Unit IV:Sensation & Perception

Mrs. O’ConnorAP Psychology

Do-Now:(Discussion)

If you had to sacrifice one of your five senses:

Sight Hearing Touch Smell Taste

Which one would it be? Why?

“Fraser’s Spiral”

“Fraser’s Spiral”

Why does this image appear to be a spiral?

Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation: What occurs when a stimulus (change in

environment, to which an organism responds) activates a receptor

Perception: The organization of sensory information into

meaningful experiences

“Fraser’s Spiral”

In viewing “Fraser’s Spiral:” What are we sensing?

What are we perceiving?

How do we use sensation and perception together to understand our world?

“The Disappearing Circle”

“The Disappearing Circle”

When focusing on the black dot, why does the

outer grey circle appear to fade away?

Sensory Adaptation

Sensory Adaptation: Senses tuned to change; adaptable

Responsive to increases and decreases of stimuli

E.g.: Eyes adjust to darkness in a movie theatre Skin adapts to coldness of ocean water

Sensory Adaptation

Can you think of other examples of how our senses adapt to changes in external stimuli?

What would happen if we did not have “sensory adaptation?”

Without Sensory Adaptation..

Without sensory adaptation, the human body would be overloaded with stimuli.

For example, right now we would be feeling the constant pressure of the

clothing we are wearing, the chairs on which we are seated, etc.

“The Stroop Effect”(Part A.)

“The Stroop Effect”(Part B.)

“The Stroop Effect”

Why is it more difficult to name the colors in “Part B.?”

The “Stroop Effect” illustrates how difficult it is to ignore some kinds of stimuli

You were receiving two stimuli – the color and the word – which compete and slow you down when you try to name the color

Review

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

What is sensory adaptation? Why do humans adapt to stimuli?

The Human Eye

Lens The lens sits directly behind the pupil. This is a clear layer that focuses the light the pupil takes in. It is held in place by the ciliary muscles, which allow the lens to change shape depending on the amount of light that hits it so it can be properly focused.

Cornea The cornea is the outer covering of the eye. This dome-shaped layer protects your eye from elements that could cause damage to the inner parts of the eye. The cornea also allows the eye to properly focus on light more effectively.

Retina This is made of rods and cones arranged in layers, which will transmit light into chemicals and electrical pulses. The retina is located in the back of the eye, and is connected to the optic nerves that will transmit the images the eye sees to the brain so they can be interpreted

Pupil The pupil appears as a black dot in the middle of the eye. This black area is actually a hole that takes in light so the eye can focus on the objects in front of it.

Iris The iris is the area of the eye that contains the pigment which gives the eye its color. This area surrounds the pupil, and uses the dilator pupillae muscles to widen or close the pupil. This allows the eye to take in more or less light depending on how bright it is around you. If it is too bright, the iris will shrink the pupil so that they eye can focus more effectively.

Sclera The sclera is commonly referred to as the "whites" of the eye. This is a smooth, white layer on the outside, but the inside is brown and contains grooves that help the tendons of the eye attach properly. The sclera provides structure and safety for the inner workings of the eye, but is also flexible so that the eye can move to seek out objects as necessary.

Optic Nerve- The nerve that carries neural impulses from the

eye to the brain.

Ciliary Body (muscle)- The ciliary body also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on something. This process is called accommodation.

How does Vision Work?

https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/how-does-vision-work.html

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The Ear

https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/mechanics-of-hearing.html

The ear has external, middle, and inner portions. The outer ear is called the pinna and is made of ridged cartilage covered by skin. Sound funnels through the pinna into the external auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones in the middle portion of the ear to vibrate, and the vibrations are conducted to the nearby cochlea. The spiral-shaped cochlea is part of the inner ear; it transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.

The fluid-filled semicircular canals (labyrinth) attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the brain. The eustachian (auditory) tube drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat (pharynx) behind the nose.

Crash Course Review

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unWnZvXJH2o