unit ii water pollution

8/2/2019 Unit II Water Pollution

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Pollutions :introduction

An undesirable change in the physical

,chemical and biological characteristics of air

water and soil which affects human life .

Pollution may be result of human activities or

natural examples of natural pollution are

volcano eruption, floods etc .


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Sources of pollution

Solid waste as source of pollution

1. Industrial waste

2. Domestic waste

3. Sewage4. Agricultural waste

Liquid waste as a source of pollution

Gaseous waste as a source of pollution

Energy waste as a source of pollution

Noise as a source of pollution


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Cost of pollution

Medical care of health to meet the challenges

of pollution diseases such as

tuberculosis,typhoid,lung cancer,diarrhoea etc

Involvement of monetary funds and man

power for disposal and control of pollutants

Damage to agricultural resources

Damage to biodiversity

Damage to monuments


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Nature of pollutants

1. Decomposable or biodegradable:these arenaturally occurring organic compounds whichare degraded by biological or microbial agents

such pollutants include domestic waste ,deadremains of plants and animals ,food residualsetc.

2. Non-decomposable or non biodegradable:

These are not decomposed or destroyed over a longperiod of time these are simple waste such asiron,glass,plastic,polythene heavy metals etc


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Management of environmental

pollution

Few possible measures to manage environmentalpollution:

1. Environmental education must be made compulsory

2. Regular information about environmental problem

should be imparted through mass communicationmedia.

3. Specific standards for each of pollution should be set.

4. Protection of environment must be enforced by mass

awareness and by imposing constitution.5. Industries ,factories air ports and other such

establishment should be far away from the city tominimize pollution.


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6. Enterprises must be given legal and financialincentives to adopt antipollution measures

7. Adulteration of food products, drugs andgeneral commodities should be madepunishable offence.

8. Nuclear testing resulting in the production ofradioactive waste should be made punishableoffence.

9. Wildlife board and environmental cell should beestablish in all important cities to popularizeantipollution research.

10.Legal advices, scientific assistance andalternative procedures to reduce the use andrelease of pollutants should be made known.


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Water resources of India

Surface water

Surface water is water in a river, lake or freshwater wetland. Surface water is naturallyreplenished by precipitation and naturally lost

through discharge to the evaporation. Ground water

Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh

water located in the pore space of soil androcks. It is also water that is flowing below thewater table. (sometimes called "fossil water").


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Frozen water

Several schemes have been proposed to make

use of icebergs as a water source, Glacierrunoff is considered to be surface water.

The Himalayas, which are often called "The

Roof of the World", contain some of the mostextensive and rough high altitude areas onEarth as well as the greatest area of glaciersand permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of

Asias largest rivers flow from there, and morethan a billion peoples livelihoods depend onthem.


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Uses of fresh water

Agricultural Industrial

Household

Recreation


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Hydrological cycle


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The water cycle, also known as the hydrologiccycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuousmovement of water on, above and below thesurface of the earth. Water can change statesamong liquid, vapour, and solid at various placesin the water cycle. Although the balance of wateron Earth remains fairly constant over time,

individual water molecules can come and go, inand out of the atmosphere. The water movesfrom one reservoir to another, such as from riverto ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere,

by the physical processes of evaporation,condensation, precipitation, runoff, andsubsurface flow.


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Precipitation is any product of the

condensation of atmospheric water vapour

that falls under gravity. The main forms ofprecipitation include drizzle,rain,snow and

hail. It occurs when a local portion of the

atmosphere becomes saturated with water

vapour and the water condenses.

Sublimation is the process of transition of a

substance from the solid phase to the gas

phase without passing through an

intermediate liquid phase


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Water conservation can be defined as:

Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use or waste.

A reduction in water use accomplished byimplementation of water conservation or waterefficiency measures.

Water conservation is what that can reduce the scarcityof water. It aims to improve the efficiency of use ofwater, and reduce losses and waste.


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Goals

Sustainability. To ensure availability for future generations, thewithdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed itsnatural replacement rate.

Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, and wastewatertreatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In someregions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption isdevoted to water management

Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve

fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as wellas reducing the need to build new dams and other water diversioninfrastructure.


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Technical methods to conserve water


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WATER REUSE

Water reuse is the use of wastewater (sometimes called graywater) from one application for another application.

Some potential applications include other industrial uses incooling water at power plants and oil refineries or industrialprocess water for such facilities as paper mills and carpetdyers, toilet flushing, construction activities, concrete mixing,and artificial lakes.

Reused water can also be used in landscape irrigation,agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses such as fountains, andfire protection.


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RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rain Water Harvesting is capturing and storing rainfall to

irrigate plants or to supply people and animals.

A well-designed system will also decrease our landscape

maintenance needs. All we need for a water harvesting

system is rain, and a place to put it. A "catchment" is any large surface that can capture

and/or carry water to where it can be used immediately

or stored.

We can store water in a variety of ways: 55-gallon steeldrums, barrels or underground storage tanks.

Th N B i O i W


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The Next Business Opportunity - Water

Conservation

In the last five years, a growing number of progressive private-sector

companies have been increasingly making their presence felt in the area

of water conservation. As they develop new technologies for water-

related processes, they have also started to influence the process of water

regulation to ensure positive support for developing sustainable

technology in the field.

One group of companies, led by Nestle, are showing that they have a role

to play in developing a sustainable model for water utilization and in

helping formulate policy for the same. A second group is focusing on

technology to get more output per drop of water.

With the green revolution pushing up agricultural productivity, the

incremental increases in productivity of agriculture are vital, considering

that agriculture accounts for 80% of water requirements.

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WHERE THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE

The broadest range of opportunities for new products and services falls

into three areas: improving the productivity of water treatment and

distribution, of water-intensive industrial and power processes, or of

water usage in agriculture.

Global industrial players, such as ABB, GE, and Siemens, already have large

water businesses and continue to develop new products in this area for

large industrial users and water utilities. IBM provides technologies to

measure and track water efficiency efforts and to improve water

treatment and irrigation.

In 2009, PepsiCo conserved more than 12 billion liters of water through

efficiency improvements.

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Water conservation

Following strategies can be adopted for conservation ofwater

1. Decreasing runoff losses through contour cultivation,water spreading through channeling or lagoon-levellingChemical wetting agent (surfactants),surface crop residue,chemical conditioner like gypsum.

2. Reducing evaporation losses

3. Storing water in soil

4. Reducing irrigation losses

5. Reuse of water6. Preventing wastage of water


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Water pollution

Can be defined as a change in the quality or

composition of water directly or indirectly as a

result of mans activities ,so that it becomes

unsuitable for drinking ,domestic ,recreationaland agricultural purpose.


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Sources of water pollution.

Uncontrolled dumping of solid degradable andnon degradable waste

Indiscriminate flow of effluents from variousindustries

Deterioration of the self purification processof water.

Domestic waste : a common and widespread

source of water pollution is the discharge ofdomestic waste directly into the river could bebiodegradale or non biodegradable.


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Sewage :fluid consisting of human faecal matter,material and organic nutrient in a dissolved state

in a solid condition is called sewage. Industrial wastes: industries such as sugar, textile

petrochemical, chemical industries etc.conveniently discharge their effluents into water

bodies without any consideration ofconsequences. some of these effluents containtoxic chemical .

About 180 million liters of toxic effluents are

discharged every day into Periyar river in Cochinarea.


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Fertilizers and Detergents: a fairly large amountof fertilizers added to increase soil fertility is

washed off through the irrigation, rainfall anddrainage and ultimately reaches the rivers. Thesepollute the water and make it toxic.

Pesticides :the use of pesticides has a commonnow a days popularly used pesticides are DDT,Malathion etc. These are non bio degradable innature.

Radioactive waste: radioactive waste enter intothe water bodies in various ways eg processing ofuranium ore, wastes from radio isotopes usingresearch laboratories, or waste generated duringnuclear weapon testing


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Thermal pollution: pollution arising from

sudden increase in the temperature of water

is known as thermal pollution. Several

industries utilize water for cooling purpose

and release it to the river at higher

temperature such releases lethally affect theaquatic biotic communities.

Oil: pollution arising from oil spillage from

tankers in sea.


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Eutrophication: is the enrichment of the waterbodies resulting from addition of organic andinorganic nutrients.it leads to the increasedgrowth of algal blooms, which on their deathbecome a medium for bacterial growth and

for decomposition process.it in turn leads tooxygen depletion and associated form ofwater pollution .this result in the death anddecay of aquatic organism and consequently

the water become foul smelling and unfit forlife activities


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Effects of water pollution1. Domestic sewage : a number of epidemic diseases

such as cholera,thypoid,dysentery,diorrhoea,infectious hepatitis and jaundice arecaused by water pollution.

2. Industrial effluents: contains large amount of toxic

chemicals ,heavy metals and non biodegradablewaste. The toxic chemical are detrimental to aquaticlife to terrestrial life ,directly or indirectly and disturbthe whole ecosystem.eg heavy metal contamination

of water causes severe ailments of human beingmercury poisoning causes minamata disease detectedin Japanese soldiers consuming mercurycontaminated fish of minamata bay of japan.


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Methyl mercury causes numbness of limbs,lips and tongue of human ,deafness, blurring

of vision . Heavy metal causes cancer of liver and lungs.

3. Ground water pollution: seepage of industrialand municipal waste has contaminated theground water. Accumulation of nitrates inwater from fertilizers when consumed byman and animals are reduced to toxic form in

body and causes disease known asmethaemoglobinemia which is damaging ofrespiratory system resulting to suffocation.


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Excess fluoride in drinking water causes teeth

deformity and skeletal fluorosis in which

bones become stiff, hardened and joint painful.disease knock knee syndrome out ward

bending of knee ,in w.bengal the presence of

excess of arsenic in ground water causes blackfoot disease .chronic lead poisoning symptoms

include fatigue, weakness etc. Copper causes

hypertension and uremia and zinc causesvomiting and renal damage.


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4. Eutrophication: in nutrient rich water reservoirs,algae grow abundantly and develop water

blooms or algal blooms which, causes loss ofspecies diversity. Many blooming blue greenalgae secrete toxin in water and induce oxygendeficiency, as a result aquatic animal die.

5. Bio magnification :is a phenomenon throughwhich certain pollutants are accumulated intissues in increasing concentration along foodchain e.g. DDT an insecticide used to kill

mosquitoes .in an island of USA the regular useof DDT has been found to reduce the populationof fish eating birds.


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6. Thermal pollution: release of hot water form

thermal power stations and various

industries directly to the water bodies often

kills both aquatic plants and animals.


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Water borne diseases

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenicmicroorganisms that most commonly aretransmitted in contaminated fresh water.Infection commonly results during bathing,

washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, orthe consumption of food thus infected. Variousforms of waterborne diarrheal disease probablyare the most prominent examples, and affect

mainly children in developing countries;according to the WHO. Deaths due to waterrelated diseases in India are in the range of nearly80 percent.


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Water Related Diseases in India

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea remains the most prevalent water related disease inIndia. It mostly affects children under the age of 5 and often leadsto death.

Diarrhoeal infection is spread through food and drinking water that

has been contaminated. A diarrhoeal attack can last up to 2 weeks and leave the person

completely dehydrated.

Symptoms of diarrhoea include, severe dizziness, loss ofconsciousness, dehydration and pale skin, little or no urination andin some case bloody stool.

Diarrhoea can spread through multiple viruses that is found incontaminated water. The poorer sections of the society come indaily contact with this water and that is the why the rate ofdiarrhoea is highest amongst them.
http://www.onlymyhealth.com/diarrhea-causes-risks-1295951500.htmlhttp://www.onlymyhealth.com/diarrhea-causes-risks-1295951500.html


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II. Cholera

Thousands of people fall prey to cholera every year inIndia.

Cholera is a water related disease, and is diarrhoeal innature.

It can kill in hours if left unattended.

Cholera strikes when one ingests water that is infested

with the Vibrio Cholerae bacterium. Symptoms of cholera include watery bowels and fever

in certain cases.

Cholera can happen to both children and adults.

In India cholera related deaths are most common inplaces with shortage of good quality water. In 2010,nearly 140 people died of cholera in Odisha (formerlyknown as Orissa).


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III. Malaria

Malaria or Malarial fever is spread by thePlasmodium parasite mosquito that breeds inwater bodies like lakes. Stagnant water is anotherfavourite breeding ground for these parasites.

Malaria mostly kills children in India, as adultsslowly form some sort of immunity against the

parasite, over the years. Malarial fever symptoms include fevers, chills,

headaches and vomiting. Sometimes thesesymptoms are also coupled with anaemia.

A malarial infection shows only after a week haspassed. Therefore, treating it immediately is anecessity.
http://www.onlymyhealth.com/malaria-1295954156.htmlhttp://www.onlymyhealth.com/malaria-1295954156.html


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IV Filariasis

Filariasis is a parasitic disease and affects people wholive near unsanitary water bodies or sewages.

Filariasis is spread by mosquitoes that breeds in freshand stagnant water bodies and is the host of the filarialnematode worm. This worm affects humans and leadsto elephantitis.

Filariasis can lead to blindness, and rapid skinpigmentation and the filarial worms can affects variousparts of the body.

Filariasis is a concern for the rural population in India

whose major occupation is agriculture. Although Filariasis can be treated and prevented with

oral medicines.


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River Action Plans

The water quality data generated through National WaterMonitoring Programme and River Basin Studies carried outsince, 1980 indicated deterioration of water quality in riverinesegments and other water bodies. The water bodies notmeeting the desired water quality criteria are identified aspolluted river stretches/water bodies. The deviation of water

quality from the desired water quality criteria in the datagenerated for the river Ganga formed the basis for launchingGanga Action Plan (GAP). Subsequently, the river stretchesnot meeting the desired criteria are identified in all the majorriver basins. The identified polluted river stretches were

intensively surveyed by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to identify thesources of pollution such as Urban Centres and IndustrialUnits.


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National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) isimplementing the River Action Plans for restoration ofwater quality based on the findings of survey reports

submitted by CPCB/SPCBs. The thrust of NRCD istowards providing funds to state agencies forinterception, diversion and treatment of sewagedischarged to the water bodies from identified Urban

Centers. At present NRCD is implementing the ActionPlans in 157 cities and towns located along 30 rivers.The name of the rivers are Adyar, Cooum, Betwa,Bhadra, Brahmani, Cauvery, Chambal, Damodar, Ganga,Godavari, Gomti, Khan, Krishna, Kshipra, Mahanadi,Mandovi, Narmada, Pennar, Sabarmati, Satluj,Subarnarekha, Tapti, Tunga, Tungbhadra, Tambiraparni,Vennar, Vaigai, Walnganga, Yamuna and Musi.


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The schemes taken up by NRCD are related toMunicipal Wastewater Treatment and are progressingin various stages. The component of Industrial Effluents

contribution to polluted stretches is required to beaddressed by SPCBs through consent management andsurveillance. The SPCBs may compile information onIndustrial Effluents being discharged in the polluted

stretches in their respective states and come out with atime targeted plan to restore the water quality in therivers. The SPCBs may also carry out performancestudy of functional Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) toevaluate the efficacy of treatment systems. This

exercise shall be helpful in enforcement of treatmentstandards imposed by SPCBs and NRCD.


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h i l ( ) i i d f h l


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The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) originated from the personalintervention and interest of our late Prime Minister MrsIndira Gandhi who had directed the Central Board for thePrevention and Control of Water Pollution, now Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to do a comprehensivesurvey of the situation in 1979. CPCB published twocomprehensive reports which formed the base for GAP inOct 1984 but was not presented to the nation formally dueto assassination of Smt Indira Gandhi.

In Feb 1985, the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) with thePM as Chairman was formed, with an initial budget of Rs350 crore to administer the cleaning of the Ganga and torestore it to pristine condition by our late PM Sh RajivGandhi. In June 1985, the Ganga Project Directorate (GPD)

was established as a wing of the Department ofEnvironment. GAP was launched on June 14, 1986 by ShRajiv Gandhi at Varanasi.

F il f h GAP


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Failure of the GAP

The Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 by theGovernment of India has not achieved any successdespite expenditure of approximately 2,000 crorerupees. Even though the government claims that theschemes under the Ganga Action Plan have beensuccessful, ground realities tell a different story. Thefailure of the GAP is evident but corrective action is

lacking. The GAP I was extended as GAP II from 1993 onwards

covering 4 major tributaries of Ganga, namely, Yamuna,Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. The program wasfurther broad-based in 1995 with the inclusion of other

rivers and renamed as National River Conservation Plan(NRCP). Ganga could not be cleaned but 34 other rivershave been taken up for cleaning with the same failedmodel of GAP.


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Objective of GAP

The objectives of the GAP were broad: to

abate pollution and improve water quality, toconserve biodiversity and develop an

integrated river basin management approach,

to conduct comprehensive research to furtherthese objectives, and to gain experience for

implementing similar river clean up programs

in other polluted rivers in India.


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The functions of the NRCA are as follows:

To lay down, promote and approve appropriate

policies and programs (long and short term) toachieve the objectives.

To examine and approve the priorities of theNRCP.

To mobilize necessary financial resources.

To review the progress of implementation ofapproved programs and give necessary directions

to the Steering Committee, and To take all such measures as may be necessary

to achieve the objectives.


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k b lh


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Steps taken by Delhi

Government: water pollution

Major sources: Domestic sewage and Industrialeffluent.

The Govt. of Delhi has ensured that more than 1200industrial units have installed effluent treatment plants

to treat their industrial wastewater. 11 CommonEffluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) which treatwastewater generated from 15 industrial areas, arebeing monitored every month

23 Sewage Treatment Plants of 512 MGD(million gallonper day) capacity, which have been installed to treatthe sewage, are been monitored every month


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Water Pollution..contd.

Interceptor sewer concept is being

implemented by DJB on 3 major drains

(Najafgarh, Supplementary and Shahadra drains)

to keep Yamuna river clean.

DPCC conducts monthly Water QualityMonitoring of River Yamuna and Drains and

informs the concerned agencies to take

corrective action

unit ii water pollution

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