unit1- wwi,wwii,holocaust - reading community schools · consequences of wwi, rise of ww ii,...

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Unit I: Test 1 Consequences of WWI, Rise of WW II, Holocaust

In your own words define the Treaty of Versailles?

 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France

The Treaty of Versailles  “Peace” settlement after World War I had ended.  Armistice agreement signed November 11, 1918  January 18, 1919: Paris Peace conference (6-month

negotiation)  June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed  The Big 3: President Woodrow Wilson (USA), Prime

Minister Georges Clemenceau (France), & Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain).

 Clemenceau wanted Germany punished for years to come.  Much of Europe was destroyed by the War (France &

Germany).

Background: Casualties  World War I left Europe devastated! The countries that fought

in the War suffered casualties never seen before.

Background Cont.  Vast areas of Northeastern Europe had been reduced to

rubble. More than 750,000 French homes were completely destroyed.

 Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been destroyed and such a loss hindered the area's ability to function normally.

 1918- Europe was hit by the “Spanish” influenza pandemic, which killed an estimated 25 million people!

 #bittertowardsGermany

Attitude Towards Germany  The “Big 3” were in no mood to be charitable to the defeated

Central Powers.  Germany in particular was held responsible for the war and

its consequences.

 “Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay" were two very common calls in the time immediately after the end of the war.

 1) European reconciliation as opposed to revenge. 2) Fear of

Communist influence. 3) Relentless

Terms of the Treaty: Military, Monetary & Territory  Military: Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the

army was not allowed an air force, tanks, or submarines.

 Monetary: War reparations of 132 billion gold marks. Final payment was paid October 3, 2010. ($341 billion today)

 Territory: Alsace-Lorrain given to France (rich in resources-

coal, iron ore, lumber, agriculture)

What if…  What would have happened if the Germans refused to sign

the Treaty of Versailles?

“It is far easier to make war than to make peace” -Georges Clemenceau

What if…  In your opinion, what would have happened if the “Big

Three” decided not to punish Germany, but rather stabilize the country politically and financially?

 Would WWII have happened regardless?

Brief Culture of the 1920’s  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=684n8FO68LU

The 14 Points  Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Point Plan for world peace (before

armistice)  Attempted to solve the causes of WWI  Allied leaders were skeptical of Wilson’s Plan

 (Idealism versus Realism)  Every “Point” was rejected except #14- Establishing a League

of Nations.  Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for the

League  However the USA never joined the League of Nations-_  LofN had 2 primary goals:

 1) Preserve peace through collective action  2) Promote international cooperation (economically &

socially)

 As WWII unfolded, it was clear the League had failed.

Objectives  Describe how conditions in Italy allowed Mussolini to come

into power

 Understand how Mussolini changed Italy

 Explain how Stalin’s communist changes impacted the Soviet Union (Russia)

 Compare and contrast Fascism and Communism

Mussolini & Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini Fascist Flag

Conditions  Conditions in Italy:  Economic chaos and political corruption in Italy after WWI.  Returning veterans faced unemployment  Trade declined and taxes rose  Government was split into several groups  Italians were upset with current conditions

 Mussolini- fiercely nationalist leader for Italy

 A model for ambitious politicians elsewhere in Europe

Mussolini Emerges  Mussolini organized veterans & upset Italians to form his

Fascist political party.  A very charismatic, influential speaker who promised to

replace corruption and turmoil with order  Reviving Roman greatness- Mediterranean Sea into a

“Roman lake”  Organized his supporters into groups in order to revolt. These

groups were called and wore “Black Shirts”  Favored violent action over a democratic way  Used intimidation and terror to remove government officials  Italians accepted these actions because they wanted

change   1922- Mussolini & thousands of Fascists demanded change

in Rome   King Victor Emmanuel III feared a civil war & appointed

Mussolini to lead Italy

Totalitarianism

 Dominates every part of one’s life  Absolute Rule (Italy v. Russia v. Germany)  Common Characteristics:  Single-party dictator (1 leader)  State (government) control of economy  Use of police spies to enforce rules (violence)  Government control of media & propaganda  Influencing the children

Mussolini’s Fascist Rule  Il Duce- “The leader” - title of Mussolini  Mussolini brought the Italian economy under State control  Favored the upper-class  State > individual: Country comes first  Women were only expected to have many children  Children were taught strict military discipline & about ancient

Rome  Fascism- a centralized, totalitarian government that stresses

patriotism, military action, and endangers human rights  Fascism emphasizes loyalty to the State  Fascism glorifies warfare & foreign conquest

Fascism v. Communism  Totalitarian  National, private interests  Defined class system (middle & upper-class support)  Devotion to the State

 Totalitarian  Work for international change  Classless society (support from lower-class and farmers)  Devotion to the State

Francisco Franco- Spain  Military figure in Spain during Spanish Civil War  Social & Economic structure in Spain was failing  Franco joined the rebel movement to gain power  Loyalist Republicans versus Conservative Nationalists (rebel

groups led by Francisco Franco)  Franco led the nationalists with military help from Hitler &

Mussolini  After the Civil War ended (1936-1939) Franco created a

Fascist dictatorship  He killed and imprisoned thousands of former Loyalists  Franco remained in power until the ’70s

The Soviet Union Under Stalin  Joseph Stalin- Communist dictator of the USSR (Soviet

Union) during WWII

 Turned Soviet Union into a totalitarian State

 Stalin’s 5 Year Plan: aimed at building-up industry, improving transportation, & increasing farm output

 Government controlled economy

 Extreme production!

 Bonuses if goals met, punished if goals not met

Peasant Farmers Revolt  Low standards of living and goods produced

 Stalin wanted strict government control of all agricultural land  Peasants were stripped of all their food & grain to starve  Kulaks- Wealthy farmers who revolted against Stalin  Gulags- labor camps where many were killed or died from

overwork!

Methods of Control  Labor Camps  Public trials for former political activists  Propaganda  Atheism became a state policy  Censorship of art & media  Russification- making culture more Russian

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day

**Review**  What conditions in Spain, the USSR, and Italy made it

possible for Fascist/Communist dictators to come to power?

 What similarities do these totalitarian governments share?

Unrest In Germany  After WWI Germany was on the brink of chaos  Threat of communism from the near east  1919- Germany drafts a new constitution after WWI in the city

of Weimar, Germany. New government was called the Weimar Republic.

 It failed miserably: hyperinflation, splitting political parties, & the Great Depression

 An emerging politician, Adolf Hitler, promised to solve the country’s woes

Adolf Hitler  Born in Austria 1889 (German-Austrian: became fascist

dictator of Germany during WWII  Fought for Germany during WWI

 Took advantage of Germany’s weak political state

 Became leader of the NAZI party (National Socialist of German Workers)

 Organized his supporters into fighting squads to promote his

ideas/political actions.

Rise of the Nazi Party  The Weimar Republic was failing  In 1923 Hitler staged a small coup (overthrow) to seize power

of the German government.  It failed, he was arrested, found guilty of treason, & sent to

prison  While in prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)-

became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology  Included:  Extreme German nationalism  Anti-Semitism- discrimination of the Jewish people  Aryans- Hitler’s “master race”. Light-skinned German

Europeans (blonde hair blue eyes). Jews were the enemy  Lebensraum- more German “living space” in neighboring

countries

*Identify 2 of the 4 main causes that led to World War II.

The Third Reich  Third Reich- The Nazi government in Germany under Hitler  Germany became a Fascist, totalitarian state  The SS- Hitler’s storm troopers who enforced der Fuhrer’s

will  Gestapo- secret police who rooted out the opposition, in

particular Jews

 “Purifying” German culture- jazz, Catholicism, modern art

 Nazi Youth?

Kristallnacht & Nuremberg Laws  Hitler’s anti-Semitism: wanted all Jews driven out of German

lands.  1935: Germany passes the Nuremberg Laws- No Jewish

citizenship, No attending or educating at German schools/colleges, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

 Kristallnacht “Crystal Night” (or Night of the Broken Glass)- November 1938. Nazi-led mobs that attacked Jewish stores and families (incarcerated many)

 Final Solution- the extermination of all Jewish peoples

Review Questions  Identify 2 of the 4 causes, which led to World War II

 What does the word ‘appease’ mean? Define.

Objectives   Analyze the threats to world peace posed by dictators in the

1920s and 1930s, and how democratic countries responded

  Summarize the ways in which continuing Nazi aggression led Europe to the Great War.

Preserving World Peace  After World War I European countries wanted to maintain

peace so they could avoid another international war

 Late 1920s and all of the 1930s

 Britain and France ignored signs of German, Italian, & Japanese advances- recreating new empires

 Despite the Western (democratic nations) efforts, the world was headed to war

 Aggressive dictators were only met with verbal protest pleas- good ideas at the time?

Japan: Unchecked Aggression  Japanese nationalists (military leaders) sought to gain an

empire like the fascist dictators in Europe.  Japan seized the territory of Manchuria in 1931- an early

attempt at fascist expansion.

 Hideki Tojo- Prime Minister of Japan during WWII

 Japan withdrawals from the League of Nations  Japan’s militaristic society overran much of Eastern China by

1937. Once again democratic protests did nothing.

Italy Invades  1935: Benito Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy during WWII,

decides to invade Ethiopia.

 Ethiopia once defended itself from Italian imperialism, but their weapons and technology were no match.

 Ethiopia appeals to the League of Nations for help!

 The League failed to enforce international power again

Treaty of Versailles Violated  Hitler builds of Germany’s military, disregarding any

restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles

 Hitler found Western democracies weak with little power

 By 1936 he sent troops into the Rhineland, bordering France… another violation

 League of Nations denounced these actions but took no real action against Hitler

 Westerns leaders adopted a policy of appeasement- giving in to the demands of the aggressor to keep peace

 Pacifism- opposition to all war

Why Appease Hitler?  Page 567 of book.

1. Fear of the destructive power of modern technology 2. Widespread pacifism following WWI 3. Hitler’s actions were seen as justifiable because of the

harsh terms from the Treaty of Versailles 4. Economic depression 5. Hitler & fascism seen as a defense against the spread of

Soviet communism 6. Misled trust/faith in compromise 7. Misreading of Hitler’s and other fascist leaders intentions

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis  As war approached in the mid-1930s the US passed the

Neutrality Acts, which aimed to keep the US out of war

 The fascist leaders of Japan, Italy, and Germany would form the R,B,T Axis

 These three countries would form what would be known as

the Axis Powers:  Agreed to fight communism  Agreed not to interfere with another’s territorial expansion  Allowed for even bolder actions in the future

German Expansion Continues  Late 1930s- Hitler pursues his goals for more German “living

space”, creating an “Aryan” race, removing “vermin”, and promoting his Third Reich

 1938- Hitler annexes a supportive Austria  Anschluss- union of Austria and Germany

 Anschluss violate the Versailles Treaty and Western democracies did nothing to stop him

Czechoslovakia  Germany then turned to the Czechs  Aimed at taking the Sudetenland- heavy German populations  Still… Britain, France, and others were not willing to go to war

to save it  Searched for peaceful plans while Hitler increased his

demands  Democratic leaders caved again!  Hitler annexed the Sudetenland and assured Britain and France that he had no further plans to expand…

Brink of World War II  After Hitler’s reassurance, France & Britain felt that they had

accomplished a great deal!  1939: Hitler plunges towards war by taking the rest of

Czechoslovakia

 Western leaders acknowledge that appeasement has failed and promise to protect Poland at all costs

 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact- Hitler & Stalin agreed to

keep peaceful relations- not going to war

 September 1, 1939: Poland is invaded, WWII begins

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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?



































Why Appease Hitler?  67 of book.


















Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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1/29/13&

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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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 You Tell Me.

Versailles, France





Germany).










its consequences.






















socially)



into power
















Totalitarianism












Union) during WWII








overwork!





















countries




particular Jews


 Nazi Youth?





















































Czechoslovakia





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unit1- wwi,wwii,holocaust - reading community schools · consequences of wwi, rise of ww ii,...

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