Unit Two - PowerPointUnit Two - PowerPoint

TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

French backgroundFrench background• 1559 – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis1559 – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

– Ends Habsburg-Valois WarEnds Habsburg-Valois War– Spain triumphs over tired FranceSpain triumphs over tired France

• Francis IFrancis I– Taille (land taxes) to support standing armyTaille (land taxes) to support standing army– Italian Renaissance brought to courtItalian Renaissance brought to court

• Concordat of BolognaConcordat of Bologna– Recognized supremacy of PopeRecognized supremacy of Pope– Fr. Crown can appoint bishops/abbotsFr. Crown can appoint bishops/abbots– De facto state church – no real reformationDe facto state church – no real reformation

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

Henri II was the last powerful Valois Three weak sons followed:

Francis II (Prots try to kidnap…) Charles IX (10 yr old momma’s boy)

January Edict: Protestants can worship

Duke of Guise massacres Prots. Mom won’t help Dutch against Spn. Henry of Navarre marries sister

Henri III (self loathing homosexual) Catherine de Medici controlled the

sons: Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:

Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance Many nobles take Calvinism to oppose

monarchy

Catherine feared Protestant revenge of Coligny’s death and convinces Charles IX to kill off threats…

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

-CL undermine freedom laws-HenryIII attacks/fails…stabbed by friar

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:

Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Did not grant religious freedom for all

Assassinated by a radical Catholic

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

TheTheNetherlandNetherland

s:s:

The The “Low“Low

Country”Country”

The “Dutch” CenturyThe “Dutch” CenturyIt was a political model.It was a political model.

A radical attitude towards A radical attitude towards religion in the country.religion in the country.

A certain level of religious A certain level of religious toleration.toleration.

Stable, thriving economy.Stable, thriving economy.

““Golden Age” of artists and Golden Age” of artists and thinkers.thinkers.

Religion and everyday life Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in were recurring themes in their art.their art.

The Spanish Hapsburgs & The Spanish Hapsburgs & EuropeEurope (1556)(1556)

Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsPhilip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end of the 16c.at the end of the 16c.

Dutch SocietyDutch SocietyAmsterdam, Rotterdam: Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough granaries with enough surplus for one year.surplus for one year.

Generally higher salaries Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. than in any other parts of W. Europe.Europe.

Even women had higher Even women had higher wages.wages.

““Protestant work ethic.”Protestant work ethic.”

Thrift and frugality.Thrift and frugality.

Had the highest standard of Had the highest standard of living in Europe!living in Europe!

View of DoerdrechtView of DoerdrechtAelbert Cuyp, 1650sAelbert Cuyp, 1650s

Oude Kerk [Old Church], Oude Kerk [Old Church], AmsterdamAmsterdam

First built in 1300.First built in 1300.

Interior of the Oude Kerk in Interior of the Oude Kerk in AmsterdamAmsterdam - - Emmanuel De Emmanuel De

WittWitt

Reformation in Low Countries• Calvinism arrived in Dutch

territories (Flanders) in 1560’s• Elements of Calvinism

extremely popular with Dutch merchants

• King Philip II of Spain launch violent repression – Inquisition

• Dutch resistance - Beeldenstorm (1566)

• Military resistance centered on William the Silent (of Orange)

The Spanish Netherlands:The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579Union of Utrecht, 1579

The United Provinces still recognized The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared

their independence.their independence.

Key Events-Dutch Revolts• William of Orange opposes Cardinal Granvelle’s

centralized Spanish rule

• Calvinists/urban artisans plan revolt/ Granvelle leaves (Duke of Alba replaces him)

– 10,000 march from Milan/executed heretics

– 10% sales taxes… (Alba out, Don Luis in)

• Don Luis dies – 7,000 killed in Spanish fury

– Pacification of Ghent: territories unite against Spain.

• Perpetual Edict: Spn. troops must leave

• Southern provinces=Union of Arras…make peace with Cath. Spain

• Union of Utrecht is Prot. North…Independence from Spain.

The Netherlands (1609)The Netherlands (1609)

The Night WatchThe Night Watch – – Rembrandt, 1642Rembrandt, 1642

Catholic “Hidden” Catholic “Hidden” ChurchChurch

in the Attic, Amsterdam, in the Attic, Amsterdam, 1630s1630s

Interior of a Portuguese Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in AmsterdamSynagogue in Amsterdam – –

Emmanuel De WitteEmmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Portrait of an Old Jewish ManMan Rembrandt, 1654Rembrandt, 1654

Beware of LuxuryBeware of Luxury – – Jan Jan SteenSteen

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

Still Life with Gilt GobletStill Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635William Heda, 1635

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

1618-16481618-1648

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

HRE Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians (Calvinists) hated him. Ferdinand revoked some Protestant freedoms Defenestration of Prague May, 1618

Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.(head of the Protestant Union; son of England’s James I)

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor…replaced in Bohemia though

Spain, Bavaria & Lutheran Saxony support him

Victory at White Mountain (1620) Duke of Bavaria conquers Frederick’s

land and more (NW)

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Denmark’s Christian IV (Lutheran) invaded for

coastal territories, supported by Eng, Fr & Dutch

Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army…Brutal mercenary (Protestant roots)

Wallenstein & Maximilian humiliate Denmark Edict of Restitution (1629):

Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.

Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.

Unrealistic German princes feared Ferdinand he

fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Danish Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

Sweden (Adolphus) invade the empire, supported by Dutch and Richelieu’s France.

Both want to stop Habsburg power.

Gustavus Adolphus is a great general Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was eventually ended

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.- Protestants try to lure Wallenstein

Wallenstein assassinated…fear is reduced

Peace of Prague: German Prots. & HRE-Sweden refuses, French & Dutch support!

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

France forces lead the attack & looting-states too weak to resist

All countries in Europe now participated.

This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

““A Bust of Cardinal A Bust of Cardinal Richelieu”Richelieu”by Berniniby Bernini

““A Bust of Cardinal A Bust of Cardinal Richelieu”Richelieu”by Berniniby BerniniCardinal

Richelieu of France…willing to support foreign protestants but not those in his own realm

•Example of a European politique

•Pushed for direct French involvement into 30 Years War in order to weaken France’s Hapsburg rival

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind

of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became

officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.

Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.

Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.

Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.

Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?