unit1 new.pptx

8/9/2019 Unit1 New.pptx

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EHU-501 : Engineering & Managerial

Economics


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Syllabus:

Unit-I

Introduction : Meaning, Nature and Scope of

Economics, Meaning of Science, Engineering and

Technology. Managerial Economics and its scope in

engineering perspective.

Unit-II

Basic Concepts

Demand Analysis, Law of Demand, Determinates

of Demand, Elasticity of Demand-Price, Income

and cross Elasticity. Uses of concept of elasticity of

demand in managerial decision. 2


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Unit-III

Demand forecasting

Meaning, significance and methods of

demand forecasting, production function,

Laws of returns to scale & Law of Diminishing

returns scale. An overview of Short and Long

run cost curves fixed cost, variable cost,

average cost, marginal cost, Opportunity cost.


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Unit-IV

Market Structure

Perfect Competition, Imperfect competition Monopolistic,Oligopoly, duopoly sorbent features of price determination and

various market conditions.

Unit-V

National Income, Inflation and Business Cycles

Concept of N.I. and Measurement. Meaning of Inflation, Typecauses & prevention methods, Phases of business cycle.

Reference Books

Managerial Economics : M. L. Jhingan

Managerial Economics for Engineering : Prof. D.N. Kakkar

Managerial Economics : D.N. Dwivedi

Managerial Economics : Maheshwari.


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Introduction

The word Economics is derived fromthe Greek word OKIOS NEMEINmeaning household management

Man is a bundle of desires. Goods

and services satisfy these wants. Butalmost all the goods are scares.

To produce goods factors of

production are needed and these arealso scarce.

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The Study of Economics

Economicsis the study of howindividuals and societies choose to use

the scarce resources that nature and

previous generations have provided. It is the study of economic problems.

Wants are motive for economic

activity. Wants leads to efforts andwhich lead to satisfaction

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Economic Definitions

Adam Smith gave the WealthDefinition

Alfred Marshall gave the WelfareDefinition

Lionel Ribbons gave the ScarcityDefinition Paul Samuelson gave the GrowthDefinition

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Why Engineers need to study Managerial economics :

Natural resources (from which we must build things) are becoming

more scarce and more expensive. We are much more aware ofnegative side-effects of engineering innovations (such as air pollutionfrom automobiles) than ever before.

For these reasons, engineers are tasked more and more to place theirproject ideas within the larger framework of the environment within

a specific planet, country, or region.

Engineers must ask themselves if a particular project will offer somenet benefit to the people who will be affected by the project, afterconsidering its inherent benefits, plus any negative side-effects

(externalities), plus the cost of consuming natural resources, both inthe price that must be paid for them and the realization that oncethey are used for that project, they will no longer be available for anyother project(s).

Simply put, engineers must decide if the benefits of a project exceed

its costs or not.


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Who is a Manager ?

A manager is a simple lay man person who managesthings around.

A manager has to manage :

Ideas ( i.e., objectives, plans and policies )

Things (i.e., capital, machinery, materials and otherphysical resources) ;

People (i.e., human resources) .

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Questions that managers must answer :

Objectives of a firm? Economic Objectives (profit maximisation, sales

maximisation, Techniques of production, market share, etc.) Non Economic Objectives (a good place for the employees

to work, provide good products and better services to thecustomers, act as a good citizen .

What to produce? (demand analysis and forecasting)

Make or buy?

How to produce? (production technology).

Cost of producing commodity?

Price and quantity of output to be produced? Profit?

Investment?

Product policy, sales promotion and market strategy?

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DEFINITIONS OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

McGuigan and Moyer: Managerial economics is the

application of economic theory and methodology todecision-making problems faced by both public and

private institutions.

McNair and Meriam: Managerial economics consists

of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse

business situations.

Spencer and Siegelman: Managerial economics is the

integration of economic theory with business practice

for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and

forward planning by management.


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The Method of Economics

Positive economicsstudies economic behavior

without making judgments. It describes what exists

and how it works.

Normative economics, also called policy economics,analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates

them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of

action.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

1. Microeconomic in nature: It studies the problems andprinciples of an individual business firm or an individual

industry.2. Normative economics: It is concerned with varied

corrective measures that a management undertakes undervarious circumstances.

3. Future planning, policy-making, decision-making and

optimal utilisation of available resources, come under thebanner of managerial economics.

4. Pragmatic:

5. Uses theory of firm: Managerial economics employseconomic concepts and principles, which are known as the

theory of Firm or 'Economics of the Firm'.6. Takes the help of macroeconomics:

7. Aims at helping the management: Managerial economicsaims at supporting the management in taking correctivedecisions and charting plans and policies for future.

8. A scientific art:Science is a system of rules and principles .


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The scope of Managerial Economics

Economics is grouped under two broad categories:

Microeconomicsis the branch of economics thatexamines the functioning of individual industries and thebehavior of individual decision-making unitsthat is,business firms and households.

Macroeconomicsis the branch of economics thatexamines the economic behavior of aggregatesincome, output, employment, and so onon a nationalscale. Ex: Total production, total consumption, totalsavings and total investment.

The areas of business issues to which economictheories can be directly applied may be divided into twocategories :

Operational or internal issues. Environmental or external issues.

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The following are the fields covered byMacroeconomics:1. Theory of National Income, Output and Employment

with its two constituents, namely, the theory ofconsumption function, the theory of investmentfunction .

2. Theory of general Price level with its constituents ofthe theories of inflation, deflation .

3. Theory of Economic Growth dealing with the long-run

growth of income, output and employment.

The following are the fields covered byMicroeconomics:

1. Theory of Product pricing (Theory of Demand & Theoryof production and Cost)

2. Theory of Factor pricing. (Theory of Distribution-Wages, Rent, Interest, profits)

3. Theory of Economic Welfare.


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SCOPE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS:

1. Theory of demand Demand Analysis

Demand Theory (Consumer Behaviour) 2. Theory of production

Variable factor

Fixed Factor

3. Theory of exchange or price theory

4. Theory of profit Demand of the product

Prices of the factors of production

Nature and degree of competition in the market

Price behaviour under changing conditions 5. Theory of capital and investment

Selection of a investment project

Efficient allocation of capital

Assessment of the efficiency of capital

Minimising the possibility of under capitalisation orovercapitalisation.

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Environmental issues

The type of economic system of the country

Social factors like value system of the society Political system of the country Business cycles Monetary and fiscal policy of the country

General trends in : economy concerning the production, employment,

income, prices, saving and investment etc. The working of financial institutions in the country

Foreign trade of the country

General attitude and significance of socialorganisations like trade unions, producers unionsand consumers cooperative societies etc.


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Assisting the business planning process of the

firm

Discovering new possible fields of business

endeavor and its cost-benefit analysis

Advising on prices, investment and capital

budgeting policies

Evaluation of capital budgeting etc.22


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Role of Science ,Engineering and Technology in

Economic Development

Science is the systemized body of knowledge (containsconcepts, theories and principles which are universal

and true) pertaining to a particular field of enquiry.

Science passes through 3 stages of growth before

coming to the level of production which results ineconomic development. These stages are:

Stage 1: Formulation of the scientific principles

Stage 2: Application of the scientific principles( known

as innovation) Stage 3: Development of the innovation to the point of

commercial exploitation e. g. (development of a Solar

Cooker)

(Cont.)


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Science as the prime driver for INVENTIONS :

An invention is a scientific discovery

Process invention

Product invention

Innovation is the practical application of an

invention. Innovation causes changes in thefollowing areas:

Increasing productivity

Increasing sell

Changing the combination of factors(input)

(Land, labour , Capital)


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T h l


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Technology

Technology refers to the body of knowledge ,skillsand procedures for preparing , using and doing usefulthings.

Technological development is a continuous process.

Types of technology:

1. Labour intensive technology

2. Capital intensive technology

3. Neutral Technology

4. Intermediate Technology

Technology leads to:

1. Greater output

2. Shorter working hours

3. Efficient use of Raw material


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Managerial Economist and Business Decisions

Demand Decisions /Forecasting (Consumer

behavior, Preferences, price situation, changes inemployment and BOP)

Price-Output Decisions (it decide Quantity toproduce, Cost, revenue and profit)

Production Decisions (Technology , plant size,product mix and capital mix etc.)

Investment Decisions (Production capacity

expansion , new product, new plant, Rate ofinvestment , )

Advertising Decisions

Profit Decisions


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Application of Economic Concepts,

Tools and Techniques: In applying theeconomic principle to solve the practical business

problem ,Economist has to use some basic economic

tools discussed below :

Scarcity Principle

Opportunity Cost principle Incremental Principle or marginalism

Principle of time perspective

Discounting principle

Equi Marginal principle

unit1 new.pptx

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