unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf

7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf

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Ai r Quali ty Management IER

Indoor Air Pollution

Air quali ty usually means ambient air quali ty:

however: most of the time we are indoors

-> focus on improving indoor air quality


Athens: Al l p eople

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

0:00

1:30

3:00

4:30

6:00

7:30

9:00

10:30

12:00

13:30

15:00

16:30

18:00

19:30

21:00

22:30

Percent

other outdoors

other indoors

work outdoors

work indoors

home outdoors

home indoors

train

bus

car

motorbike

walk

Time use of the population of European cities in differentTime use of the population of European cities in different

environmentsenvironments through workdaysthrough workdays

source KTL, Kuopio


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Helsinki: All people

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

0:00

1:30

3:00

4:30

6:00

7:30

9:00

10:30

12:00

13:30

15:00

16:30

18:00

19:30

21:00

22:30

Percent

other outdoors

other indoors

work outdoors

work indoors

home outdoors

home indoors

train

bus

car

motorbike

walk

Time use of the population of European cities in differentTime use of the population of European cities in differentenvironmentsenvironments through workdaysthrough workdays

source KTL, Kuopio


Traffic All cities Helsinki Athens Basel Grenoble Milan Prague OxfordWalk 3,27 3,14 1,87 4,78 2,57 2,60 3,21 3,17

Motorcycle 0,18 0,07 0,76 0,15 0,00 0,31 0,05 0,08

Car 3,32 3,57 4,89 1,94 4,57 3,72 2,41 3,30

Bus 1,12 1,25 1,03 1,19 0,46 1,12 2,19 0,34

Train 0,49 0,33 0,19 0,45 0,02 0,82 1,34 0,39

Public

transport 1,61 1,58 1,22 1,64 0,48 1,94 3,54 0,73

Total

transport 8,38 8,37 8,74 8,50 7,62 8,58 9,21 7,27

Schweitzer et al. 2006

% of time spent in different traffic modes% of time spent in different traffic modes

(On average two hours (8% of time) per(On average two hours (8% of time) per

workday in traffic)workday in traffic)


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indoor airpollution in

developing

countries:

mainly caused

by open f ires or

stoves (without

chimneys);

use of dung,

wood, cropwaste, coal

picture: WHO


Open indoor fireslead to high concentrations of

PM10: e.g. 300-3000 g/m;

plus CO, NOx, benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde, PAHs

Impacts:

acute infection of the lower resp. tract (pneumonia) in children < 5a

rel. risk ca 2.3

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)

rel. risk ca. 3.2 (woman > 30a)

lung cancer (coal, maybe biomass) rel. risk ca. 1.5-1.9

asthma rel. risk ca. 1.4

cataracts rel. risk ca. 1.3

tuberculosis rel. risk ca. 1.5

source: WHO


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DALYs attributable to indoor air pollution fromsolid fuel use per 1000 persons, by country (2002)


Measure to reduce indoor pollution Improved cooking devices, i.e. stoves with and without

flues

Improved ventilation:

smoke hoods, eaves spaces, windows,

kitchen design

kitchen separate from house,

stove at waist height

alternative fuel-cooker

combinations:

kerosene, LPG, solar cookers,

electricity, plant oils, natural

gas, briquettes and pellets


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Measure to reduce indoor pollution indeveloping countries II

- reduced energy demand: solar water

heating, retained heat cooker (haybox),

pressure cooker


Indoor air contaminants and their sources

NOx (gas), PM2.5 (solid fuels)Stoves and fireplaces (wood, coal),

candles, cooking, pan-frying

fungi, mould, allergenesDust mites, pets, damp buildings

radonsoil

ozoneCopy machines

VOC, e.g. glycol ethers, terpenoids)Cleaning products

Flame retardantsFurnishings, electronic equipment,clothes

ETS; CO; formaldehyde,benzene,

PAH

smoking

VOCpaints

phtalatesPVC

Aldehydes, esp. formaldehydeComposite-wood


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Decay of Radium

(alkaline earth metal contained in soil

226 222 4 T = 1600 Jahre

88Ra

86Rn +

2He

Ra = Radium, Rn = Radon (noble gas)

222 218 4 T = 3,8 Tage

86Rn

84Po +

2He

Po = Polonium (metal)


Radon concentration in air

near surface in Germany

Source: Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz 2006


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In Bq/m;

recommended EU target

values:

200 Bq/mnew buildings,

400 Bq/m existing

buildings;

Ca 1900 death due to lung

cancer in Germany per year


Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)

1-33 (no ETS),22-55 (ETS)- Indoor sources total

4 (phosphate),6 (oil combust)-Other

30 58- Traffic/ combustion

16 36- LRT/ Secondary

2 10-Salt

9 27-Dust

8 30 / 1.8 2.3GM or median(g/m)/GSD

12 37Mean (g/m)

PM2.5Parameter

WHO Air Quality Guideline (AQG) for annual mean concentration

of PM10 is 20 g/m, and for PM2.5 10 g/m ; source KTL, Kuopio


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calculation of indoor concentration:mass balance

where

Cin = the concentration inside the microenvironment (g/m3)

S = the emission rate of indoor sources (g/h)

P = the penetration of the pollutant from outdoors to indoors

a = the air exchange rate (1/h)

V = volume of room (m)

k = the decay rate of the pollutant in the microenvironment (1/h)

Cout = the concentration of pollutant outdoors (g/m3)

Cin = the concentration of pollutant from indoor sources (g/m3)

))(/(*)/( kaVSCkaPaC outin


> 99.9- 100 000> 9020 100200Radon (Bq/m3)

> 99.9- 1000- 301 310Naphthalene

> 75- 50- 402 155Benzene

> 99200 800> 9020 8030 (**Formaldehyde

> 75100 200- 2010 5040NO2

> 99100 20001 410CO (*

> 90100 300- 3010 4010PM2.5 (PM10/2)

Indoor

source (%)

High end

(g/m)

Indoor

source (%)

Typical

(g/m)

Long term

(I)AQG (g/m)

Agent

*) mg/m3 ) refers to short term, 30 min, peak concentrations

For 4 out of these 7 indoor contaminants a large proportion of indoor air exposure

concentrations exceed the WHO guidelines

For PM2.5and NO2 indoor air levels are usually lower than outdoor air levels

For Formaldehyde and Radon the role of outdoor sources is alwaysmarginal

For 4 out of these 7 the high end indoor air exposure concentrations with high individual

risks originate only from indoor sources

European IAQ summary


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DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Year, A measure of the population level burden of disease (BoD), loss

of fully healthy life due to anything from epidemics of commoncold to sudden deaths from airplane accidents

The use of DALY has been promoted by WHO for thecomparison of different health risks since the 90s

DALY as the common metric for different

health impacts


In the presence of smoking, ETS dominates indoor airpollution

Prohibiting smoking in buildings provides the

highest public health benefits for the lowest cost ofall IAQ policies

Environmental tobacco smoke =

ETS, or second hand smoking


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Contributions of indoor air pollution sources to symptomsand disease burden in Europe, avg. DALY per individual.

ETS not included

0,2780,078

0,053

0,014

0,012

0,015 0,007

0,003

Ambient air quality

Water systems, dampness and

mould

Heating and combustion

equipment/appliances

Ventilation and air conditioning

systems

Furnishings, decoration materials

and electrical appliances

Building site (radon from soil)

Cleaning and other household

products

Building materialssource KTL, Kuopio


Contribution of indoor air exposures to symptom and disease

burden in Europe, avg. DALY per individual. ETS not

included

0,2690,129

0,039

0,019 0,0150,004

Combustion products

Bio- aerosols

VOC

Pathogens

Radon

COsource KTL, Kuopio


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Contribution of IA exposures to symptom and disease burdenin Europe, avg. DALY per individual. ETS not included

0,202

0,192

0,024

0,023

0,012 0,010

0,004 Asthma & allergy

CV-diseases

COPD

Lung cancer

SBS, sensory irritation

Infectious diseases

Acute toxication

chronic

obstructive

pulmonary

disease

source KTL, Kuopio


PoliciesAMBIENT ENVIRONMENT IMPLICATIONS Apply tight building envelopes, balanced ventilation and air cleaning for all new/renovated buildings

when ambient air quality is below WHO AQG

Mandate radon safe construction for all new buildings

COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT Ban all unflued combustion heaters, equip gas stoves with exhaust hoods and fans, mandate CO detectors

regular maintenance/inspection for all combustion devices (integrate with EPBD procedure)

VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Mandate regular inspection and maintenance for all ventilation and air conditioning systems. (integrate toEPBD)

WATER SYSTEMS AND MOISTURE MANAGEMENT Develop moisture control guidelines for building design and maintenance, to prevent persistent

dampness and hidden and visible mould growth.

Keep domestic hot water [tap water] temperatures above 55 C

Provide kitchens, bath- and laundry rooms with controlled extract ventilation, bath- and laundry roomsalso with waterproofed surfaces

Avoid spaces, structures and materials which would not dry by convective airflows

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE Ban smoking in all indoor spaces under public jurisdiction

Develop information for pressure and action to encourage smoking bans in public housing and apartmentbuildings [the costs smoking induces to building renovation and maintenance]

Consider further possibilities to protect children from ETS in the home.

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