unit ix: the adventures of ulysses, romulus, …...316 u n i t i x the adventures of ulysses,...

Gia

nni D

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Unit Objectives• To learn the forms of third declension

neuter nouns

• To learn the third declension i-stemnouns of all genders

• To learn the forms of third declensionadjectives

• To learn how the context of a Latinword can change its basic meaning

• To learn about the ablative of respect

• To learn more about Greek and Romanlegends and history

• To learn about Roman food and meals

313

Ulysses at the court of King Alcinousin Phaeacia. At the left, King Alcinouscommands the blind minstrel Demodocusto stop recounting the woes of the Greeksat Troy, since Ulysses (center) cannotcontrol his grief. The rest of the court isamazed to see so brave a hero weep.

Annß in ¬nsul¤ quam Circ± r±xit ¤ctß, Ulix±s ad S¬r±n±s1 v±nit. S¬r±n±scorpora avium2 et capita puell¤rum habu±runt. Carmina pulchra can±bant3,quibus nautae mßt¬ n¤v±s ad saxa4 vert±bant. Hßc5 modß v¬tam ¤mitt±bant.

Sed Ulix±s d± S¬r±nibus ¤ Circ±6 monitus erat. Per¬culß prßv¬sß, aur±s7

socißrum c±r¤8 clausit sed nßn su¤s9. Iussit man¥s10 ped±sque sußs9 ad n¤vemlig¤r¬. Hßc modß carmina S¬r±num cl¤r± aud¬vit neque v¬tam ¤m¬sit.

Poste¤ soci¬ Ulixis interfect¬ sunt, et Ulix±s sßlus ad ¬nsulam parvam¤ctus est in qu¤ habit¤bat r±g¬na pulchra cui11 nßmen erat Calypsß. R±g¬naUlixem nßn d¬m¬sit. Itaque Ulix±s ibi octß annßs—longum temporisspatium—rem¤nsit. Sed tum Iuppiter r±g¬nam iussit Ulix¬ n¤vem par¤re.Hßc factß, Ulix±s exped¬tus r±g¬nam rel¬quit.

Sed n¤vis und¬s fr¤cta est ad ¬nsulam cui11 nßmen erat Phae¤cia12.Vulneribus imped¬tus, homß miser vix13 corpus in silvam f¬nitimam adfl¥men trahere potuit, ubi somnum14 c±pit.

Interim Nausicaa15, f¬lia r±gis Phae¤ciae, cum ali¬s16 puell¬s carrß adfl¥men prßc±d±bat, quod in fl¥mine vest±s lav¤re17 cup¬vit; nam tempusm¤trimßn¬ Nausicaae aderat. Ubi vest±s in fl¥mine l¤v±runt, labßreintermissß, Nausicaa pilam18 ad reliqu¤s puell¤s in ßrdine iaci±bat. Sedpuella quaedam19 in fl¥men pilam i±cit. Cl¤mßribus puell¤rum ab Ulixeaud¬t¬s, Ulix±s nßn dubit¤vit sed pilam ex aqu¤ serv¤vit. Puellae timidaefugere incipiunt quod is ob mala atque vulnera quae sustinuerat nßn iampulcher erat. Sed Nausicaa nßn territa ante Ulixem stetit et e¬20 gr¤ti¤s ±git.Vestibus plic¤t¬s, ad oppidum in ßrdine prßcess±runt. Ulix±s ab r±geAlcinoß21 acceptus est, cui fact¬s cl¤r¬s nßtus fuit. Paucßs di±s Ulix±s inPhae¤ci¤ m¤nsit. Tum Alcinous Ulixem ad patriam Ithacam m¬sit. Itaquepost v¬gint¬ annßs Ulix±s sßlus sine soci¬s ad patriam v±nit.

Ulixe in Ithac¤ v¬sß, Nept¥nus n¤vem in qu¤ Ulix±s tr¤nsport¤tus erat anteportum Phae¤ciae in saxum22 vertit. Portus ¬nsulae hßc5 imped¬mentß claususest neque poste¤ Alcinous et homin±s ¬nsulae n¤vig¤re potu±runt.

314 U N I T I X T h e a d v e n t u r e s o f u l y s s e s , r o m u l u s , r e m u s , a n d p y r r h u s

L e s s o n X L V

S¬r±n±s et Phae¤cia

Lesson

Objectives

• To learn more aboutthe travels of Ulysses

• To learn the forms ofthird declension neuternouns

1 the S¬´rens2 of birds3 would sing4 rocks (acc. pl. neut.)5 this (abl.)6 ablative7 ears (fem.)8 wax9 his (own)

10 hands11 whose (lit., to whom, to which)12 F±¤´shia13 barely14 sleep15 Nausic´¤ä16 other17 wash clothes18 ball19 one girl20 to him21 Alcinous (Alsin´ous) (abl.)22 a rock

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Questions1. What did the Sirens look like?2. What special power did their songs have?3. By whom had Ulysses been warned?4. How did Ulysses manage to hear the Sirens without danger?5. Whose island was Ulysses driven to next?6. How long did he remain there?7. Who ordered the queen to get a ship ready for Ulysses?8. What happened to the ship and where?9. Who found Ulysses and in what condition was he?

10. What was the special occasion for which the king’s daughter waswashing clothes?

11. What were the girls doing when they encountered the man?12. Why did Nausicaa thank Ulysses?13. How long did Ulysses remain with King Alcinous?14. For how many years had Ulysses been away from Ithaca?15. What happened to the Phaeacian ship in which Ulysses sailed? What

happened to the Phaeacians’ port?

L E S S O N X L V S ¬ r ± n ± s e t P h a e ¤ c i a 315

Ron

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Ulysses, tied to his mast by hismen, listens to the Siren’s song.(You can see, to the right, theflute played by one Siren.) Tothe left, another Siren, her bodycovered with feathers, holds upa tempting delicacy, a lobster.Around the ship swim fish anddolphins. Part of a mosaic fromCherchel, Tunisia.


Puellae timidae fugereincipiunt. The helmetedgoddess Minerva watchesUlysses come out of the water.Nausicaa looks ready to run.

Ron

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ca´put, ca´pitis n. head (capital, chief)car´men, car´minis n. song

cl¤´mor, cl¤mß´ris m. noise, shouting [cl¤mß]cor´pus, cor´poris n. body (corporation, corpse)fl¥´men, fl¥´minis n. river (fluid, flume)nß´men, nß´minis n. name (nominate, nominative)ßr´dß, ßr´dinis m. order, rank, row (inordinate, ordinary)tem´pus, tem´poris n. time (temporal, temporary)vulńus, vulńeris n. wound (vulnerable)

Verbs

clau´dß, clau´dere, clau´s¬, clau´sus close (clause, include)iaćiß, iaćere, i±ć¬, iac´tus throw, hurl (project, subject)

Third Declension: Neuter Nouns

In the third declension, as in the second, the nominative and accusativesingular forms of neuter nouns are alike. The nominative and accusativeplural both end in -a. These two rules hold true for all neuter nouns,regardless of their declension. The vocative, singular and plural, is like thenominative.

ENDINGS EXAMPLE

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

Nominative — -a corpus corporaGenitive -is -um corporis corporumDative -¬ -ibus corpor¬ corporibusAccusative — -a corpus corporaAblative e -ibus corpore corporibus

Oral Practice

1. Decline nßmen clarum.2. Tell the form(s) of fl¥minum, capita, tempus, l±g±s, vulner¬, nßmine,

carminis.

ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Quae nßmina fl¥minum Galliae cognßvistis?2. Corpore hominis inventß, m¬les ducem voc¤vit.3. Ob tempus ann¬ fr¥mentum tr¤nsport¤re nßn poter¤mus.4. Litterae variae qu¤s scr¬psist¬ mitt¬ cr¤s poterunt.5. R±x, victßri¤ barbarßrum territus, m¬lit±s tr¤ns fl¥men tr¤d¥xit.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. The river that you see is wide.2. Horses have large bodies but small heads.3. There were many wounds on the farmer’s body.4. Since the river is closed, grain can no longer be transported.

L E S S O N X L V S ¬ r ± n ± s e t P h a e ¤ c i a 317

Did You Know?

The Romans had several kinds of bread but did not eat bread with

butter. Some of these breads were suet bread, honey and oil bread,

cheese bread, large, grainy Cilician loaves, wafer bread, a soft and

salty raised bread called Cappadocian, pancakes, rolls baked on a

spit, and square loaves flavored with oil, aniseed, and cheese. Roman

bakers even made cookies for dogs!


• Many English words preserve the original Latin forms of thethird declension.

SINGULAR PLURAL

amanuensis amanuenses

apex apexes or apices

appendix appendixes or appendices

genus genera

index indexes or indices

insigne (rare) insignia

stamen stamens or stamina (with difference in meaning)

vertex vertexes or vertices

viscera (singular rare)

Nouns with their plurals in -s are consul, ratio, and manynouns in -or: doctor, actor, factor, labor, victor, etc.

• Explain contemporary, invulnerable, decapitate, capitalism,

capital punishment. What is a corporation? What is meant byincorporated? State two ways in which siren is used today.

• There is a town named Calypso in North Carolina.

L E S S O N x L V I P ± n e l o p ± 319

L e s s o n X L V I

P±nelop±

Lesson

Objectives

• To read about Ulysses’return to Ithaca andPenelope

• To learn the forms ofthird declension i-stemnouns

Ulix±s, n¤v¬ et soci¬s ¤miss¬s, corpore vulneribus cßnfectß, in patriamperv±nerat. Ad f¬nem itineris sed nßn labßrum perpetußrum v±nerat. Et c¬v±set host±s cr±did±runt1 Ulixem nßn iam v¬vum esse.

Pr¬mus qu¬ Ulixem v¬dit sed nßn cognßvit erat p¤stor cuius nßmen eratEumaeus. Ab Eumaeß Ulix±s nßn pauca d± uxßre2 P±nelop± et f¬lißT±lemachß aud¬vit. T±lemachus ab ¬nsul¤ tum aberat quod P±nelop± eum3

tr¤ns mare ad ultima r±gna c¬vit¤t±sque4 Graeciae m¬serat, in quibus loc¬sitinera faci±bat et Ulixem pet±bat. Per multßs annßs n¥llam f¤mam d± UlixeP±nelop± acc±perat. Interim5 mult¬ duc±s r±g±sque, cupidit¤te6 r±gn¬ Ulixisadduct¬, d± montibus Ithacae et ± ¬nsul¬s f¬nitim¬s conv±nerant et r±g¬nam inm¤trimßnium pet±bant. C¬v±s hßs7 host±s ± f¬nibus Ithacae sine auxiliß admont±s redigere nßn poterant. Itaque P±nelop±, capite submissß, d¬xit:

“Ubi vestem quam faciß cßnf±cerß, nßn iam dubit¤bß in m¤trimßniumdar¬.”

Itaque exspect¤v±runt. Sed cßnsilium P±nelopae fuit tempus trahere.Itaque nocte retex±bat8 vestem quam mult¤ d¬ligenti¤ texuerat. Post tr±s

1 believed2 wife3 him4 states, city-states5 meanwhile 6 by desire (for)7 these8 unwove

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Post tr±s annßs homin±scßnsilium Penelopaecognßv±runt, et Penelop±vestem cßnficere co¤cta est.A steadfast Penelope works ather loom while several suitors,dressed as Renaissance dandies,express their impatience anddissatisfaction at her progress.Above her head is Ulysses’deadly bow, and outside thewindow is the ship that hasbrought him back to Ithaca.N

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annßs homin±s cßnsilium P±nelopae cognßv±runt, et P±nelop± vestemcßnficere co¤cta est.

Hßc9 tempore Ulix±s n¤v¬ ad ¬nsulam Ithacam tr¤nsport¤tus est. Eßdem10

tempore T±lemachus, ¤ Minerv¤ monitus, in patriam proper¤vit. Ibi ad mareab Ulixe v¬sus atque cognitus est. Ulix±s T±lemachum ad oppidumantec±dere iussit. Ab Ulixe monitus, T±lemachus neque m¤tr¬ neque ali¬s11 d±patre n¥nti¤vit.

Questions1. How many allies did Ulysses have when he reached Ithaca?2. What was the prevailing belief about Ulysses at the time of his arrival?3. Who was the first to meet him?4. For what purpose had Telemachus been sent away from Ithaca?5. What motive did kings and leaders on the island have for seeking the

hand of Penelope in marriage?6. What did local citizens attempt to do about the aggressive steps taken by

these suitors?7. What promise did Penelope make to hold them off and how long did

that work?8. What caused Telemachus to return?9. Whom did Telemachus meet upon his return?

10. What instructions did Ulysses give his son?

Nouns

*c¬´vis,12 c¬´vis, c¬´vium m. or f. citizen (civic, civil)*f¬ńis, f¬ńis, f¬ńium m. end; (final, finite)

pl. borders, territory

*hos´tis, hos´tis, hos´tium m. enemy, (hostile, hostility)national enemy (usually pl.), differingfrom inim¬cus, personal enemy

i´ter, itińeris n. journey, route, march (itinerant, itinerary)*ma´re, ma´ris, ma´rium n. sea (marine, submarine)*mßns, mon´tis, mon´tium m. mountain (mount)*n¤´vis,13 n¤´vis, n¤´vium f. ship (naval, navy)

p¤s´tor, p¤stß´ris m. herdsman, shepherd (pastor, pastorale)*ves´tis, ves´tis, ves´tium f. garment, (vest)

clothes

Verb

cßnfićiß, cßnfićere, cßnf±ć¬, cßnfec´tus [faciß]complete, exhaust, do thoroughly


9 at this10 at the same11 to others, i.e., anyone else

12 Nouns marked with an asterisk (*)are i-stem nouns. The genitiveplural of such nouns is alwaysprovided.

13 The ablative singular of n¤vis anda few other masculine and femi-nine i-stem nouns end in -¬, not-e. An alternate form of theaccusative plural, -¬s instead of-±s, is occasionally found.

20

Third Declension: i–Stem Nouns

A group of third declension nouns called i-stems have -ium instead of-um in the genitive plural and may show other differences from the regularthird declension which you will see below. The major classes of i-stemnouns are:1. Masculine and feminine nouns with a nominative ending in -is and -±s

and having the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nomina-tive: c¬vis, c¬vis (gen. sing.), c¬vium (gen. pl.); some, like n¤vis, have an-¬ instead of an -e in the ablative singular, and some will occasionallyshow -¬s for -e±s in the accusative plural.

2. Masculine and feminine nouns with only one syllable in the nominativeand a base which ends in two consonants: mßns, montis (gen. sing.),montium (gen. pl.).

3. Neuter nouns whose nominatives end in -al, -ar, or -e regularly have -¬ in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural,and -ium in the genitive plural. See the declension of mare below.

Oral Practice

1. Decline n¤vis pulchra.2. Give the singular and plural in Latin in the case indicated: high mountain

(gen.), level sea (acc.), small mountain (dat.), neighboring enemy (abl.),our end (nom.).


1. Ad f¬nem itineris long¬ v±n±runt.2. Mont±s altßs et fl¥mina alta in Eurßp¤ v¬d¬.3. C¬v±s bon¬ officia p¥blica suscipere nßn dubitant.4. Parv¤ n¤v¬ colßn¬ tr¤ns mare l¤tum ad prßvinciam migr¤v±runt.5. Ob numerum hostium qu¬ in montibus erant, c¬v±s in castr¬s

rem¤ns±runt.

L E S S O N x L V I P ± n e l o p ± 321

MASCULINE OR FEMININE NEUTER

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

Nominative c¬´vis c¬´v±s ma´re ma´riaGenitive c¬´vis c¬´vium ma´ris ma´riumDative c¬´v¬ c¬´vibus ma´r¬ ma´ribusAccusative c¬´vem c¬´v±s ma´re ma´riaAblative c¬´ve c¬´vibus ma´r¬ ma´ribus

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. By whom was a ship seen on a mountain?2. We have made a long journey but can now see the end.3. A large number of citizens was called together by the leader.4. If the sea is closed, the enemy’s ships will not be able to transport

soldiers. [Hint: Use ablative absolute.]


Did You Know?

Some of our marriage customs originated in Roman times. The

Roman bridegroom carried his bride over their threshold in order to

avoid the bad omen of having her slip on the doorsill. The groom also

gave his bride an iron ring for the third finger of her left hand. It was

believed that a vein to the heart was located here and by encircling

the finger with iron, the heart was made “captive” and the marriage

binding.

• Many Latin i-stem nouns ending in -is are preserved in theiroriginal form in English. The original plural in -es ispronounced like ease: axis, axes; basis, bases. Distinguish ax±s from axes (plural of ax), bas±s from bases

(plural of base).

• Study the following English phrases borrowed from Latin.

Tempus fugit. Time flies.

per capita by heads or individuals

me iudice in my judgment (lit., I being judge)Fata viam invenient. The Fates will find a way.

pro tem (pro tempore) for the time (being), temporarily

de jure according to right, as a de juregovernment; cf. de facto (p. 291)Tempus fugit.

L e s s o n X L V I I

F¬nis Labßrum

Lesson

Objectives

• To read the final chap-ter of Ulysses’ story

• To learn the formsof third declensionadjectives

1 dirty2 dog3 joy4 suitors5 him6 to him7 at which8 to choose a husband9 bow

10 laughed11 that

Ulix±s, r±x fortis Ithacae, ad port¤s oppid¬ quod r±xerat st¤bat, ¤ mult¬sc¬vibus v¬sus, sed nßn cognitus, quod vest±s sordid¤s1 ger±bat. In oppidumitinere facil¬ prßcessit. Multßs servßs v¬dit ¤ quibus nßn cognitus est. Canis2

tamen Ulixis dominum cognßvit et gaudiß3 affectus ± v¬t¤ excessit. UbiUlix±s ad r±g¬nam adductus est, omn±s proc¬4 eum5 hostem appell¤v±runt eteum disc±dere iuss±runt. Sed tamen P±nelop±, quae eum nßn cognßverat,vestibus sordid¬s permßta eum man±re iussit et e¬6 cibum dedit.

P±nelop± vestem cßnf±cerat et nunc tempus aderat quß7 i¥s erat mar¬tumd±ligere8. Magnum arcum9 ante procßs4 pßn¬ iussit quem Ulix±s cl¤rus antev¬gint¬ annßs tetenderat. Tum n¥nti¤vit:

“Homß qu¬ arcum Ulixis fortis tendere poterit mar¬tus meus erit; mar¬tusnovus p¤r Ulix¬ esse d±bet. Ita i¥s est.”

Itaque singul¬ in ßrdine arcum c±p±runt sed tendere nßn potu±runt quodUlix¬ par±s nßn fu±runt. Tum Ulix±s arcum pet¬vit. Omn±s r¬s±runt10, sedP±nelop± arcum Ulix¬ dar¬ iussit, nam i¥s erat. Id11 quod reliqu¬ nßn facere

L E S S O N x L V I I F ¬ n i s L a b ß r u m 323

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Canis dominumcognßvit. A dog joyfullygreets his carewornmaster. Did the sculptorof this relief have in mindthe famous scene fromthe Odyssey, whenOdysseus’ favorite hounddied upon recognizing hislong-absent master? Froma second-century A.D.sarcophagus now in aNaples museum.E

rich

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poterant—arcum tendere—Ulix¬ facile erat. Tum in procßs arcum tetendit,qußs in fugam dedit. T±lemachus et Eumaeus auxilium ded±runt. Ulix±somn±s port¤s oppid¬ claud¬ iusserat, ob quam causam proc¬ ex oppidß admont±s fugere nßn potu±runt. Sal¥te pet¬t¤, nßn invent¤, omn±s interfect¬sunt. Hßc12 modß r±gnum et uxßrem Ulix±s rec±pit et in l¬bert¤te p¤cequev¬tam ±git. Nßn iam n¤vibus itinera tr¤ns maria faci±bat.

Questions1. Why was Ulysses not recognized when he returned?2. Who managed to recognize Ulysses first?3. Why did Ulysses choose not to reveal his identity immediately?4. How was the man wearing dirty clothes treated by Penelope?5. What contest did Penelope propose to determine who would be fit to

marry her? What would it prove?6. How well did the suitors meet the challenge?7. Why did everyone laugh when Ulysses asked for the bow?8. Why was their laughter out of place?9. How did Eumaeus and Telemachus help Ulysses? What was the result?

10. How did Ulysses’ dog die?

Nouns

i¥s, i¥´ris n. right (jury, justice)l¬ber´t¤s,13 l¬bert¤´tis f. freedom, liberty [l¬ber]u´xor, uxßrís f. wife (uxorious)

Adjectives

ce´ler, ce´leris, ce´lere swift, quick (accelerate)faćilis, faćile easy, doable [faciß]for´tis, for´te strong, brave (fort, fortitude)omńis, omńe all, every (omnipotent,

omniscient)p¤r, pa´ris (gen.) equal; equal to (+ dat.) (parity, peer)

Verb

ten´dß, ten´dere, teten´d¬, ten´tus stretch (intent, tendon)


12 this (abl.)

13 All nouns ending in -t¤s (nom. sing.) are feminine.

20

Third Declension Adjectives

The adjectives studied so far, such as magnus, -a, -um and sacer, -cra,-crum, have been declined like nouns of the first and second declensions.Many adjectives, however, belong to the third declension. With the excep-tion of one important class, which will be presented in a later lesson,almost all adjectives of the third declension are i-stems. They are dividedinto classes according to the number of forms that are used in the nomina-tive singular to show gender.

1. Two endings14—masculine and feminine in -is, neuter in -e: fortis,forte.

2. One ending—one form for all genders: p¤r.

Adjectives of the third declension have -¬ in the ablative singular, -iumin the genitive plural, identical neuter nominative and accusative singular,and -ia in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. [See Lesson XLVI.]Note particularly that the ablative singular, unlike that of most i-stemnouns, ends in -¬, not in -e.


14 A few adjectives in -er have three endings in the nominative singular, one for eachgender: celer (m.), celeris (f.), celere (n.). These are called adjectives of three endings.With the exception of the nominative singular form, the declension of the masculineforms is exactly the same as the feminine forms. See the Grammar Appendix for a fulldeclension.

Ulysses, in the guise of a beggar,offers consolation to Penelopeas she despairs of ever seeingher husband again. BehindPenelope is Ulysses’ sonTelemachus; seated is theswineherd Eumaeus. A reliefin the Metropolitan Museumof Art, New York.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1930. (30.11.9). Copyright © 1982 By the Metropolitan Museum of Art.


Two-ending adjectives are declined like fortis, forte (strong).

Oral Practice

1. Decline l¬bert¤s p¤r, iter facile.2. Give in Latin: swift boys (acc.), brave citizen (abl.), all towns (gen.),

equal right (acc.), few enemies (dat.).

15 As with i-stem nouns, occasionally -¬s is the case ending used instead of -±s. Do notconfuse this with the genitive singular of the third declension (-is) or dative andablative plural of the second declension (-¬s).

Did You Know?

Although the Romans built a variety of ships, they were not very

capable sailors. Most Roman ships used oars as well as sails because

they could only run before a favorable wind. For reasons of

economy, n¤v±s oner¤riae (merchant ships) relied on sails. N¤v±s

longae (warships) used sails in transit, but as soon as a sea battle

started, the masts were lowered and the sails stored. Victory often

depended on skillful maneuvering and ramming, not on firepower.

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. + F. N. M. + F. N.Nominative p¤r p¤r par±s pariaGenitive paris paris parium pariumDative par¬ par¬ paribus paribusAccusative parem p¤r par±s15 pariaAblative par¬ par¬ paribus paribus

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. + F. N. M. + F. N.Nominative fortis forte fort±s fortiaGenitive fortis fortis fortium fortiumDative fort¬ fort¬ fortibus fortibusAccusative fortem forte fort±s15 fortiaAblative fort¬ fort¬ fortibus fortibus

One-ending adjectives are declined like p¤r, paris (equal).


1. Quid est pretium l¬bert¤tis?2. Servus fact¬s fortibus l¬bert¤tem obtinuit.3. Omnia maria n¤vibus hostium clausa erant.4. In patri¤ nostr¤ omn±s c¬v±s sunt l¬ber¬ et par±s.5. Nßvist¬ne, am¬ce bone, hominem quem in n¤v¬ v¬dimus?6. Itinere facil¬ inventß, dux omn±s m¬lit±s d± montibus d¥cere

m¤t¥r¤vit.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. All free men love peace.2. Nature has given us many beautiful things.3. We ought not to undertake a long journey now.4. It will not be easy to defend the freedom of our country on the sea.

C. After ten long years of war and ten more years of travel, Aeneas foundedLavinium, and Ulysses arrived home in Ithaca. Work with a partner or asmall group and write a brief paragraph in English explaining which oneof the heroes, in your opinion, had the more difficult time. Do not forgetthat both suffered mental as well as physical hardships. Both endured,for better or for worse, the interference of one or more gods, and bothwere responsible for the people traveling with them.


Derivatives A number of English nouns and adjectives preservethe nominative singular, and a few the nominative plural, of Latinadjectives of the third declension: par, pauper, simplex, duplex,

etc.; September, etc. Neuter forms occur in simile, facsimile,

regalia (singular rare), forte (singular only). The dative plural isseen in omnibus (a vehicle for all); in the common shortened formbus, only the ending is left.

S ilvius Proca, r±x fortis Alb¤nßrum1, Numitßrem et Am¥lium f¬lißshabuit. Numitßr¬ r±gnum rel¬quit. Sed Am¥lius, Numitßre ± c¬vit¤te pulsß,r±xit. Rh±a Silvia, f¬lia Numitßris, geminßs2 Rßmulum et Remum habuit.Pater geminßrum deus M¤rs erat; itaque M¤rs auctor popul¬ Rßm¤n¬appell¤b¤tur. Am¥lius puerßs in Tiber¬ fl¥mine pßn¬ iussit. Sed aquageminßs in siccß3 rel¬quit. Lupa4 accessit et puerßs aluit5. Poste¤ Faustulus,p¤stor r±gis, puerßs inv±nit. Post multßs annßs Rßmulß et Remß d¬xit:“Numitor est avus6 vester.” Verb¬s p¤stßris adduct¬, gemin¬ Am¥lium


L e s s o n X L V I I I

Rßmulus et Remus

Lesson

Objective

• To learn the story ofRomulus and Remus

• To learn how thecontext of a Latinword can change itsmeaning

1 the Albans, a people of Latium2 twins3 on dry ground4 wolf5 fed6 grandfather

In this primitive mosaic, now inthe Leeds Museum in England,the she-wolf feeds Romulus andRemus, the twins she has rescuedfrom the flooded Tiber. Aboveher is pictured the site of thelegend, the F¬cus R¥min¤lis, orthe sacred fig tree of Rome. Yetthere are questions: Why is shebaring her teeth? Is she standingor lying down? Why does shelook so much like a horse? Hadthe artist never seen a wolf? L

eeds

Mus

eum

s an

d A

rt G

alle

ries

(C

ity M

useu

m)/

The

Bri

dgem

an A

rt L

ibra

ry

5

interf±c±runt. Numitßr¬, quem Am¥lius ± c¬vit¤te pepulerat, r±gnummand¤v±runt.

Poste¤ oppidum m¥n¬v±runt in locß in quß invent¬ erant, quod d± nßmineRßmul¬ Rßmam appell¤v±runt.

Rßmulus Remusque par±s erant, sed tamen Remß c±dere Rßmulß nßnfacile erat. Remß interfectß, Rßmulus sßlus Rßm¤nßs r±xit et omnibus i¥radedit.

Questions1. How were Numitor and Amulius related?2. What happened to Numitor?3. Numitor’s daughter gave birth to twins with divine ancestry. How could

they claim divinity?4. What action did Amulius take in response to this birth?5. How were the twins saved?6. Who persuaded Romulus and Remus to kill Amulius?7. Whom did they establish as rightful ruler of the Albans?8. What did the twins do next?9. What does the conclusion of the story suggest about the original character

of the Roman people?

Nouns

auc´tor, auctß´ris m. maker, author [augeß]c¬´vit¤s, c¬vit¤´tis f. citizenship, state [c¬vis]pa´ter, pa´tris m. father (paternal)

Verb

pel´lß, pel´lere, pe´pul¬, pul´sus (impel, repulsive)beat, drive, defeat

Adverb

post´e¤ afterwards

Preposition

post with acc. behind (of place); after (of time)

L E S S O N X L V I I I R ß m u l u s e t R e m u s 329

10

15

Developing “Word Sense”

By now it should be clear that a Latin word may have many shades ofmeaning which are suggested by the context. In translating, therefore, do notadhere strictly to the “vocabulary” meaning of the word, but use the onerequired by the context—the particular passage in which the word occurs.Note the varying translation of magnus when used with the following nouns.

Oral Practice

1. Combine magnus with each of the following nouns already studied andtranslate freely: per¬culum, studium, pec¥nia, pretium.

2. How does altus differ when applied to rivers and mountains?3. Translate puella pulchra and homß pulcher.


1. Ego aut viam inveniam aut faciam.2. D±b±musne, p¤ce fact¤, numerum n¤vium aug±re?3. Fl¥mina omnia Italiae ex montibus ad mare tendunt.4. Auctßr±s librßrum nßn semper magnam pec¥niam merent.5. Poteruntne host±s, montibus occup¤t¬s, poste¤ iter facere?6. Post multßs annßs Rßm¤n¬ ¬¥ra c¬vit¤tis omnibus ded±runt.7. Post oppidum erat mßns altus, in quß fort±s m¬lit±s hostium

puls¬ erant.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. Is it not pleasing to all men to see friends?2. The road stretches through the mountains.3. Equal rights of citizenship were given to many Gauls.4. My father made many journeys across high mountains and deep

seas.5. After a long journey my friend is approaching (ad) the end of life.


Exercise A1. I will either find a way or makeone. 2. Ought we, after peacehas been made, to increase thenumber of ships? 3. All the riversof Italy stretch from the mountainsto the sea. 4. Authors of books donot always earn a lot of money(lit., great money). 5. Will theenemy be able, with the moun-tains occupied, to make a journeyafterwards? 6. After many yearsthe Romans gave rights of citizen-ship to everyone. 7. Behind thetown was a high mountain, onwhich the strong soldiers of theenemy had been defeated.

Exercise B1. Nßnne est gr¤tum omnibusam¬cßs vid±re? 2. Via per mont±stendit. 3. I¥ra paria c¬vit¤tis mult¬sGall¬s data sunt. 4. Pater meusmulta itinera tr¤ns mont±s altßsatque maria alta f±cit. 5. Postlongum iter am¬cus/a meus/a adf¬nem v¬tae acc±dit.

magnus, -a, -um, large

silentium sp±sdeep silence high hope

poena laborsevere penalty hard work

cl¤mor ads±nsusloud shouting hearty approval

fr¥ctusrich return

L E S S O N X L V I I I R ß m u l u s e t R e m u s 331

• The suffix -t¤s is usually found in nouns formed fromadjectives. Its English form is -ty, which is to be distinguishedfrom -y.

What must be the Latin words from which are derived commod-

ity, integrity, liberty, publicity, timidity, variety? Note that theletter preceding the ending is usually -i-.


ad fin. (ad finem) near the end (of the page)

ex libris from the library (of)

P.S. (post scriptum) written after (at the end of a letter)

What is the sense behind the motto of the University of Texas,Disciplina praesidium civitatis? The inscription In librislibertas on the Los Angeles Public Library?

Pyrrhus erat r±x Æp¬r¬1. C¬ne¤s2, qu¬ erat l±g¤tus3 in Pyrrh¬ castr¬s etreliqußs l±g¤tßs auctßrit¤te et virt¥te super¤bat, cßnsili¬s Pyrrh¬ nßn prob¤t¬s,mult¤ cum l¬bert¤te4 r±gem mon±bat. Quondam Pyrrhus C¬neae famili¤r¬d¬xit: “In Italiam prßc±dere et c¬vit¤tem Rßm¤nam cum celerit¤te super¤reparß.”

C¬ne¤s, “Super¤t¬s Rßm¤n¬s,” rog¤vit, “quid est tibi in animß5 facere, r±xfortis?”

“Italiae f¬nitima est ¬nsula Sicilia,” inquit6 r±x, “quam facile erit arm¬soccup¤re.”

Tum C¬ne¤s, “Occup¤t¤ Sicili¤,” rog¤vit, “quid poste¤ faci±s?”Pyrrhus tum respondit: “Poste¤ tr¤ns mare in §fricam m¬lit±s meßs

celer±s tr¤nsport¤bß et host±s, qu¬ celerit¤te et virt¥te m¬litibus me¬s nßnpar±s sunt, pellam.”


L e s s o n x L I X

C¬ne¤s et Pyrrhus

Lesson

Objectives

• To learn the story ofPyrrhus and his victory

• To learn the ablative ofrespect

Cavalry attack an elephantwhose face and trunk areprotected by special armor andeven a spear for offensive action.

Nor

th W

ind

Pict

ure

Arc

hive

s

1 Ep¬´rus, a region in northwestGreece

2 Cineas (Sin´eas)3 lieutenant4 = cum mult¤ l¬bert¤te; the cum in

the ablative of manner oftenstands between the adjective andthe noun (p. 260).

5 quid... animß what do you intend?6 said

5

10

C¬ne¤s, “Puls¬s hostibus,” rogat, “quid tum faci±s?” “Post haec7 bella,C¬ne¤8,” inquit Pyrrhus, “p¤ce cßnfirm¤t¤, v¬tam in ßtiß agam.”

Celer C¬ne¤s respondit: “Famili¤ris meus es. C¥r nßn etiam nunc p¤cemcßnfirm¤re potes atque m±cum in ßtiß v¬tam agere? Quid t± impedit?”

Questions1. What were Pyrrhus’ plans? List them in order.2. What did Cineas want Pyrrhus to do?3. How was Cineas used to talking with the king?4. In what respects did Pyrrhus think his soldiers were superior to the

Africans?5. In what respect was Cineas superior to Pyrrhus’ other lieutenants?6. What is the duty of a close friend?

Nouns

auctß´rit¤s, auctßrit¤´tis f. [auctor]authority, influence

cele´rit¤s, celerit¤´tis f. swiftness, speed [celer]vir´t¥s, virt¥´tis f. manliness, courage [vir]

Adjective

famili¤´ris, -e of the family, friendly; [familia]as noun, (close) friend

Verbs

cßnfir´mß, -¤´re, -¤´v¬, -¤´tus [firmus]make firm, encourage, establish

respon´deß, -±´re, respon´d¬, respßn´sus (response)answer, reply

su´perß, -¤´re, -¤´v¬, -¤´tus overcome, (insuperable)excel, surpass

L E S S O N X L I X C ¬ n e ¤ s e t P y r r h u s 333

7 these8 vocative

15

Ablative of Respect

Notice the use of the ablative in the following sentences.

Equ¬ et homin±s nßn sunt Horses and men are not equal

par±s celerit¤te. in swiftness.

Puer erat vir fact¬s. The boy was a man in deeds.

Numerß, nßn animß, We are surpassed in number,

super¤mur. not in courage.

Observe the following points.• The ablative specifies the respect in which the meaning of an adjec-

tive, a noun, or a verb is true.• No preposition is used in Latin, but in English we use a preposition,

chiefly in.

• The ablative of respect construction answers the questions in what

respect? in what specific way? how?


1. Omn±s host±s ± f¬nibus nostr¬s cert± pell±mus.2. Serv¬ magn¤ cum celerit¤te ad fl¥men f¥g±runt.3. Nßn omn±s puellae d¬ligenti¤ et celerit¤te par±s sunt.4. Puer erat celer pede sed studi¬s ab omnibus super¤b¤tur.5. Sex famili¤ribus v¬s¬s, ad oppidum f¬nitimum iter f±cimus.6. Colßn¬ ex patri¤ migrant et in vari¬s terr¬s c¬vit¤tem petunt.7. P¤x et am¬citia cum c¬vit¤tibus f¬nitim¬s ¤ Rßm¤n¬s cßnfirm¤tae

sunt.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. We cannot all be swift footed (swift in respect to foot).2. Does a horse excel a boy in swiftness?3. He was king in name; nevertheless he did not have a kingdom.4. (Now that) peace has been established, free citizens will maintain

the state.


L E S S O N X L I X C ¬ n e ¤ s e t P y r r h u s 335


in omnia paratus prepared for all things

Dominus providebit. The Lord will provide.

Fortes Fortuna adiuvat. Fortune aids the brave.

extempore without preparation (lit., from the

moment)

Vanitas vanitatum et Vanity of vanities, and all (is) vanity

omnia vanitas (from the Vulgate, or Latin transla-tion of the Bible, Ecclesiastes, I,2)

Arma non servant Armies do not show (preserve)

modum. restraint, i.e., War observes no

limit.

• Here are more state mottoes.

Virtute et armis By courage and by arms (Mississippi)

Ense petit placidam sub With the sword she seeks quiet peace

libertate quietem. under liberty. (Massachusetts)

Audemus iura nostra We dare to defend our rights.

defendere. (Alabama)

Ditat Deus. God enriches us. (Arizona)

Regnat populus. The people rule. (Arkansas)


The Romans ate a variety of foods, although somefoodstuffs that we take for granted such as corn,potatoes, tropical fruits, and tomatoes were unknownto them. Butter was rarely used, except externally as

a sort of salve or cold cream, but other dairy products like cheese werecommon foods. Instead of sugar, which was also unknown, honey servedas a sweetener, and the extensive use of honey made beekeeping a veryimportant occupation. Fine wheat bread baked in flat, round loaves was

the “staff of life.” Breads of coarse wheat flour, of flour and bran,or bran alone were also popular. Cabbage, onions, beans, carrots,

and peas were among the chief vegetables. Apples, pears,grapes, raisins, figs, plums, and olives were among the chieffruits. The m¤lum Persicum (from which our word peach isderived) was, as its name shows, originally brought fromPersia.

Canning and freezing were unknown, but salted fish in a fer-mented fish sauce was put up in earthenware jars; one of the best

brews, commercially produced, came from Pompeii. This practiceled to a wider consumption of fish. The lack of refrigeration restricted

the importation and preservation of many foods except those, such asgrapes and figs, that could be preserved by drying. Ice, in the form ofsnow, was a great luxury available to only a few.

FOOD AND MEALS

A bakery in Pompeii. A hugefreestanding oven can be seenat the left, while a row of grainmills to keep the baker wellsupplied with raw ingredientsruns across the center. Sc

ala/

Art

Res

ourc

e, N

Y

Arc

hivo

Inc

ongr

afic

o, S

A/C

OR

BIS

Hardly appetizing after twothousand years, these Romaneggs make a better still life thana breakfast.

Salads of cress and lettuce were as common then as they are today. Thiswas one reason for the importance of olive oil, which was used also incooking instead of butter and was the fuel for lamps. It was also usedto rub the body after bathing, especially by athletes, and it was evena base for perfume.

The favorite meat was pork; beef was less important than mutton. Atleast six kinds of sausage with pork as a base were popular, and one canread in Roman cookbooks of at least fifty different ways to cook pork.Various kinds of fowl and birds like chickens, ducks, geese, and pigeonswere eaten, even peacocks by the wealthy classes. Oysters and exotic fishbecame extremely popular.

Besides milk and water the chief drink of the Romans was wine. Therewere many grades of native and imported wines. They were usually mixedwith water when served at meals. M±rum, or unmixed wine, was importantto the soldiers because it was concentrated and less cumbersome to pack.The Romans also made and enjoyed apple cider as well as mulberry anddate wines. Coffee and tea were unknown.

The working class primarily ate a porridge of boiled wheat. Meat, fish,and vegetables were often expensive extras.

Breakfast (ient¤culum), for even the wealthier Romans, was a simplemeal, consisting chiefly of bread, although raisins, olives, and cheese weresometimes added. In the country, dinner (c±na) was at noon, but in the citythis was postponed until early evening. Instead there was a luncheon

g l i m p s e s o f r o m a n l i f e F o o d a n d M e a l s 337

Alin

ari/A

rt R

esou

rce,

NY

A marble-covered counter orbar, in an inn at ancient Pompeii,near Naples. Here travelers couldbuy warmed-up wine, bread,and cheese.


(prandium) at midday or somewhat earlier. Thisconsisted of bread, salad, olives, cheese, fruit, nuts,and cold meat from the previous dinner. Dinnerbegan with a course of appetizers like lettuce, onions,eggs, oysters, asparagus, etc., called the gustus(taste), followed by the chief course of meat, fish, or

fowl and vegetables, then the dessert, called the secunda m±nsa (secondtable), of fruit, nuts, pastry, and sweets. The Latin expression ab ßvßusque ad m¤la, from eggs to apples (cf. English from soup to nuts),meaning from beginning to end, shows what the usual relishes anddesserts were.

The guests at banquets reclined on couches instead of sitting in chairs.Slaves removed the guests’ sandals and bathed their feet, which were oftensore and dusty from their journey. The couches, each with room for threepeople, were placed along the three sides of the rectangular table. As theguests reclined on their left elbows, only their right hands were free. Forkswere rarely used; food was eaten with fingers or with spoons. Meat was cutup before being served. Although much use was made of the fingers, wemay well imagine that people of culture ate just as neatly as those of us whouse forks today. They also had finger bowls and napkins, as well as slaves,to wipe their hands.

1. Where did we originally get some of the important foods that theRomans knew nothing about?

2. Name the order of meals and describe a Roman dinner.3. Compare the usual diet of the ancient Romans with our own.4. How would you arrange a Roman banquet in your Latin club or school?

FOOD AND MEALS(CONTINUED)

Lessons XLV-XLIX

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverb

Preposition

Third Declension Neuter NounsOrdinary third declension neuter nouns have thesame endings as other third declension nouns exceptfor the accusative singular, which always has thesame form as the nominative, and the nominativeand accusative plurals, which always end in -a.

In fl¥mine qu¬nque In the river there were

corpora erant. five bodies.

Nßmen meum Anna Anna asked my name.

rog¤vit.

Third Declension I-Stem NounsA group of third declension nouns, called i-stems,have -ium in the genitive plural instead of -um.Many third declension nouns can be identified as i-stems if: 1) they are masculine or feminine singu-lar in -is or -±s and have the same number of sylla-bles in the genitive singular; or 2) they aremasculine or feminine monosyllables with a baseending in two consonants; or 3) they are neuter witha nominative ending in -al, -ar, or -e.

Dux mult¤rum The admiral (the leader)

n¤vium pulsus est. of many ships was

beaten.F¬n±s c¬vit¤tis ¤ mar¬ ad The boundaries of the

mont±s tetend±runt. state stretched from

the sea to the

mountains.

post (+ acc.)

poste¤

claudßcßnficiß

cßnfirmßiaciß

pellßrespondeß

superßtendß

celerfacilis

famili¤risfortis

omnisp¤r

auctorauctßrit¤scaputcarmencelerit¤sc¬visc¬vit¤s

clamorcorpusf¬nisfl¥menhostisiteri¥s

l¬bert¤smaremßnsn¤visnßmenßrdßpastor

patertempusuxorvestisvirt¥svulnus

Lessons XLV-XLIX

R e v i e w L e s s o n s x L V – X L I X 339

Lessons XLV-XLIX


Third Declension AdjectivesOrdinary third declension adjectives are declinedlike third declension i-stem nouns except that theyhave -¬, not -e, in all three genders of the ablativesingular. The stem is obtained by dropping the -isof the genitive singular.

§ fort¬ m¬lite We (women) were

serv¤tae sumus. rescued by a brave

soldier.

Omnia i¥ra c¬vium All the rights of citizens

confirm¤ta erant. had been strengthened.

Ablative of RespectTo show in what respect an adjective, noun, or verbis true, use the ablative without a preposition.

Virt¥te T±lemachus Telemachus was equal to

patr¬ p¤r erat, nßn his father in courage,

tamen auctßrit¤te. not, however, in

authority.

Certus sententi¬s tu¬s es. You are fixed in your

opinions.

Ablative UsesThe ablative case really is a combination of threecases and that is why it has so many different uses.

When an ablative is used with a preposition wegenerally do not need a special name for it. Oneexception is the ablative of agent, because thepreposition ab with this ablative cannot be trans-lated in its usual sense of from. We also use a name(“accompaniment”) for the ablative with cum. Thisis to distinguish it from the ablative of means, sinceboth are expressed by with in English.

Pay particular attention to the ablatives usedwithout a preposition because their translationdepends on a correct analysis of the type of ablativeused. Which are the three ablatives of this type thatyou have studied? Which ablative have you studiedwith which a preposition is sometimes used, some-times not? Which of the prepositions studied so farare used with the ablative?

A. 1. Decline dux fortis, l¬bert¤s nostra, omnism¬les, r±x magnus.

2. Give the following in Latin: a small ship, inthe nom., sing. and pl.; an easy journey, inthe gen., sing. and pl.; a good citizen, in thedat., sing. and pl., a brave enemy, in the acc.,sing. and pl.; the deep sea, in the abl., sing.and pl.

3. Give the genitive and accusative, singularand plural, of tempus, casa, mßns, corpus,f¬nis, celerit¤s, mare, ßrdß, fl¥men.

4. Give in all tenses the third plural active ofimpediß; the first plural passive of claudß;the third singular active of l¬berß; the secondplural passive of teneß; the second singularactive of cßnficiß.

Lessons XLV-XLIX

R e v i e w L e s s o n s x L V – X L I X 341

• Give the Latin noun suggested by each of the following: civil,

finish, submarine, navigate, corpulent, legislate, nominal,

decapitate.

• Give the Latin verb suggested by each of the following:expedite, press, verse, attention, repellent.

• Give the Latin adjective suggested by each of the following:omnipresent, celerity, facilitate, disparity, fortitude.

• Find and use in sentences as many English derivatives aspossible from parß, teneß, agß, and scr¬bß.

• The first word, printed in boldface type, in each of thefollowing lines is a Latin word. From among the last fivewords in each group pick the one which is an Englishderivative of the first word.

dß dough dote do dot dativemoneß month remain admonition moan remindcßgß cog incognito cognate cogency concoctpetß pet compete petal petite impedelegß leg log collect lag lick

corpulent

Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. Ulix±s virßs _____ portam iussit.

a. claudere b. iacere c. respond±re d. super¤re

2. In proeliß equ¬ nostr¬ _____ esse d±bent.a. celer±s b. facil±s c. fortem d. par±s

3. Pater multa _____ in corpore f¬l¬ nßn inv±nit.a. carmina b. i¥ra c. verba d. vulnera

4. Gall¬ tr¤ns _____ iter facere et in Italiam ven¬renßn cup¬v±runt a. agr¬s b. fl¥minis c. maribus d. mßnt±s

5. Puella _____ pulchr¤s qu¤s cßnf±cerat r±g¬naededit.a. auctßrit¤sb. c¬vit¤s c. vest±s d. virt¥s

Complete each sentence with the correct endings.6. Auctor qu___ ± Britanni¤ v±nerat omn___

f¤m¤ super¤vit, et post c±n___ carmin___ l±git.7. Bellß cßnfect___, dux m¬lit±s ± prßvinci¤

host___ tr¤ns fl¥min___ et mar___ ad f¬n___famili¤r___ red¥xit.

8. Magnus equ___ ¤ c¬v___ Trßiae per port___puls___ ___, et poste¤ m¬lit___ host___bellum gerere inc±p±runt.

9. L¬bert¤t___ cßnfirm¤t___, serv___ l¬ber¤t¬dominum nßn iam tim±bant, et magn___ cumgr¤ti___ exc±d±bant.

10. Qu¬ homin___ Ulixem virt¥t___ super¤ba___aut par___ virß fact___ erant?

Translate the following sentences.11. Terra patris me¬ ± mßntibus alt¬s ad fl¥men

pulchrum tendit; tamen superbus nßn est sedfort¥nam bonam semper laudat.

12. Cl¤mor±s puerßrum puell¤rumque ¤ magistr¬squae l¬ber¬s auxilium ded±runt cl¤r± aud¬t¬erant.

13. Post longum tempus in agr¬s pastor vestem incapite posuit et tard± discessit ad parvamcasam quam am¤vit.

14. Magister rog¤vit, “Potestisne nßminaofficiaque omnia de¤rum deßrumqueRßm¤nßrum mihi n¤rr¤re?”

15. C¬vit¤s socißrum nostrßrum habet mult¤sn¤v±s long¤s et naut¤s qu¬ magn¬s und¬s inmar¬ numquam terrentur.


Lessons XLV-XLIX

Lessons XLV-XLIX

Find the answers to these questions from any lessonin Unit IX.16. Name at least three ways in which the Romans

used olive oil.17. Briefly identify the following characters from

the Odyssey.a. Sirens b. Telemachus c. Penelope

18. Translate the Latin phrase ab ßvß usque adm¤la and explain its meaning.

19. Where can the motto In Libr¬s Libert¤s befound, and what does it mean?

20. What was the difference between n¤v±sßner¤riae and n¤v±s longae?

V±rum aut Falsum? Indicate whether each state-ment is true or false.21. Ancient Romans could not enjoy a pizza like

ours because they did not have cheese.22. More pork than beef was eaten by the ancient

Romans.23. A wealthy Roman might eat three meals a day:

ient¤culum (breakfast), prandium (lunch),

and c±na (dinner).

24. Secunda m±nsa (second table) was the namegiven to the main course at a Roman dinner.

25. Sugar was unknown, but honey was used regu-larly to sweeten food.

Apply your knowledge of Latin roots to determinethe best meaning of the italicized words.26. He thought they had spent an inordinate

amount of time on that topic. a. insufficient b. reasonable c. excessive d. typical

27. People came to the town hall to see works bythe itinerant artist. a. famous b. well-trained c. traveling d. unknown

28. The decision created greater parity between theschools. a. cooperation b. equality c. communication d. distance

29. In that time of crisis my friend showed greatfortitude. a. fear b. selfishness c. indecision d. bravery

30. The change of terrain made the king’s troopsfeel vulnerable. a. well protected b. powerful c. discouraged d. open to attack

A s s e s s m e n t L e s s o n s x L V – X L I X 343

unit ix: the adventures of ulysses, romulus, …...316 u n i t i x the adventures of ulysses,...

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