami attack. 考虑到海啸灾害，她丈夫不同意他去印尼旅行的计划。

WordsWords

【扩展衍生词】 Proposition 提案；主张，定理，命题 Propose a toast for somebody’s health 提议为某人的健康干杯

WordsWords

3. distinguish: recognize the difference (between….)You should be wise enough to distinguish good from evil.你应该有足够的能力区分善恶The twin are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.这对孪生儿长得很像 , 无人能分辨出谁是谁 . 。

WordsWords

Related words or phrases:Be distinguished as 辨明为 , 称之为 Be distinguished by 以… .. 为特征Be distinguished for 以 … .. 而著名 Be distinguished from 与… .. 加以区别Distinguish… from… 辨别 , 识别 Distinguish oneself. 使自己出名 , 使自己与众不同

WordsWords

4. consequence: n. the result or effect of an action or condition 结果，后果e.g. Her investment had disastrous consequences. She lost everything she owned.他的投资结果很惨，血本无归。 High unemployment rate may have harmful consequences for social stability.高失业率可能会给社会稳定带来不利的影响。

WordsWords

Related words and phrases: Answer for the consequences 对后果负责As a consequence 因而，结果 In consequence 因此，结果In consequence of 由Of consequence 重要的

WordsWords

5. sentimental: adj. Showing or affected by emotion rather than reason 感伤的，多愁善感e.g. a sentimental person 多愁善感的人for sentimental reasons 出于情感上的缘故strike a sentimental note 发出感伤的调子a sentimental novel 感伤小说

WordsWords【扩展衍生词】

Sentiment 感情，感伤 Sentimentality 感伤，多愁善感 Sensible 明智的 Sensibility （常用复数）情感，敏感性Sensitive 敏感的，灵敏的 Sensuous 激发美感的，给人以美的享受的

WordsWords6. contemporary: adj current; modern 现代的，当代的 n. of the same time 同时代的（人）e.g. Contemporary cars are more streamlined than older ones.当代轿车要比以往的轿车更具流线型。 Shelly and Keats were contemporaries 雪莱和济慈是同时代的人。

WordsWords7. excess: n more than the reasonable degree or amount 超越，过量，过度，无节制e.g. An excess of fat in one’s diet can lead to heart disease.饮食中脂肪过量会导致心脏病。 Every month he spent in excess of his income and had to borrow money from his friends from time to time.他每个月总是开支多于收入，因此不得不不时地向朋友们借钱。

WordsWordsRelated words or phrases:Excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，极度的In excess of 超过 e.g. a population in excess of two millionTo excess 过度。过分 e.g. Don’t carry your grief to excess. 不要过分悲哀。

WordsWords8. current: adj. Occurring in or existing at the present time 当前的，现在的 n. body of moving water, air etc. esp. passing through still water. 流，水流，气流 General tendency or course of events, opinions, etc. 趋势，倾向e.g. She keeps the habit of reading articles on current events.他一直保留着阅读实事报道的习惯。 He is satisfied with his current life. 他对目前的生活很满意。

WordsWords

Related words or phrases:Be against the current 逆流而行，不同流俗 Go(swim) with the current 随波逐流The current of events 事情的进展 The current of time 时代潮流

WordsWords9. accommodate: vi. To adapt 使适应，使迁就vt. To hold 供给，容纳e.g. The union has made every possible effort to accommodate the management.工会极力迁就资方。 This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. 这个宾馆能容纳 500 人。

WordsWordsRelated words or phrases:Accommodation n. 膳食供应；适应，调节Accommodate oneself to new conditions 使适应新环境Be accommodated to=be adapted to= be adjusted to= be oriented to=fit in with=frame to/into

WordsWords10. concern: n. matter of interest or importance to one （利害）关系，所关切的事vt. to be related with; to influence somebody涉及，对有关系，使关心 / 担心 / 挂念

WordsWordse.g. He doesn’t bother about things that don’t concern him. 对那些无关的事他不去烦心。 Leifeng’s only concern was our socialist motherland and the people.雷锋一心关心的事我们的社会主义祖国和人民。

WordsWordsRelated words or phrases:Be concerned in sth. 和某事有牵连Concern oneself with state affairs 关心国家大事Have no concern with sb. 同某事没有关系A matter of the utmost concern 头等要事

WordsWordsAn important concern 要事Show concern for sb. 对某人表示关心Feel concern over sth . 对感到忧虑As concerns 关于 : As concerns that matter, I should like to say…… 关于那件事，我想说

PhrasesPhrases

1. in the name of: for the reason of; using the excuse of e.g. American troops invaded Iraq in the name of maintaining peace and order. 美军以维护和平稳定的名义入侵了伊拉克。 He made the invitation in the name of his father. 他以他父亲的名义发出了邀请。

PhrasesPhrases

2. call for : require, demand 需要，要求e.g. The situation calls for prompt/immediate action.形势所迫，必须立即采取行动。 Scientific experiment calls for endless patience and carefulness.科学实验需要极大的耐心和悉心。

PhrasesPhrases

Related phrases:Call a spade a spade 直言不讳Call after 以…… . 命名e.g. They called the baby John after his grandfather.他们以他的祖父的名字约翰来命名这个婴孩。

PhrasesPhrases

Call forth: 唤起，引起National oppression inevitably calls forth the resistance of the broad masses of the people.民族压迫必然会引起广大群众的反抗。Call forth all one’s energy 全力以赴Call off 取消 . 。 Call up 使人想起。On call 随叫随到的，待命的e.g. The community clinic has doctors on call at any hour. 。

PhrasesPhrases

3. to the point of : to a degree that can be described as….. 到的程度e.g. His manner was abrupt to the point of rudeness.她举止唐突，近乎粗鲁。 To accomplish the task, they worked to the point of exhaustion.为了完成任务，他们工作到了心力交瘁的地步。。

PhrasesPhrases

To an extend that 达到的程度e.g. The carpet was badly stained to such an extent that you could not tell its original color.这块地毯已经脏的辨认不出原来的颜色了。On the point of:濒于，即将e.g. This specie is on the point of extinction.这个物种濒于灭绝。

PhrasesPhrases

4. in part: to some extent; partly 在某种程度上，部分地e.g. The accident was due in part to the driver’s carelessness.事故部分是由于司机的疏忽引起的。The article runs in part as follows:…….文章的一部分内容如下：

PhrasesPhrases

On the part of 就而言；在一边e.g. The agreement has been kept on our part. 我们这方面遵守了协议。Part and parcel 重要 / 必要 /基本的部分e.g. Metaphysics is part and parcel of the idealist world outlook.形而上学是唯心主义世界观的组成部分。

PhrasesPhrases

Take part in参与；参加e.g. He takes an active part in all kinds of collective activities. 他积极参与各种集体活动。The best part 最大 /最多的部分e.g. He lay idle for the best part of the week.他一周大部分时间都无所事事。

IV. Comprehension IV. Comprehension

122

1. 1. Text Organization Text Organization Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas

Part 1 Paras 1-5 It is important to distinguish between environmental necessities and environmental luxuries and apply the fundamental principle of sensible environmentalism.

Part 2 Paras6-11 A sensible environmentalism does not sentimentalize the earth.

Part 3 Paras12-14 Man is the master of nature.

2. Main Idea2. Main Idea

.

We should adopt a sensible environmentalism.

3. 3. Paraphase Paraphase .

1) Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge.

The current debate refers to the debate on the unique values of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge in the late 1980s and early 1900s both in and outside the US Congress. The bill to permit the exploration of oil there finally passed in Congress in 2001.

2) But it is no more than that But its importance should not be

exaggerated.

5. 5. Rhetorical Device Rhetorical Device .

In this unit, we will learn some argumentative methods.

The argumentative methods employed in Text are as follows: contrast, concession , quotation, definition, cause and effect, data.

Concession: “ The country does need a substantial energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too.”(Para 8)

Quotation: Para8 quotes Protagoras ‘s principle: “ Man is the measure of all things.”


Definition: “ The definition of “Luxuries” in Para2


Cause and effect : Green house effect leads to “ melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disturbed climate”


6. Writing Technique6. Writing Technique

.

How to write a persuasive essay The porpose of persuasive writing is to

state an opinion which you are going to defend and to offer supporting evidence in order to convince the reader to agree with you. There are three steps that you should take to produce a good persuasive essay.

1. Write your thesis clearly at the beginning of the essay. The thesis is your statement of purpose and it will serve to guide you in writing the entire paper.

2. Give facts or other useful data to support your thesis. This can be done in several paragraphs in order of importance or relevance to the thesis.

3. By tying together what has been discussed, conclude your essay with a restatement of the thesis or a forceful sentence that helps to drive your thesis home.

V. Post-reading Discussions

1. Are you for or against the environmental 1. Are you for or against the environmental protectionprotection??

2. What do you know about the green parties?

3. How will you employ those methods of argumentation in your own writing.?

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VI. Supplementary Reading Tasks －

.

http://www.51ppt.com.cn/




When fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, and fuel oils are burned, they emit oxides of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen into the air. These oxides combine with moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, and nitric acid. When it rains or snows, these acids fall on the earth in what is called acid rain.

During the 20th century, the acidity of the air and acid rain have come to be recognized as leading threats to the stability and quality of Earth;s environment. Most of this acidity is produced in the industrialized nations of the Northern Hemisphere---the United States, Canada, Japan, and many countries of Europe.

Acid Rain





The effects of acid rain can be very destructive to many forms of life, including human life. Its effects can be most vividly seen, however, in lakes, rivers, and streams. Acidity in water kills virtually all life forms. By the early 1990s, tens of thousands of lakes had been destroyed by aeid rain. The problem has been most severe in Norway, Sweden, and Canada.

Scientists use what is called the PH factor to measure the acidity or alkalinity of liquid solutions. On a scale from 0 to 14, the number 0 represents the highest level of acid. 14 represents the most basic or alkaline. Rainfalls in the eastern United States and in Western Europe often have a PH factor ranging from 4.5 to 4.0.

Acid Rain





The threat posed by acid rain is not limited by geographic boundaries. Winds carry the pollutants around the globe. For example, much research supports the conclusion that pollution from coal-powered electric generating stations in the midwestern United States is the ultimate cause of the severe aeid-rain problem in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Nor are the destructive effects of acid rain limited to the natural environment. Structures made of stone, metal, and cement have also been damage or destroyed. Some of the world’s great monuments have shown signs of damage. This damage is probably caused by acid rain.

Acid Rain





The cost of antipollution equipment such as burners, filters, and chemical and washing devices is great. However, the xost in damage to the environment and human life is estimated to be much greater because the damage caused by acid rain may be irreversible. Although preventive measures are being taken, up to 500,000 lakes in North America may be destroyed before the end of the 20th century.

Acid Rain





Comprehension Exercise Select the most appropriate answer for each of the

following questions

1. It can be concluded from the article that acid rain_____. A) is a problem that cannot be solved by ont country

alone B) is a threat that cannot be eliminated C) is the most important problem facing the world D) is causing severe problems in Africa

Acid Rain





2. The article tells us that the destruction of lakes by acid rain has been most severe where _____ .

A) there is the most industry B) the acid level of the rainfall is the highest C) wind is the strongest D) rainfalls are frequent

Acid Rain





3. We learn from the article that lakes are destroyed by acid rain because__________.

A) lakes cannot exist without life forms in the water B) acidity kills all forms of life whether on land or in

the water C) the surrounding vegetation is killed D) there is no oxygen in the water

Acid Rain





4. The only way to reverse the effects of acid rain is through .

A) education B) antipollution equipment C) measuring water acidity D) barring the use of fossil fuels

Acid Rain





5. The most danaging effects of acid rain may eventually be ____________.

A) loss of all rivers, lakes, and streams B) complete destruction of historical monuments C) some loss of human life D) the eventual destruction of civilization

Acid Rain





Most scientists are now certain that global warming is taking place. Gases such as carbon dioxide produced by burning of coal, oil, wood, together with industrial pollution, are creating a warm bllanket around the earth. This blanket is trapping heat in the atmosphere(the process known as “the greenhouse effect”), and so raising the temperature of the earth (global warming).

Global Warming May Not End up Being Warm at All





The evidence for global warming can now be seen in the world’s changing climate statistics. In Europe, eight of the last ten years have seen record high temperatures. For northern Europe, this has generally been a change for the better. Gardeners can now enen grow some tropical plants in England, though London may never see a “White Christmas” again. On the other hand, the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and those soutn of the Sahara desert are receiving even less rain than before. In sub-Saharan Africa the crops are drying out in the fields and people are dying of starvation.






In the Americas, the climate is becoming more extreme – the summers are getting hotter and the storms are becoming more violent.in 1999 the southern United States was struck by a series of destructive hurricanes, while the end of 1999 saw the worst follds ever in Venezuela. Meteorologists expect such trends to continue, and indeed to worsen, if global warming cannot be halted.

Global Warming May Not End up

Being Warm at All





In addition to worrying about rising global temperatures and more extreme weather conditions, scientists are closely monitoring sea levels around the world. These are slowly rising, as the northern and southern polar ice caps start to melt. This will have serious consequences for low-lying countries near the sea, such as the coral islands in the Pacific, and Bangladesh where the River Ganges already floods the delta every yerar. Already parts of these places are disappearing under the rising tides.


Being Warm at All





According to new research, one contradictory feature of global warming is that it will probably lead in the end to a period of much colder weather, at least in Europe. Scientists base their theory on what happened the last time the world warmed up, 8,300 years ago. They have discovered that when the ice melted from the northern polar ice cap it became trapped in an enormous lake in northern Canada. As more ice melted this lake suddenly burst open, releasing millions of tons of freezing fresh water into the North Atlantic. This flood of water was so large that it prevented the norman flow of water in the Atlantic, which takes warm water from the tropics north to Europe. When this flow of warm water was cut off, temperatures in Europe deopped by between three and eight degrees Celsius over the next two hundred years. Scientists believe that a similar process could occur in the next century if the Greenland Ice Sheet starts to melt. “ultimately, that’s the interest here,” says Richard Alley, an American climate expert. “The climate hasn’t varied much in 8,000 years. But the big changes could come back!”






Comprehension Exercise Select the most appropriate answer for each of the

following questions. 1. According to Paragraph 1, what is the relation between

global warming and the greenhouse effect? A) Global warming causes the greenhouse effect. B) The greenhouse effect causes global warming. C) Global warming and the greenhouse effect are both

types of industrial pollution. D) Glbal warming and the greenhouse effect are not

connected in any way.






2. According to Paragraph 2, the overall effect of global warming on Europe’s climate is _______

A) a decline in rainfall B) a more tropical climate C) a general improvement in the weather D) better for some countries and worse for others


Being Warm at All





3. Bangladesh is mentioned in Paragraph 3 because it is __________.

A) a country made up of coral islands B) a country with good sea defences C) a country threatened by rising sea levels D) a developing country


Being Warm at All





4. According to the Paragrph 4, the climate in Europe became dolder 8,300 years ago because ________.

A) global warming reversed, and so temperatures started to drop around the world

B) ice moved south to cover Europe and the North Atlantic

C) enormous lakes of freezing water covered Canada and Europe

D) melted ice in the North Atlantic stopped warm water from reaching Europe






5. According to the passage, scientists believe that global warming _______.

A) will definitely produce a colder Europe within 200 years

B) will probably produce a colder Europe in 8,000 years C) will definitely not produce a colder Europe D) will peobably peoduce a colder Europe eventually





unit eight protecting environment

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