UNIT VIICh. 24 & 25

Metternich Restores Stability• Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

– Participants:• King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of

Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Prime ministers from France and Britain, and Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria

• 3 goals of Metternich– 1) prevent future French aggression (contain France)– 2) restore balance of power

» Didn’t want to do too much to France for fear they’d retaliate

» Returned to its boundaries from 1790– 3) restore Europe’s ruling families that had been displaced by

Napoleon» Legitimacy» Ex: Louis XVIII back on the throne

Concert of Europe• A system of alliances to bound the nations

of Europe together– Devised by Metternich to ward off

revolutionary ideas set in motion by the French Rev.

• “Liberty, equality, and fraternity”• Democracy/constitutional monarchies

• The Holy Alliance– Russia, Austria, and Prussia

join forces to fight against any future revolutions

Philosophers of Industrialization

• Laissez-faire economics– Businesses have little

interference from the government

• Enlightenment idea

• Adam Smith– The Wealth of Nations,

1776– Laissez-faire economics

led to progress

Capitalism• Economic system in which money

is invested with the goal of making a profit

• Thomas Malthus– An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798– Population increased faster than food supply– Would lead to poverty– David Ricardo

• Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817

• Permanent, poor “underclass”

Utilitarianism• Jeremy Bentham

– Judge things based on their utility, or usefulness

– “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”

Socialism• Factors of production are owned

by the public and operate for the welfare of all

• Government should own key industries

• Karl Marx and Frederick Engels– Communist Manifesto, 1848– Eventually the working class

(proletariat) would revolt against the middle class (bourgeoisie)

• Believed Capitalism would destroy itselfEngels Marx

Life in the Emerging Urban Society• New Ideas in Medicine and Science

– Germ theory of disease• Developed by Louis Pasteur in

the mid 1800s• First to call microscopic disease-causing

organisms bacteria– Led to pasteurization

– Darwin’s theory of evolution• 1859 The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection• Challenged the traditional view that God created everything on

earth• Idea of natural selection: populations grow faster than the food

supply so people must compete for food– The members that survive are the “fittest”

» Came to be known as the theory of evolution

–Advances in chemistry and physics• John Dalton

–Discovered all matter is made up of atoms (1803)

• Dmitri Mendeleev–Developed the Periodic Table (1869)

• Marie and Pierre Curie–Discovered radioactivity (1898) and the

elements radium and polonium–Won the Nobel Prize in 1903 and Marie

won in 1911

Development of Realism

• In literature and the visual arts– Showed life as it is not as it should be

• Differed from Romanticism • Reflected the importance of the working class

– Artists/authors observed and reported as precisely and objectively as possible

• 1850s • New invention, the camera, also recorded

objective and precise images

• Romanticism: – 19th century– Idealized nature– Emphasized harmony between humans and nature

• Realism:– Reaction to romanticism– Portray things as they really were– Records events, does not give a glorified view

• Impressionism:– Aimed at capturing their immediate “impression” of a

brief moment– Bright colors used, loose brushwork– Monet, Renoir, Degas

Romanticism

Realism

Impressionism

Social Structure

• Wealth distributed unevenly – 20% of the population was middle class or wealthy

• Middle class– Mostly successful industrialists, bankers, merchants; began to

merge with the aristocracy– shared a common lifestyle and culture

• Working classes– Skilled workers very different lives from the semiskilled and

unskilled – Domestic servants = large portion of the population– Leisure included:

• Drinking, watching sports (racing and soccer), attending music performances

• Working-class church attendance declined in the 19th century

The Changing Family• Premarital sex and marriage

– economic considerations contributed to choosing marriage partners

– Increasing economic well-being allowed members of the working class to select marriage partners based more on romance

– Gender roles• Division of labor became defined by gender• Women gained control over household finances and the

education of children

• Child Rearing– Attitudes toward children changed– Emotional ties between mothers and infants

deepened

The Age of Nationalism1850-1914

• By the 1830s, the return to the old order was breaking down– Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe

were openly revolting against conservative gov’t

– Liberal middle class led the struggle for constitutional governments and the formation of nation-states

– Multiple revolutions• Brussels, Italy, Austria, Poland, Budapest, Prague,

the German States, France

France Accepts a Strong Ruler• December 1848, Louis-Napoleon

Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) won the presidential election– 1852: took the title of Emperor Napoleon III– French were weary of instability and

welcomed a strong ruler to bring peace to France

– Napoleon III’s policies• Built railroads, encouraged industrialization,

promoted public works programs– Unemployment gradually decreased– France experienced prosperity

Nation Building in Italy and Germany

• After the Congress of Vienna, Austria ruled northern Italian provinces and Spain ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies– Italians wanted their independence

• Movement for Unity begins– 1832: Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group

called Young Italy» 1848 revolts failed in Italy as in other areas of

Europe» Giuseppe exiled

Sardinia Leads Italian Unification• 1852: Sardina’s King Victor Emmanuel II

named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister– Wealthy aristocrat– Worked to expand Emmanuel’s

power• Led to the unification of Italy

– Mazzini distrusted Cavour» Believed he wanted to increase

Emmanuel’s power, not unify ItalyCount Camillo

de Cavour

King Victor Emmanuel II

• Cavour united northern Italy and began to look to control the south– Helped nationalists rebel in the south– 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his

nationalist troops captured Sicily• Led a patriotic expedition to the

kingdom of the Two Sicilies, overthrew the gov’t, and presented southern Italy and Sicily to Sardinia

• King Victor Emmanuel II rules over all of Italy

Garibaldi

Germany Before Bismarck

• Since 1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation– The two largest states, the Austro-Hungarian

Empire and Prussia, dominated the confederation

• Prussia was mainly Germanic and they had a powerful army

• They also industrialized before other German states

Prussia Leads German Unification

• 1861: King William I moved to reform the army, yet the Parliament would not grant him the money to do so– Saw this as a challenge to his authority– Supported by the Junkers (remember them?)

• Conservatives, Prussian nobility• 1862: chose Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister

– Became the master of “realpolitik” or “the politics of reality;” no room for idealism

– With the king’s approval, Bismarck declared he would rule w/o the consent of parliament and w/o a legal budget

» Direct violation of the consitution

Bismarck

Seven Weeks’ War1866

• Bismarck stirred up border conflicts with Austria– Austria declared war on Prussia– Prussians used their superior training and

equipment to defeat the Austrians quickly• Humiliated Austria

– Lost land to Prussia» Led to German unification» Bismarck used war to promote nationalism

The Franco-Prussian War1870-1871

• South remained independent • Bismarck believed he could win the support of

the southerners if they faced an outside threat• Under the pretense of a false insult, the French

declared war on Prussia (war=nationalism)– Prussians poured into northern France– Sept. 1870, Sedan surrounded (Napoleon III taken

prisoner) – On January 18, 1871 King William I of Prussia was

crowned Kaiser, or emperor (at the palace of Versailles)

• Unification was complete (the south joined the north)• Germans called their empire the Second Reich

– The Holy Roman Empire was the first– Hitler strives to create a Third Reich in the 1930s and 1940s– Prussia now becomes Germany

Russia

• 1856 loss to the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War proved Russia needed to industrialize– Czar Alexander II moved toward

modernization– March 3, 1861 Czar Alexander II issued the

Edict of Emancipation, freeing 20 million serfs– Terrorists assassinate Alexander II in 1881

• Political and social reforms halted• His successor, Alexander III, tightened czarist

control

UNIT VIIIUNIT VIII

Ch. 26 & 27Ch. 26 & 27

ImperialismWhat is it?

• Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation or territory.

• Often the stronger nation sought to dominate the political, social and economic life of the weaker nation.

• The weaker nation would become colonies of the stronger nation.

• The Industrial Revolution encouraged Imperialism.

Colonized vs. Colonizers

• The Europeans colonized much of the world between 1850-1914

• Africa, Asia and South America were mainly colonized by the Europeans

• The Europeans thought they were helping, but really they were taking advantage

• The Europeans were looking for natural resources and labor

Reasons Behind Imperialism

• The Europeans believed they were superior- Racism!

• Social Darwinism- Survival of the Fittest• Wanted Natural resources (diamonds)

– Gold

• Free slave labor• Europeans had the maxim machine gun• Wanted to “Westernize” & “Christianize”

– God

Case Study: Africa

• Africa before Imperialism– Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic

groups– Ranged from large empires that united many

ethnic groups to independent villages

Berlin Conference1884-1885

• Competition over territory in Africa was fierce.• 14 Europeans nations met in Berlin to figure out

rules for dividing up Africa

Rules: • 1.You had to notify other nations that

you were controlling that territory• 2. You had to be able to control the

territory

**No African leader was invited to participate in the meeting**

WWI: M.A.I.N. Causes

• M: Militarism

• A: Alliances

• I: Imperialism

• N: Nationalism

Background information

• 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the region of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire.

• Bosnia was populated primarily with Slavic Muslims, Serbs and Croats. The Serbs especially had a strong desire for Independence. Serbia wanted to join the Slavic Bosnians to its own nation

War breaks out

• June 28, 1914- Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated (grandson of Emperor Francis Joseph)

• Planned to Tour the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The archduke planned a parade for his 14th wedding anniversary to his wife Sophie.

• Secret nationalist society known as “the Black Hand” planned to assassinate the Archduke during the parade.

• 7 young Serbs were hired to carry out the plot.• After a few unsuccessful attempts, the final

assassin Gavrilo Princip shot him and his wife at point blank range

Changes in the Alliance system

• Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy

“Central Powers”(1914)

-Germany-Austria-Hungary

• Triple Entente– France– Great Britain– Russia

“Allies”(1914)-Great Britain-France-Russia-Japan -Italy (9 months into the war)

The First Battle of the Marne

• Early on, the Schlieffen plan worked brilliantly.

• As the Germans approached Paris though, the French learned where they would attack next.

• On September 5, 1914, the French threw every available soldier at the Germans in the Marne River Valley outside of Paris.

The First Battle of the Marne

• The First Battle of the Marne was the most important battle of WWI for several reasons:– France stopped the German advance.– The Schlieffen Plan fell apart.– Both sides found out that a quick victory

would not be possible.

The Western Front

• Western front was basically Northern France

• Dominated by modern weaponry

• Trench warfare

No Man’s Land

• War field where poisonous gases were let loose

• Many soldiers encountered death from the poisonous gas

• Strewn with shell craters, cadavers and body parts

New Weapons lead to a stalemate• Technological developments

that favored defensive tactics• Barbed wire halted advancement

of soldiers• Machine guns were one of the

most important weapons• Mustard gas rotted the body• Tanks & airplanes were other

novel weapons

The Eastern Front

• In the Balkans and throughout Eastern Europe, battles moved better than in Western Europe. Mobile warfare.

• After defending their own land, Austrians and Germans overran Siberia, Albania, and Romania.

• Russia invaded Prussia in 1914-large numbers of casualties

• The Central Powers recovered from this attack and by 1915 had driven Russians out of East Prussia and Poland. They then formed a defensive line from Riga, Latvia to Chernovtsky, Ukraine.

• Russia counterattacked this, but failed in 1916-1917

• These defeats started to create unpopularity for the tsar.

A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of Versailles

• Allies win WWI, November 11, 1918• Jan. 18, 1919

– Big Four meet at Versailles• Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)• George Clemenceau (France)• David Lloyd George (Great Britain)• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

• Wilson brought his Fourteen Points– Outlined a plan for lasting peace

– 14th point: the creation of a League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions

League of Nations

Territorial Losses

Military Restrictions

War Guilt

-international peace organization

-Germany and Russia excluded

**U.S. does not join the League of Nations**

-Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France

-Germany surrenders its overseas colonies

-limits the size of the German army

-Germany forbidden to buy military weapons

-sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders

-Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations

Russian Revolution

• Fall of Imperial Russia– Political system, with its weak Duma and

powerful Csar, was not conducive to the total war of WWI

– 1915 Csar Nicholas II left his wife and took direct command of his armies at the front

• Rasputin

– March 1917: troops mutinied and women rioted

• Csar abdicated

Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution• Germans bring Lenin out of exile• Make peace with Germany, March 1918

– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Surrendered territory to Germany• Humiliating; led to widespread anger

among those who objected the Bolsheviks

– Out of the war

• Trotsky and the militant Bolsheviks seize power– Russian Civil War: 1918-1920

• Costly (15 million dead; 3 years of famine that followed)

Lenin Restores Order• New Economic Policy (NEP)

– March 1921– Restored small-scale version of capitalism– Allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of

giving them to the gov’t– Also encouraged foreign investment

• Political Reforms– Organized Russia into self-governing republics– 1922: country named Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR); new capital—Moscow– Bolsheviks renamed their party---Communist Party

THE ENDTHE END