united states history

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United States United States HistoryHistory

Standard 8 ReviewStandard 8 Review

Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents

Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon

Issues:

Desegregate theArmed Forces

Result:

Southern Democrats break and form the Dixiecrats

The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement



Issues:

Brown v. Board of Education,

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960.

Result:

First Civil Rights Legislation since Reconstruction



Truman

Eisenhower

Kennedy Johnson

Nixon

Issues:

Proposed Civil Rights Legislation

Result: Southern Democrats blocked legislation in Congress




Issues:

Proposed Civil Rights Legislation

Result:

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Fair Housing Act of 1968




Issues:

Southern Strategy

Result: Conservative Southerners leave the Democratic Party for the Republican Party


Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Non-violent

South

Montgomery Bus boycott sit-ins

Birmingham campaignMarch on Washington

Freedom SummerSelma March

Civil Rights LeadersCivil Rights Leaders

Malcolm XMalcolm X Stokely Stokely CarmichealCarmicheal

“By any means

necessary”

Militant-- Black Power

North North

Media coverage of urban riots and the radical ideas

undermined the movement.

Civil Rights LeadersCivil Rights Leaders

Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education

Established “Separate but Equal”

Overturned “Separate but Equal”

Civil Rights and the Supreme Civil Rights and the Supreme CourtCourt

Civil Rights and the Supreme Civil Rights and the Supreme CourtCourt

De jure segregation

De facto segregation

Segregation by law Segregation by fact

(not till 1974)(not till 1974)

The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the women’s women’s rights movement with the passage of the rights movement with the passage of the

Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment. The landmark Supreme . The landmark Supreme Court cases of Court cases of

Gideon v. WainwrightGideon v. Wainwright, and , and Miranda v. Miranda v. ArizonaArizona

further protected the rights of accused. further protected the rights of accused.

Impact of the Civil Rights Impact of the Civil Rights MovementMovement

Lyndon Johnson “Great Society”

1963-1969

Goals of the “Great Society”

1. Domestic Goals

A. Medicare & Medicaid

B. War on Poverty

C. Civil Rights Act of 1964

D. Voting Rights Act of 1965

E. Fair Housing Act of 1968

F. Education Legislation

1) Head-start

2) National Endowment for the

Arts and Humanities

Domestic Policies were very successful over time. Johnson

is still considered a failure due to VIETNAM

Richard Nixon “New Federalism”1968-1974

Goals of the “New Federalism”

1. Domestic Goals

A. Limit the Executive Branches ability to enforce civil rights

B. Southern Strategy- limit civil rights to attract Southern conservative voters. Turned the South into a Republican stronghold

C. Environmental Efforts 1) Clean Air and Water Act 2) Endangered Species Act 3) First Earth Day 4) Environmental Protection Agency

Domestic policies were successful, but Nixon is

considered a failure due to WATERGATE

John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon

Serve as advisors

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution—

escalated the war

Johnson becomes unpopular and does not see re-election

Vietnamization—turning the war over

to the South Vietnamese and

removing U.S. troops

Vietnam Vietnam

Major Events of Vietnam Era

Mai Lai Massacre

Nixon’s Bombing of Cambodia and Laos

Pentagon Paper s

Agent Orange

Kent State

War Powers Act

Tet Offensive

Impact of Television

Credibility gap

Vietnam Vietnam

Daniel Ellsberg’s leak Daniel Ellsberg’s leak of theof the Pentagon Pentagon PapersPapers, a government , a government study that revealed study that revealed widespread deception widespread deception about the situation in about the situation in Vietnam. Nixon Vietnam. Nixon organized a special organized a special White House unit, White House unit, nicknamed the nicknamed the PlumbersPlumbers, to stop , to stop government leaks. government leaks.

WatergateWatergate

The PLUMBERS made plans to wiretap The PLUMBERS made plans to wiretap the Democratic National Headquarters at the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate complex. The PLUMBERS the Watergate complex. The PLUMBERS were arrested and tied to were arrested and tied to NIXONNIXON. This . This

became known as the Watergate Scandal. became known as the Watergate Scandal. Nixon Nixon resignedresigned to avoid to avoid impeachment.impeachment.

WatergateWatergate

During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the Supreme Court ruled in favor of school Supreme Court ruled in favor of school integrationintegration. The Supreme Court also ruled that . The Supreme Court also ruled that busing was allowed to stop de facto segregation busing was allowed to stop de facto segregation in in Swain v. Mecklenburg.Swain v. Mecklenburg.

The Supreme Court expanded women’s right to The Supreme Court expanded women’s right to chose in chose in RoeRoe v. Wade v. Wade in 1973. in 1973.

The Conservative Backlash of The Conservative Backlash of the 1980’sthe 1980’s

These events combined with These events combined with the social overtones of the 60’s the social overtones of the 60’s and 70’s, and increased media and 70’s, and increased media coverage caused a conservative coverage caused a conservative movement during the 1980’s.movement during the 1980’s.

Changes in the Supreme Court: Changes in the Supreme Court: The Court becomes more The Court becomes more

ConservativeConservative due to the due to the appointment of 6 judges by appointment of 6 judges by Presidents Reagan and Bush. Presidents Reagan and Bush. President Reagan appointed President Reagan appointed the first female to the Supreme the first female to the Supreme Court when he appointed Court when he appointed Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor

The Conservative backlash of The Conservative backlash of the 1980’sthe 1980’s

Reagan

Reaganomics-- cut taxes,

government spending, cut social programs

Supply-side economics- stimulate

the economy

with surplus of goods

Record

Deficit

Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events

G.H.W. Bush

Huge Deficit

1990

recession

Gulf War

Debt

Recession caused him to lose the election of

1992


Clinton

Economic growth

Cut government spending

Fall of Communism

Creation of

NAFTA

Creation of European

Union

Impeachment


G.W. Bush

Election of 2000

War on Terror

Gap between rich and

poor increases

Collapse of the housing

market

Bank failures

Bank bailout


Obama

Bank bailout

Healthca

re initiative

Troop

withdrawal


Change in Job Structure

Mechanization, globalization, and increased immigration caused a loss of manufacturing jobs in the U.S.

Mechanization—machines replaced people –LOSS OF JOBS

Globalization—companies started producing goods in other countries –LOSS OF JOBS

Immigration—immigrants take low paying jobs –LOSS OF JOBS

Loss of manufacturing jobs has led to growth in service industries

80% of Americans work in service industries

Camp David Accords—President Carter Camp David Accords—President Carter negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.Egypt.

Iran Hostage Situation: Islamic Iran Hostage Situation: Islamic fundamentalist over throw the democratic fundamentalist over throw the democratic government of Iran and take 52 Americans government of Iran and take 52 Americans Hostage. They are held for 444 days.Hostage. They are held for 444 days.

CarterCarter

Negotiated the release of the American Negotiated the release of the American Hostages. They were freed one day after Hostages. They were freed one day after

he took officehe took office

ReaganReagan

First Persian Gulf War- First Persian Gulf War-

caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily.caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily. U.S. presence in the Middle East angers many Islamic U.S. presence in the Middle East angers many Islamic

Fanatics. Fanatical groups like Al Qaeda begin to grow.Fanatics. Fanatical groups like Al Qaeda begin to grow.

George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush

Cold War eases with the reunification of Cold War eases with the reunification of GermanyGermany

Berlin Wall is torn downBerlin Wall is torn down

George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush

Attempted to broker peace between Israel and the Attempted to broker peace between Israel and the Palestinians living in Israel. It failed Palestinians living in Israel. It failed

Rise in Global Terrorism-- Rise in Global Terrorism--

• 11stst World Trade Center Bombing World Trade Center Bombing

• Attack on American Embassies in AfricaAttack on American Embassies in Africa

Bill ClintonBill Clinton

End of the Cold War. The End of the Cold War. The Soviet Union collapsesSoviet Union collapses

U.S. humanitarian efforts in U.S. humanitarian efforts in Somalia are stopped after Somalia are stopped after the “Black Hawk Down” the “Black Hawk Down” incidentincident

U.S. and NATO involvement U.S. and NATO involvement in the Balkan Conflictin the Balkan Conflict

Bill ClintonBill Clinton

Continued Rise in Global Terrorism— Continued Rise in Global Terrorism— • Attack on the U.S.S. ColeAttack on the U.S.S. Cole• 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the

United States.United States.

U.S. responds to the attacks by attacking Al U.S. responds to the attacks by attacking Al Qaeda at their base in Afghanistan.Qaeda at their base in Afghanistan.

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

The U.S. expands the war in Afghanistan to The U.S. expands the war in Afghanistan to include the Taliban leadership of Afghanistan include the Taliban leadership of Afghanistan because they provided safety for Al Qaedabecause they provided safety for Al Qaeda

The U.S. finds evidence that Saddam Hussein and The U.S. finds evidence that Saddam Hussein and Iraq have provided aid to Al Qaeda and the Second Iraq have provided aid to Al Qaeda and the Second Persian Gulf War begins when U.S. Troops attack Persian Gulf War begins when U.S. Troops attack Iraq. Iraq.

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

Ordered the Execution of Al Qaeda leader Ordered the Execution of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden

Won the Election of 2008 by promising to Won the Election of 2008 by promising to withdraw the U.S troops in Afghanistan and withdraw the U.S troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. This process is still ongoing. Iraq. This process is still ongoing.

Barack ObamaBarack Obama

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