unit v -ehs ms

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Unit V: Environment, health and safety management

EHS is a set of interrelated elements which includes organizational structure and planning: activities,responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources, used to manage its EHS aspects and to

develop and implement its EHS policy and objectives.

5.1 Environmental impact assessment,

Defining EIA

An environmental impact assessment is an assessment of the possible positive or negative, whole

or partial impact that a proposed project or an element of an organizations activities or products or

services, may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects.It is an exercise to document the consequences of a proposed project in totality along with

measures necessary to keep the environment clean and healthy.

Why we need EIA?

The need to foresee the problems of a development project is the primary objective of Environmental

Impact Assessment (EIA). Helps an organization to identify aspects and evaluate impacts on various components of environment

and to determine the significance of the impact.

Helps an organization to establish, implement, maintain and continuously improve its environmental

policy and objectives and to improve environmental performance.

Provides for sustainable development

Helps policy makers to evaluate the projects environmental consequences and make decisions:

whether to go ahead with the project or to curb/restrain activities.

Works as a tool for identifying applicable environmental legislation and comply with them (The

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986)

Works as a tool to enhance assurance and satisfaction of interested parties: investors, customers,

employee, etc.

EIA is an exercise to be carried out before any project or major activity is undertaken to ensure that it will

not in any way harm the environment on a short term or long term basis. Any developmental

endeavor requires not only the analysis of the need of such a project, the monetary costs andbenefits involved but most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the

effect of a proposed development on the environment.

The environment impact process was introduced with the purpose of identifying /evaluating the potentialbeneficial and adverse impacts of development projects on the environment, taking in to account

environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic considerations. All of these considerations are critical

to determine the viability of a project and to decide if a project should be granted environmental

clearance.An EIA concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the

viability of a project. It also predicts how the project could harm to people, their homeland, their

livelihoods, and the other nearby developmental activities. After predicting potential impacts, theEIA identifies measures to minimize the impacts and suggests ways to improve the project

viability.

The aim of an EIA is to ensure that potential impacts are identified and addressed at an early stage in theprojects planning and design. To achieve this aim, the assessment finding are communicated to all
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the relevant groups who will make decisions about the proposed projects, the project developers

and their investors as well as regulators , planners and the politicians. Having read the conclusions

of an environmental impact assessment, project planners and engineers can shape the project sothat its benefits can be achieved and sustained with out causing adverse impacts.

In recent years, major projects have encountered serious difficulties because insufficient account has been

taken of their relationship with the surrounding environment. Some projects have been found to beunsustainable because of resource depletion. Others have been abandoned because of public

opposition, financially encumbered by unforeseen costs, held liable for damages to natural

resources and even been the cause of disastrous accidents. Given this experience, it is very risky toundertake finance, or approve a major project without first taking in to account its environmental

consequences and then siting and designing the project so as to minimize adverse impacts.

Due to public pressure on the government to accept accountability for the activities of its agencies the

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was formed in USA during 1970. This was the basisfor the development of a mechanism which came to be known as Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA).

Applications / Scope of the EIAAs per EIA notification 2006, eight categories of industries/projects require to conduct EIA and

submit the EIS/EIA Report to get environmental clearance from MoEF, GOI and by state levelenvironment impact assessment authority constituted by GOI. These 8 categories are further categorized

into A & B. The A categories are large-scale industries in terms of production above the specified limit

and require to get the clearance from MoEF. However, B categories are small-scale industries with orwithout specified minimum production threshold but with production threshold below that of class A

category get the clearance from state level environment impact assessment authority constituted by GOI.List of Projects Requiring Environmental Clearance from the Central Government

1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex, Rare Earths.

2. River Valley projects including hydel power, major Irrigation & their combination including flood control.

3. Ports, Harbours, Airports (except minor ports and harbours).

4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines.5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than single superphosphate).

6. Pesticides (Technical).7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT,

Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC.

8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.

9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage.

10. Synthetic Rubber.

11. Asbestos and Asbestos products.

12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives.

13 (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead and

Ferro Alloys).

(b) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants).14. Chlor alkali industry.

15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of

paints.

16. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn.

17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys.

18. All tourism projects between 200m500 metres of High Water Line and at locations with an elevation of more

than 1000 metres with investment of more than Rs.5 crores.

19. Thermal Power Plants.20. Mining projects *(major minerals)* with leases more than 5 hectares.


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21. Highway Projects **except projects relating to improvement work including widening and strengthening of

roads with marginal land acquisition along the existing alignments provided it does not pass through ecologically

sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Reserve Forests**

22. Tarred Roads in the Himalayas and or Forest areas.

23. Distilleries.24. Raw Skins and Hides

25. Pulp, paper and newsprint.26. Dyes.

27. Cement.

28. Foundries (individual)

29. Electroplating

30. Meta amino phenol

Process of EIA

There are two tiers of assessment which should be applied to the project before proceeding with a

full scale EIA, Screening and preliminary assessment. Where these first tiers of assessment are aregulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory

agency. The agency may then decide that either there is nothing to be concerned about or the evaluation

should proceed to the next tier. The most important step in the process of obtaining environmentalclearance under the EIA notification is for the project proponent to conduct an environmental impact

assessment of the project. For this purpose the project proponent engages an environmental consultant to

prepare an EIA report. The EIA report must be prepared by incorporation of data during all the four

seasons of the year. Such an EIA is termed a comprehensive EIA. How ever, there is provision for asingle season collection of data, but this should not be done during the monsoon season. Such an EIA

reports is termed a Rapid EIA. There are two tiers of assessment which should be applied to the project

before proceeding with a full scale EIA Screening and Preliminary Assessment. Wherever these firsttiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the

results to the regulatory agency. The agency may then decide whether there is anything to be concerned

about or whether the evaluation should proceed to the next tier.

The second tier includes development of an environmental planning.Steps Involved in an EIA

Screening

Scoping

Examination of Alternatives

Mitigating Measures

Preparation of the EIS

Review of the EIS

Decision Making

Follow-up

5.2 Environmental Law Pollution Acts (Air, Water and Soil pollution), Forest and Wildlife Acts.

In June 1972 an United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was organized in

Stockholm, The theme of the conference was based on the world community and it was resolved to protect

and enhance the environment quality. The decision of the conference was that it is necessary to enact acomprehensive law on the subject to implement. Accordingly the Environment (Protection) Bill was

introduced in the parliament.


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The basis of Indias EHS (Environmental Health & Safety) Legislation is Right to Life-

mentioned in our constitution, to provide better environment to every citizen.

Various Environmental Legislations relevant to the environmental component are -

WATER

The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, is an Act to provide for prevention andcontrol of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water.

Generation of Effluents is covered under this statute. No person shall establish or operate any

industrial plant in any pollution control area, (entire Karnataka is declared as pollution control

area), and shall discharge or cause or permit to be discharge the emission of any pollutant in excessof the standards laid down by the PCB. The emission shall be with prior consent of the PCB.

Contraventions shall be penalized.

To implement this act, states have enacted their relevant Rules (1975).

To augment the resources of the pollution control Board water (P & C of pollution) cess Act 1977

been enacted. This Act provides the government to collect cess from water users, which is to be

ultimately used for the pollution control activities and relevant R & Ds.

AIR The Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1981 is an Act to provide for the prevention,

control and abatement of air pollution.

Emissions of solid or liquid substances (including noise) are covered under this statute. No person

shall establish or operate any industrial plant in any air pollution control area, (entire Karnataka is

declared as air pollution control area), and shall discharge or cause or permit to be discharge theemission of any air pollutant in excess of the standards laid down by the PCB. The emission shall

be with prior consent of the PCB. Contraventions shall be penalized.

SOIL

Basically soil pollution is being governed by Notification and Rules under the Provision of the

environment (protection) Act 1986. This Act confirms powers to take all such measures as it deems

necessary or expedient for the purpose of protection and improving the quality of the environment andpreventing, controlling and abating environmental problems. This Act imposes a duty on every person to

take steps to prevent or mitigate the environmental pollution This Act also specifies Industry specific

standards, equipments based standards and general standards for recipient environment.The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification-1994 & Coastal Regulation Zone-1991

regulate establishment of industries to certain locations where the soil pollution may be manageable.

Further, there are pollution specific rules, viz. the Hazardous waste (Management & Handling) Rules

1989, Hazardous Chemical Rules - 1992, Hazardous Micro-Organisms, Genetically engineered Micro-organisms or Cells Rule 1989, Bio-medical Waste Rule (1989) regulates handling of hazardous wastes,

chemicals, Micro-organisms & biomedical waste respectively.

All these statutory requirements are being regulated by Central & State Pollution Control Boards.

FOREST LAWS:In 1878 the then British Government in India enacted the Indian Forest Act, relating to forests in

British India. Later it was amended several times. All these amendments been consolidated as IndianForest Act in 1927 to deal with forests (whether reserved/unreserved), the transit of forest produce & the

duty levy-able on timber & other forest produce.

In 1952, the National Forests Policy had recommended a national target of 1/3 of the geographical

area of the country (100 m hectors) should be under forest from notified 74 m hectors. In view toimplement the policy recommendation & to conserve forest, Government of India enacted Forest


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(Conservation) Act 1980. This Act checks indiscriminate deforestation & diversion of forest land to non

forest purposes. Under the provisions of the Act, The Government formulated the Forest (Conservation)

Rules 2003, which necessitates prior approval of Government before any reserved forest is de-reserved ordiverted to non forest purposes & the violations attract strict panel provision / prosecution.

However over the years, forests, in the country have suffered serious depletion. This is attributable

to relentless pressures arising from ever increasing demand for fuel wood, fodder and timber, inadequacyof protection measures, diversion of forest lands to non forest uses & the tendency to look upon forest as

revenue earning resources, In order to reduce the illegal felling and strengthen efforts of state Government

to ensure environmental stability & maintenance of ecological balance including atmospheric equilibriumwhich are vital for sustenance of all life forms, a comprehensive National Forest Policy been enacted in

1988.

WILDLIFE LAWS:

During 18th & 19th centuries, ruthless destruction of wild life for dreadful gains led to the extinctionof 200 species and 250 species became endangered. In view to conserve this wildlife, India is probably the

first country to enact a Wild Life (Protection) Act in 1887, later re-enacted in 1972. Under this act

possession, trapping, shooting of wild animals alive or dead, serving their meat for eating houses, their

transportation and export been controlled. The hunting of female, young once and threatened species arecompletely prohibited and others being provided protection according to their state of population size.

The Wild Life (Protection) Rule, 1995 has also been enforced regarding setting up of Zooauthority, protection of rare and endangered species.

5.3 Environmental planning,Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development

with due consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance

factors and provides a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Elements of environmental planning

Environmental Planning concerns itself with the decision making processes where they are required

for managing relationships that exist within and between natural systems and human systems.Environmental Planning endeavours to manage these processes in an effective, orderly, transparent andequitable manner for the benefit of all constituents within such systems for the present and for the future.

Present day Environmental Planning practices are the result of continuous refinement and expansion of the

scope of such decision making processes. Some of the main elements of present day environmentalplanning are:

Social & economic development

Urban development

Regional development

Natural resource management & integrated land use

Infrastructure systems

Governance frameworksThe environmental planning assessments encompass areas such as land use, socio-economics,

transportation,economic and housing characteristics, air pollution,noise pollution, thewetlands, habitat of

the endangered species,flood zonessusceptibility,coastal zoneserosion, and visual studies among others,

and is referred to as an Integrated environmental planning assessment.

Comprehensive Environmental Planning:
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In business Kaizen encompasses many of the components of Japanese businesses that have been seen as a

part of their success. Quality circles, automation, suggestion systems, just-in-time delivery, Kanban and 5S are all

included within the Kaizen system of running a business.

Kaizen involves setting standards and then continually improving those standards. To support the higher

standards Kaizen also involves providing the training, materials and supervision that is needed for employees toachieve the higher standards and maintain their ability to meet those standards on an on-going basis.

The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: Standardize an operation and activities.

Measure the standardize operation (find cycle time and amount of in-process inventory)

Gauge measurements against requirements

Innovate to meet requirements and increase productivity

Standardize the new, improved operations

Continue cycle ad infinitum

The five main elements of kaizen

Teamwork

Personal discipline

Improved morale

Quality circles Suggestions for improvement

5.4.2 Lean manufacturingLean manufacturing, lean enterprise, or lean production, often simply, "Lean," is a production practice

that considers the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value for the end customer to be

wasteful, and thus a target for elimination. Working from the perspective of the customer who consumes a

product or service, "value" is defined as any action or process that a customer would be willing to pay for.

Essentially, lean is centered on preserving value with less work. Lean manufacturing is a management philosophy

derived mostly from the Toyota Production System (TPS) (hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent) and

identified as "Lean" only in the 1990s. TPS is renowned for its focus on reduction of the original Toyota seven

wastes to improve overall customer value, but there are varying perspectives on how this is best achieved. The

steady growth ofToyota, from a small company to the world's largest automaker,[3]has focused attention on howit has achieved this.

Steps to achieve lean systems

The following steps should be implemented to create the ideal lean manufacturing system:[31]:

Phase 0 - Adopt Lean Process -

The decision to change the organizations operating philosophy to Lean.

Phase 1 - Prepare Introduction

The preparation phase is where the strategy is defined and the support structure is put into place for the

transformation to Lean. During this phase a cross functional group is established and given the authority,

responsibility, and accountability for the transformation. Interfaces with other parts of the enterprise and key

business systems are recognized and defined. Major issues such as workforce changes and culture attributes are

surfaced and addressed. Knowledge of Lean principles and practices begin to be learned by key parts of the

organization. Policies and guidelines are set into place as well as the metrics to measure implementation progress.A strategic plan for implementing Lean that addresses: A. Leadership and organizational support B. People and

organization cultural issues C. Target objectives and metrics D. Training

Phase 2 - Define Value

Introduction At this phase of implementation the focus is placed upon understanding value in the eyes of the

customer and those processes most directly related to providing this value. The area of initial implementation mayinitially be very narrow such as a specific family of parts, sub-assemblies, or a particular manufacturing process.
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A more ambitious and risky approach for an initial implementation may be for a large or complex assembly or for

an entire manufacturing facility or site.

The product, customer, and value all defined so as to allow the distinction between value added and non-value

added operations.

Phase 3 - Identify Value Stream

Introduction- Value stream mapping provides a means to easily recognize and communicate what is taking place

thus allowing team members to more readily target waste elimination. Value stream mapping is an iterative stepin the transition to Lean process and is an important part of the continuous improvement process. There are many

simple and effective ways for recording the value stream, sophisticated computer simulations or mathematical

models are not required.

Output - A value stream map that shows the entire information and production process as a system with measures

of value added and waste for each process.

Phase 4 - Design Production System

Introduction - The concept behind this phase is to do the high level design of the production system. This design

must recognize that the implementation will take several stages (Phases 5 and 6). Therefore, the key point in this

phase is to consider the system design in total and not to get mired in the details of the implementation. This

phase involves less implementation and more planning. It is important to understand where and how the

production system will evolve.

Output - A production system design that is ready for incremental implementationPhase 5 - Implement Flow

Introduction - This phase marks the conversion from a batch and queue type of operation to cellular type of

operation. In this phase individual cells are established in the production system to implement flow within those

cells. The principles of this phase are applicable to both fabrication and assembly. Process -Output - Areas within the production system have implemented processes to ensure that production flow has been

achieved. In this state individual areas have managed to reduce a significant amount of waste.

Phase 6 - Implement Total System Pull

Introduction - This phase links the various flow operations within the entire production system. This often equates

to linking individual cells within the production system and suppliers with a pull type system. Successful

completion of this phase results in a just-in-time type of pull production system that starts with suppliers and ends

with the final customer.

Output - A production system that matches its production to what the customers demands at the rate, quantity andmix that is demanded.

Phase 7 - Strive for Perfection

Introduction - This phase provides for continuous improvement and feedback . The various Lean techniques and

tools implemented in earlier phases are repeated and refined taking the improvements to the next level. The

organization matures from directive to collaborative to empowered. Metrics are reassessed and revised or replaced

as necessary to ensure that they are meaningful indicators of the production processes and the overall health of theLean implementation. The outputs from this phase may feed back into any and all other phases as the Lean

transition improves the competitive position of the production operation and the enterprise.

Output - Just as the inputs to Phase 7 may take place at any and at numerous times concurrently with

Phases 2 through 6, the outputs of Phase 7 are incremental, continuous, and generally supportive of the

Lean transition process.

Design a simple manufacturing system Recognize that there is always room for improvement

Continuously improve the lean manufacturing system design

Design a simple manufacturing system

A fundamental principle of lean manufacturing is demand-based flow manufacturing. In this type of

production setting, inventory is only pulled through each production center when it is needed to meet a customer's

order. The benefits of this goal include:decreased cycle time


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less inventory

increased productivity

increased capital equipment utilization

There is always room for improvement

The core of lean is founded on the concept of continuous product and process improvement and the elimination ofnon-value added activities. "The Value adding activities are simply only those things the customer is willing to

pay for, everything else is waste, and should be eliminated, simplified, reduced, or integrated". Improving theflow of material through new ideal system layouts at the customer's required rate would reduce waste in material

movement and inventory.

Continuously improve

A continuous improvement mindset is essential to reach a company's goals. The term "continuous improvement"

means incremental improvement of products, processes, or services over time, with the goal of reducing waste to

improve workplace functionality, customer service, or product performance.

5.4.3 What is an Environmental Management System?

An Environmental Management System provides a framework for managing environmental

responsibilities so they become more efficient and more integrated into overall business operations. Acompany's environmental performance can have a significant impact on its success

Environmental Management Systems are based on standards, which specify a process of achieving

continuously improved environmental performance and compliance with legislation. ISO 14001 is theinternationally recognized standard for Environmental Management Systems (EMS). Environmental

Management Systems offers registration to ISO 14001 which will help you achieve the standard and so

enhance an organization's competitive advantage and reputation.Registration can:

Remove uncertainty and inconsistency by managing disruption and waste

Give competitive advantage to avoid international trade barriers

Help companies stay compliant with regulatory requirements

Improve overall performance

Demonstrate high environmental standards Demonstrate compliance with legislation

Reduce costs

Improve efficiency

What is ISO 14001?

ISO 14001 is an international standard that specifies a process for controlling and improving a

company's environmental performance.

ISO 14001 consists of:

General requirements

Environmental policy

Planning

Implementation and operation

Checking and corrective action

Management reviewThis means you:

Identify elements of your business that impact on the environment and gain access to the relevant

environmental legislation.
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Produce objectives for improvement and a management program to achieve them, with regular

reviews for continual improvement.

Implementing an EMSThere are key steps that every company implementing an EMS will need to consider:

Purchase the Standard: Before you can begin preparing for your application, you will require a copy of the

standard. You should read this and make yourself familiar with it.

Review support literature: There are a wide range of environmental publications designed to help you

understand, implement and become registered to a Environmental Management System.

Gain commitment and backing of senior managers: You should begin the entire implementation process bygaining the commitment and backing of Senior Managers with top management.

Consider Training: There are a range of workshops, seminars and training courses available to help you

implement and assess your Environmental Management System.

Review Consultancy Options: You can receive advice from independent consultants on how best to implement

your environmental management system. They will have the experience in implementing an EMS and can ensure

you avoid costly mistakes.

Choose a registrar: The registrar is the 3rd party, like BSI, BVQI, TUV, etc. who come and assess the

effectiveness of your environmental management system, and issue a certificate if it meets the requirements of the

standard. Choosing a registrar can be a complex issue as there are so many operating in the market. Factors to

consider include industry experience, geographic coverage, price and service level offered. The key is to find the

registrar who can best meet your requirements.

Develop your Environmental Policy: Your environmental policy will state your commitment to compliance

with legal and regulatory demands, continual improvement and the prevention of pollution. You should make this

policy available to your market and the public.

Review and produce objectives: At this stage you should identify the elements of your business that impact on

the environment, establish access to relevant environmental legislation and regulations and produce objectives

and targets for environmental improvement and a management program to achieve them.

Implementation and Operation: The key to implementation is communication and training of staff. During the

implementation phase you should provide resources for personnel and clearly define the roles within your

organization. At this stage, you will document and control your management system in controlling operations that

may have an environmental impact.

Gain registration: The initial registration to ISO 14001 involves a 2 stage assessment process, including a

document review and a site visit. You should arrange the initial assessment with your registrar. It's often a good

idea to include a pre-assessment designed to act as a practice assessment. Following the 2 stage initial assessmentthe assessor will determine whether you should be recommended for registration.

Continual assessment: Once you have received registration and been awarded your certificate, you can begin to

advertise your success and promote your business. To maintain your registration, you will need to ensure

legislative compliance, record information on the operation of your EMS and demonstrate continualimprovement, This will be periodically checked by your registrar to ensure that your Environmental Management

System continues to meet the requirements of the standard.
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5.5 What is an Occupational Health and SafetyManagement System?

An Occupational Health and Safety Management System provide a framework for managing OHS

responsibilities so they become more efficient and more integrated into overall business operations.

OHS Management systems are based on standards, which specify a process of achieving continuouslyimproved OHS performance and complying with legislation.

Registration can:

5.5.1 Health & Safety management tools:What are OHSAS 18001 and OHSAS 18002?

OHSAS 18001 is an assessment specification for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. Itwas developed in response to the need for companies to meet their health and safety obligations in an

efficient manner.

To compliment OHSAS 18001, BSI published OHSAS 18002, which explains the requirements of thespecification and shows you how to work toward implementation and registration.

Together, this integrated package will provide your business with the practical means of registration:

Identify elements of your business that impact on health and safety and gain access to therelevant legislation

Produce objectives for improvement and a management program to achieve them, with

regular reviews for continual improvement

Implementing an OHSMS

There are key steps that every organization implementing an Occupational Health andSafety Management System will need to consider:

Purchase the Specification: Before you can begin preparing for your application, you willrequire a copy of the specification.Review support literature: There are a wide range of publications designed to help youunderstand and implement an Occupational Health & Safety Management System.Consider Training: There are a range of workshops, seminars and training coursesavailable to help you implement and assess your Occupational Health & Safety ManagementSystem.Review Consultancy Options: You can receive advice from independent consultants onhow best to implement your Occupational Health & Safety management system. They may

have the experience in implementation that can help you avoid costly mistakes.Design the OHSAS 18001 Management System: The OHSAS 18001 Specificationfollows the Plan-Do-Check-Review cycle, with a concurrent emphasis on continualimprovement. This model fits in neatly with the structure of other management systemdocuments such as ISO 14001. This alignment of the management system documents helpsin the facilitation of Integrated Management Systems.

The following steps help form the basic structure of the management system and linkinto the structure of OHSAS 18001.Plan: During the planning stage you should:
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Ensure you have the commitment of top management.

Define, with the authorization of top management, the company's occupational healthand safety policy.

Planning must be completed to establish a framework for identifying hazards, theassessment of risks and the implementation of necessary control measures.

Legal obligations must be identified and understood, objectives set and amanagement programme for achieving them implemented. This entire process shouldbe documented.

Implement your Health and Safety Management System: At this point you should:

Establish roles and responsibilities.

Develop procedures for the consultation and communication of OHS information toemployees and other interested parties.

Document your processes and develop a system of document and data control.

Apply a system of operational control.

Establish plans and procedures for emergencies.

Check your management system and take any necessary corrective action: Youshould aim to continually improve your management system by:

Introducing performance, measuring and monitoring practices.

Establishing and documenting responsibility and authority for accidents, incidents,non-conformities and corrective & preventative action.

Establishing a procedure for records and records management.

Auditing and assessing the performance of the management system.

Performing management reviews of the system at identified and defined intervals.Gain registration: Registration is a phased approach adding value and facilitating thedevelopment of the system. During registration your OHSAS 18001 management system willbe reviewed.

Continual assessment: Once you have received registration and been awarded yourcertificate, you can begin to advertise your success and promote your business. Yourregistrar will periodically check this to ensure that your system continues to meet therequirements of the Specification.

5.6 Social AccountabilitySA8000 is a global social accountability standard for decent working conditions, developed and overseen

by Social Accountability International (SAI).

Significance

Dominic A. Tarantino, Chairman ofPrice Waterhouse World Firm described SA8000 in 1998 as "the first

ever universal standard for ethical sourcing... It provides a common framework for ethical sourcing for companies

of any size and any type, anywhere in the world. SA8000 sets out provisions for issues such as trade union rights,

the use of child labor, working hours, health and safety at work, and fair pay." However, it does not addressbroader issues of ecology or bribery or other issues which may require more consumer or executive restraint.

Tarantino further argued the need for moral leadership:

"Pricing, products and services are no longer the sole arbiters of commercial success... it is business that

must take the lead in taming the global frontier. Business must take the lead in establishing rule of law in

emerging markets. Business must take the lead in stopping bribery. Business must take the lead in bringing order

to cyberspace. Business must take the lead in ensuring that technology does not split the world into haves and

have nots."
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Basis:SA8000 is an auditable certification standard based on the UNUniversal Declaration of Human Rights,

Convention on the Rights of the Child and various International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions. SA8000

covers the following areas of accountability:

Child labor: No workers under the age of 15; minimum lowered to 14 for countries operating under the

ILO Convention 138 developing-country exception; remediation of any child found to be working.

Forced labor: No forced labor, including prison or debt bondage labor; no lodging of deposits or identity

papers by employers or outside recruiters.

Health and Safety: Provide a safe and healthy work environment; take steps to prevent injuries; regular

health and safety worker training; system to detect threats to health and safety; access to bathrooms and

potable water.

Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining: Respect the right to form and join trade

unions and bargain collectively; where law prohibits these freedoms, facilitate parallel means of

association and bargaining.

Discrimination: No discrimination based on race, caste, origin, religion, disability, gender, sexual

orientation, union or political affiliation, or age; no sexual harassment.

Discipline: No corporal punishment, mental or physical coercion or verbal abuse

Working hours: Comply with the applicable law but, in any event, no more than 48 hours per week withat least one day off for every seven day period; voluntary overtime paid at a premium rate and not to

exceed 12 hours per week on a regular basis; overtime may be mandatory if part of a collective

bargaining agreement.

Compensation: Wages paid for a standard work week must meet the legal and industry standards and besufficient to meet the basic need of workers and their families; no disciplinary deductions.

Management systems for Human Resources: Facilities seeking to gain and maintain certification must go

beyond simple compliance to integrate the standard into their management systems and practices.

Certification

A facility wishing to seek certification to SA8000 must apply to a SAAS-accredited auditing firm, or

certification body. Assessment of compliance to the SA8000 Standard and the issuance of accredited SA8000

certifications are available only through SAAS-accredited, independent organizations.

5.7 Sustainable development (SD)Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while

preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to

come (sometimes taught as ELF-Environment, Local people, Future). The term was used by the Brundtland

Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as

development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs."Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity ofnatural systems with the social

challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in

equilibrium with basic ecological support systems."[3] Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth[4], and

presented the alternative of a "steady state economy"[5] in order to address environmental concerns.The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts:

environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.

In 1987, the United Nations released theBrundtland Report, which included what is now one of the most

widely recognised definitions:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
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the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding

priority should be given; and

the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the

environment's ability to meet present and future needs."[8]

The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers to the "interdependent and mutually

reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and

environmental protection.Indigenous peoples have argued, through various international forums such as the United Nations Permanent

Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainable

development, the fourth being cultural. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further

elaborates the concept by stating that "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for

nature; it becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but

also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence". In thisvision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development.

Economic Sustainability:Agenda 21 clearly identified information, integration, and participation as key building

blocks to help countries achieve development that recognises these interdependent pillars. It emphasises that in

sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. It stresses the need to change from old

sector-centred ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and theintegration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes. Furthermore, Agenda 21

emphasises that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving

sustainable development.

According to Hasna Vancock, sustainability is a process which tells of a development of all aspects of

human life affecting sustenance. It means resolving the conflict between the various competing goals, and

involves the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity famously

known as three dimensions (triple bottom line) with the resultant vector being technology, hence it is a

continually evolving process; the 'journey' (the process of achieving sustainability) is of course vitally important,but only as a means of getting to the destination (the desired future state). However, the 'destination' of

sustainability is not a fixed place in the normal sense that we understand destination. Instead, it is a set of wishful

characteristics of a future system.

Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that Green developmentprioritizes what its proponents consider to be environmental sustainability over economic and cultural

considerations. Proponents of Sustainable Development argue that it provides a context in which to improve

overall sustainability where cutting edge Green development is unattainable. For example, a cutting edge

treatment plant with extremely high maintenance costs may not be sustainable in regions of the world with fewer

financial resources. An environmentally ideal plant that is shut down due to bankruptcy is obviously less

sustainable than one that is maintainable by the community, even if it is somewhat less effective from an

environmental standpoint.

Some research activities start from this definition to argue that the environment is a combination of nature

and culture. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a Diverse World", sponsored by the

European Union, integrates multidisciplinary capacities and interprets cultural diversity as a key element of a new

strategy for sustainable development.

In fact, some researchers and institutions have even pointed out that a fourth dimension should be addedto the three dimensions of sustainable development, since these three dimensions do not seem to be enough to

reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and the United Citiesand Local Governments (UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement Culture: Fourth

Pillar of Sustainable Development, passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework of the World Summit of

Local and Regional Leaders 3rd World Congress of UCLG, held in Mexico City. This document inaugurates a

new perspective and points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach:developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies.
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Still other researchers view environmental and social challenges as opportunities for development action.

This is particularly true in the concept of sustainable enterprise that frames these global needs as opportunities for

private enterprise to provide innovative and entrepreneurial solutions. This view is now being taught at many

business schools including the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise at Cornell University and the Erb Institute

for Global Sustainable Enterprise at the University of Michigan.The United Nations Division for Sustainable Development lists the following areas as coming within the

scope of sustainable development:Sustainable development is an eclectic concept, as a wide array of views fall under its umbrella. The

concept has included notions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology. Different conceptions

also reveal a strong tension between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Many definitions and images

(Visualizing Sustainability) of sustainable development coexist. Broadly defined, the sustainable development

mantra enjoins current generations to take a systems approach to growth and development and to manage natural,

produced, and social capital for the welfare of their own and future generations.

During the last ten years, different organizations have tried to measure and monitor the proximity to what

they consider sustainability by implementing what has been called sustainability metrics and indices.

Sustainable development is said to set limits on the developing world. While current first world countries

polluted significantly during their development, the same countries encourage third world countries to reduce

pollution, which sometimes impedes growth. Some consider that the implementation of sustainable development

would mean a reversion to pre-modern lifestyles.Others have criticized the overuse of the term:

"[The] word sustainable has been used in too many situations today, and ecological sustainability is one of those

terms that confuse a lot of people. You hear about sustainable development, sustainable growth, sustainable

economies, sustainable societies, sustainable agriculture. Everything is sustainable (Temple, 1992)."

Environmental sustainability: Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of

interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally

possible based on ideal-seeking behavior.

An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up

faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate

at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with

the concept ofcarrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result ofenvironmental degradation is the inabilityto sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.

Consumption of renewable resources State of environment Sustainability

More than nature's ability to replenish Environmental degradation Not sustainable

Equal to nature's ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy

Less than nature's ability to replenish Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainable

Economic Sustainability: The Venn diagram of sustainable development shown above has many versions, but

was first used by economist Edward Barbier (1987). However, Pearce, Barbier and Markandya (1989) criticizedthe Venn approach due to the intractability of operationalizing separate indices of economic, environmental, and

social sustainability and somehow combining them. They also noted that the Venn approach was inconsistent with

the Brundtland Commission Report, which emphasized the interlinkages between economic development,

environmental degradation, and population pressure instead of three objectives. Economists have since focused on

viewing the economy and the environment as a single interlinked system with a unified valuation methodology.

Intergenerational equity can be incorporated into this approach, as has become common in economic valuations of

climate change economics. Ruling out discrimination against future generations and allowing for the possibility of

renewable alternatives to petro-chemicals and other non-renewable resources, efficient policies are compatible

with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state Thus the three pillars of

sustainable development are interlinkages, intergenerational equity, and dynamic efficiency.
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Three types of capital in sustainable development

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types

of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be

irreversible. Daly (1991), for example, points to the fact that natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by

economic capital. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much moreunlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the protection provided by the ozone

layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest. In fact natural capital, social capital andeconomic capital are often complementarities. A further obstacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-

functionality of many natural resources. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which

can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2.

Another problem of natural and social capital deterioration lies in their partial irreversibility. The loss in

biodiversity, for example, is often definite. The same can be true for cultural diversity. For example with

globalization advancing quickly the number of indigenous languages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the

depletion of natural and social capital may have non-linear consequences. Consumption of natural and social

capital may have no observable impact until a certain threshold is reached. A lake can, for example, absorb

nutrients for a long time while actually increasing its productivity. However, once a certain level of algae is

reached lack of oxygen causes the lakes ecosystem to break down suddenly.

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