unit ii: evolution and genetics. section 3-1 “asexual and sexual reproduction”

Unit II: Evolution and Genetics

Section 3-1 “Asexual and Sexual

Reproduction”

Lesson ObjectivesBy the end of this lesson students should be able

to:

I.) Describe the different modes of asexual reproduction

II.) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

III.) Identify organisms that reproduce asexually

IV.) Describe how asexual reproduction differs from sexual reproduction

V.) Explain that organisms produced asexually are genetically identical to their parents and siblings

Questions to Ask Yourself

I.) How do organisms reproduce asexually?

II.) How is asexual reproduction different from sexual reproduction?

III.) How similar are organisms that are produced through asexual reproduction?

IV.) Compare and contrast the different cell divisions (mitosis and meiosis) through sexual and asexual reproduction.

V.) Describe and classify the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and describe which one has genetic variation within its offspring.

VocabularyI.) Asexual Reproduction X.) Tuber

II.) Binary Fission XI.) Runner

III.) Budding XII.) Bulb

IV.) Sporulation

V.) Regeneration

VI.) Agriculture

VII.) Horticulture

VIII.) Forestry

VX.) Vegetative Propagation

NotesI.) How do organisms reproduce asexually?

Asexual Reproduction: The reproductive process that involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent.

a.) Organisms reproduced asexually are identical to each other and to the parent because there is only one original source of DNA.

b.) When an organism reproduces asexually, it creates an exact copy of itself through cell division called mitosis. A single parent makes a clone of itself through a process such as binary fission, budding, sporulation, or regeneration.

c.) Asexual reproduction is reproduction that does not involve fertilization.

d.) There are many different ways organisms reproduce asexually.

*What are some processes of Asexual Reproduction in nature?*


Binary Fission: Binary fission is the simplest type of asexual reproduction. During binary fission, a one-celled organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size.

a.) Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm divide equally.

b.) The chromosomes of the offspring are identical to that of the parent.

c.) Amoeba's, paramecia, and bacteria reproduce by binary fission!

Amoeba reproduction Bacteria reproduction

Videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th4v_Q1iHfY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTzH1P3aQjg






Exploration: Bacteria Reproduction, Double

Trouble

Read the passage “Getting to Know: Asexual Reproduction”.

Complete the assignment as listed under rss.discoveryeducation.com

Direction’s on “how to complete the assignment” will be given in class.


BUDDING: A type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent.

a.) The new organism, called the bud, is a tiny duplicate of the parent organism.

b.) In budding, the nucleus divides equally and the cytoplasm divides unequally.

c.)The bud and the parent may separate from each other or may remain together and form a colony.

d.) Budding occurs in unicellular organisms, such as yeast, and in multicellular organisms, such as the hydraHydra buddingYeast budding

Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZLHJZZZS-Y


SPORULATION: Spores are specialized asexual reproductive cells that contain a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm.

a.) Spores are surrounded by tough protective coats that enable them to survive unfavorable conditions, such as extreme heat or cold, for long periods of time.

b.) When environmental conditions become favorable, each spore can develop and produce by releasing spores.

c.) Some examples of sporulation can be fungi and ferns

Fungi

Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74HJsctdqFc


REGENERATION: Regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism.

a.) For example, in starfish, a single arm can develop into a new starfish.

b.) Starfish eat oysters and oyster fishermen once tried to kill starfish by cutting them into pieces.

c.) Instead of dying, each starfish piece grew into a new starfish. This is through the process of fragmentation by regeneration.

Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXeWxxfD4


Agriculture: the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Horticulture: the art or practice of garden cultivation and management.

Forestry: the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.

*Why are we learning these terms with asexual reproduction?*

Bulbs of Onion’s Runner Strawberry plant’sTuber Potato Plant


Vegetative Propagation: A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.

a.) Runner: strawberry type of asexual reproduction; where the parent organism sends out tendrils which can take root and grow into new organisms.

b.) Tuber: potato type of asexual reproduction; eyes of a tuber are areas where new organisms can sprout off from the original tuber.

c.) Bulb: An onion type of asexual reproduction; the parent bulbs create lateral buds or shoots, which can grow into new bulbs and grow into separate organisms.

*These plants are not the only types of runners, tubers, or bulbs.*

Video

The given processes (bulb, tuber, runner) are called Vegetative Propagation!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN_p20dDrnY

Exploration: One is not the Loneliest Number

Read the passage: How do Organisms Reproduce Asexually under the Explore Tab.

Complete the Exploration: One is not the loneliest number.

Directions on how to complete the assignment will be given in class.

ReviewI.) How do organisms reproduce asexually?

Organisms reproduced asexually are identical to each other and to the parent because there is only one original source of DNA.

When an organism reproduces asexually, it creates an exact copy of itself through cell division called mitosis. A single parent makes a clone of itself through a process such as binary fission, budding, sporulation, or regeneration.

Describe the different modes of asexual reproduction?

The different modes of asexual reproduction can include: Binary Fission, budding, sporulation, or regeneration. In plants, there can be runners, bulbs, and tubers.

Identify organisms that reproduce asexually

The different organisms that reproduce asexually are: bacteria, amoebas, yeast, hydra, fungi, and star fish. Some plants that reproduce asexually are: potatoes, strawberries, and onions.

III.) How similar are organisms that are produced through asexual reproduction?

Organisms reproduced asexually are identical to each other and to the parent because there is only one original source of DNA.

Sexual ReproductionBy the end of this lesson students should be able

to:

1.) Describe the process of sexual reproduction on a cellular level.

2.) Explain the difference between gametes and other (somatic) cells.

3.) Describe the process of pollination.

4.) Explain why sexual reproduction results in genetic diversity.

5.) Identify the main parts of a flower involved in pollination.

6.) Describe how various features of a flower encourage pollination.

Sexual ReproductionLesson Questions

I.) How are characteristics of one generation passed to the next?

II.) How can individuals of the same species and even siblings have different characteristics?

III.) Why do individuals of the same species vary in how they look, function, and behave?

IV.) How are gametes involved in sexual reproduction?

V.) How do plants reproduce sexually?

VI.) How does sexual reproduction lead to species diversity?

Sexual ReproductionWhat is Sexual Reproduction?

a.) As we know all living organisms reproduce, or living organisms would not exist.

b.) There are two main types of reproduction: Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction.

c.) Asexual Reproduction: is the reproduction that does not involve fertilization, is the reproductive process that involves one parent, and produces offspring identical (DNA) to the parent.

d.) Sexual reproduction: is a biological process in which organisms produce offspring by combining their genetic material (DNA).

e.) Sexual reproduction is the process of joining two haploid cells to form 1 diploid cell.

Sexual ReproductionHow are gametes involved in Sexual Reproduction?

a.) For Sexual Reproduction to occur, The male gamete (sperm) fertilizes the female gamete (egg or ovum) to produce an embryo that contains a combination of genetic material from both parents.

b.) Gamete = Sex Cell = combination of male and female sex cells = new individual.

c.) It is this mixing of DNA that leads to the creation of a unique individual that shares some, but not all, of each parent’s traits.

d.) Even full siblings, who are all the result of the combination of the same two sets of parental DNA, are not identical because each offspring is a different combination of the parental DNA.

e.) Sexual reproduction, therefore, leads to species diversity because of the wide array of genotypes and phenotypes it can produce.

Video: Reproduction, One of the Most

Important Animal InstinctsView the Video: Reproduction, One of the Most Important Animal Instincts

1.) Go to rss.discoveryeducation.com

2.) Click on MY DE SERVICES

3.) Click on SCIENCE TECHBOOK

4.) Click on Reproduction and Growth

5.) Click Sexual

6.) Click the Explore Tab

7.) Click on Explore more resources

8.) Click on the video

Sexual ReproductionHow are gametes involved in Sexual Reproduction?

a.) During sexual reproduction, a male gamete joins with a female gamete.

b.) This forms a fertilized egg, or zygote.

c.) The zygote contains genes from both parents.

d.) The zygote then develops into an embryo.

e.) The embryo eventually develops into a fully formed individual.

Concept Review

Gametes are the cells that combine to form a new individual during sexual reproduction. The female gamete (aka an egg) has half of the females genetic material. The male gamete (aka sperm) has half of the males genetic material. When the two cells combine (2 haploid cells), they create a new individual with a complete set of genetic material that is a combination of both the mother and father parents genetic material.

Video: GametesView the Video: Gametes





5.) Click Sexual

6.) Click the Explore Tab

7.) Read the Passage: How are Gametes involved in Sexual Reproduction

8.) Click on the View Animation: Gametes tab to the right of the passage

Sexual ReproductionWhat Is Phenotype and Genotype?

a.) Phenotype: is the "outward, physical manifestation”(aka How you look/appearance) of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, structures, metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors; anything that is part of the observable structure, function or behavior of a living organism.

b.) Genotype: This is the "internally coded, inheritable information” (aka DNA) carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("inheritable"). These instructions are intimately involved with all aspects of the life of a cell or an organism. They control everything from the formation of protein macromolecules, to the regulation of metabolism and synthesis.

Video: Mating Rituals of Tree Frogs

View the video segment “Mating Rituals of Tree Frogs”





5.) Click Sexual

6.) Click on the Engage Tab

7.) Scroll down to View

8.) Watch the video segment: Mating Rituals of Tree Frogs

*9.) You may view another video such as: Mating Rituals of Birds of Paradise

Sexual Reproduction

How does Sexual Reproduction Lead to Species Diversity?

Answer: When two individuals reproduce sexually, they create a new individual that has a unique combination of the parents’ genes. Therefore, sexual reproduction leads to variation among the members of a species.

Activity: Genes Make the Rabbit (Monday

Activity)Sexual reproduction results in greater genetic diversity. Because each offspring receives a unique blend of parental chromosomes, offspring are different from each other and from each parent. Genetic diversity is important. It helps species adapt and survive illnesses and changes in environmental conditions.

Question: Your cousin breeds rabbits to sell to pet stores. Sometimes her parent rabbits produce fancy offspring; sometimes they don’t. How can she get her ordinary rabbits to produce more of the fancy rabbits pet stores want to buy? To solve this Lab Activity…

*Complete the Activity: Genes Make the Rabbit.*

1.) This can be found under rss.discoveryeducation.com

2.) Go under MY DE SERVICES

3.) Go under Science Techbook

4.) Go under Reproduction and Growth

5.) Click on Sexual

6.) go under the Engage Tab, and read off Getting to Know: Sexual Reproduction.

7.) After, Complete the Virtual Lab: Genes Make the Rabbit.

Sexual ReproductionHow do plants reproduce sexually?

a.) Many plants reproduce sexually, including all plants that produce flowers or cones.

b.) That means that a female sex cell, or gamete, must join with a male gamete to produce offspring.

c.) Pollen contains male gametes. Wind, insects, or other animals carry the pollen. Some pollen reaches female flower organs. This is called pollination.

d.) When male gametes reach female gametes, they can join together. This forms a new cell. The cell divides many times. It grows into an embryo inside a seed. A new plant can sprout from the seed.

e.) In flowering plants, the pollen is located in the anthers, and the pollen lands on the female stigma and travels down a tube to reach the female gametes.

Video: All Living Things Reproduce: Plants,

green, growing, and giving life!

How do plants reproduce sexually?

1.) View the video segment: “All Living Things Reproduce (5:00).

2.) This video can be found under the engage tab.

3.) After, complete the Exploration: “Flower Power”

Exploration: Flower Power

How do plants reproduce sexually?

To Complete the given exploration:

1.) login to rss.discoveryeducation.com

2.) Click on MY DE services

3.) Click on Science Techbook

4.) Clock on Reproduction and Growth

5.) Click on sexual

6.) Click on the Explore Tab.

7.) Follow the instructions to complete “Flower Power”.

unit ii: evolution and genetics. section 3-1 “asexual and sexual reproduction”

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