UNITED STATES HISTORY, GPS UNITED STATES HISTORY, GPS 25, CHS. 30-3425, CHS. 30-34

SSUSH25 The student will describe changes in national politics SSUSH25 The student will describe changes in national politics since 1968. since 1968.

a. Describe President Richard M. Nixon’s opening of China, his resignation due a. Describe President Richard M. Nixon’s opening of China, his resignation due to the Watergate scandal, changing attitudes toward government, and the to the Watergate scandal, changing attitudes toward government, and the Presidency of Gerald Ford. Presidency of Gerald Ford.

b. Explain the impact of Supreme Court decisions on ideas about civil liberties b. Explain the impact of Supreme Court decisions on ideas about civil liberties and civil rights; include such decisions as Roe v. Wade (1973) and the Bakke and civil rights; include such decisions as Roe v. Wade (1973) and the Bakke decision on affirmative action. decision on affirmative action.

c. Explain the Carter administration’s efforts in the Middle East; include the c. Explain the Carter administration’s efforts in the Middle East; include the Camp David Accords, his response to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and the Camp David Accords, his response to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian hostage crisis. Iranian hostage crisis.

d. Describe domestic and international events of Ronald Reagan’s presidency; d. Describe domestic and international events of Ronald Reagan’s presidency; include Reaganomics, the Iran-contra scandal, and the collapse of the Soviet include Reaganomics, the Iran-contra scandal, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Union.

e. Explain the relationship between Congress and President Bill Clinton; include e. Explain the relationship between Congress and President Bill Clinton; include the North American Free Trade Agreement and his impeachment and acquittal. the North American Free Trade Agreement and his impeachment and acquittal.

f. Analyze the 2000 presidential election and its outcome, emphasizing the role f. Analyze the 2000 presidential election and its outcome, emphasizing the role of the electoral college. of the electoral college.

g. Analyze the response of President George W. Bush to the attacks of g. Analyze the response of President George W. Bush to the attacks of September 11, 2001, on the United States, the war against terrorism, and the September 11, 2001, on the United States, the war against terrorism, and the subsequent American interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.subsequent American interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.

CHANGES IN NATIONAL CHANGES IN NATIONAL POLITICS, 1960S TO PRESENTPOLITICS, 1960S TO PRESENT

SCOTUS CASES, 1970SSCOTUS CASES, 1970S 1.ROE V. WADE, 1973, , is 1.ROE V. WADE, 1973, , is

a a United States Supreme CUnited States Supreme Courtourt case that resulted in a case that resulted in a landmark decisionlandmark decision regarding regarding abortionabortion. . According to the According to the RoeRoe decision, most laws decision, most laws against against abortion in the United Staabortion in the United Statestes violated a violated a constitutional rightconstitutional right to to privacyprivacy under the under the Due Process ClauseDue Process Clause of the of the Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment. .

SCOTUSSCOTUS

2. 2. Regents of the University of Regents of the University of California v. BakkeCalifornia v. Bakke, (1978) was a , (1978) was a landmark decision of the landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United StatesSupreme Court of the United States on on affirmative actionaffirmative action. It bars . It bars quota systemsquota systems in in college admissions but affirms the college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of affirmative action constitutionality of affirmative action programs giving equal access to programs giving equal access to minorities. minorities.

3.THIS CASE EXPANDED CIVIL RIGHTS.3.THIS CASE EXPANDED CIVIL RIGHTS.

PRESIDENT RICHARD M. PRESIDENT RICHARD M. NIXON’S ADMINISTRATIONNIXON’S ADMINISTRATION

1.1969-19741.1969-1974 2.PRC (CHINA) VISIT2.PRC (CHINA) VISIT 3.WATERGATE SCANDAL3.WATERGATE SCANDAL

PRESIDENT NIXON AND THE PEOPLES’ PRESIDENT NIXON AND THE PEOPLES’ REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)

A. WHY? A. WHY? 1)SCIENTIFIC, CULTURAL, AND 1)SCIENTIFIC, CULTURAL, AND

TRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE AGREEMENTS 2)TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 2)TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF

STANDOFF BETWEEN PRC AND USSR STANDOFF BETWEEN PRC AND USSR DURING COLD WARDURING COLD WAR

NIXON AND PRCNIXON AND PRC

U.S. President U.S. President Richard Nixon's Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of ChinaRepublic of China was an was an important step in formally important step in formally normalizing relations between the normalizing relations between the United States and the People's United States and the People's Republic of China. It marked the first Republic of China. It marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the time a U.S. president had visited the PRC, who at that time considered the PRC, who at that time considered the U.S. one of its staunchest foes. U.S. one of its staunchest foes.

NIXON AND PRCNIXON AND PRC

Improved relations with the USSR Improved relations with the USSR and the People’s Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are often cited as the most (PRC) are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon’s presidency. of Nixon’s presidency.

RICHARD NIXON AND MAO ZEDONGRICHARD NIXON AND MAO ZEDONG

WATERGATEWATERGATE

The The Watergate scandalsWatergate scandals were a were a series of series of AmericanAmerican political scandalspolitical scandals during the during the presidencypresidency of of Richard NixonRichard Nixon that resulted in the that resulted in the indictmentindictment of several of Nixon's of several of Nixon's closest advisors, and ultimately his closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974.resignation on August 9, 1974.

The scandals began with the The scandals began with the arrestarrest of five men of five men for for breaking and enteringbreaking and entering into the into the Democratic National CommitteeDemocratic National Committee headquarters headquarters at the at the Watergate Office complexWatergate Office complex in in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. on June 17, 1972. Investigations conducted by the Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and later (FBI) and later by the by the Senate Watergate CommitteeSenate Watergate Committee, , House Judiciary CommitteeHouse Judiciary Committee and the and the presspress revealed that this burglary was one of many revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff and loyalists. Nixon's staff and loyalists.

PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD’S PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD’S ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

1.1974-19771.1974-1977 2.PARDONED NIXON2.PARDONED NIXON 3.END OF VIETNAM WAR3.END OF VIETNAM WAR 4.ONLY PRESIDENT NEVER ELECTED 4.ONLY PRESIDENT NEVER ELECTED

NATIONALLYNATIONALLY

PRESIDENT JAMES E. CARTER’S PRESIDENT JAMES E. CARTER’S ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

1. 1977-19811. 1977-1981 2. PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, CAMP 2. PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, CAMP

DAVID ACCORDS, 1978, PEACE BETWEEN DAVID ACCORDS, 1978, PEACE BETWEEN EGYPT AND ISRAELEGYPT AND ISRAEL

3.IRANIAN REVOLUTION, 1978, IRAN3.IRANIAN REVOLUTION, 1978, IRAN

REPLACED IRANIAN KING REPLACED IRANIAN KING

(SHAH) FRIENDLY TO USA WITH(SHAH) FRIENDLY TO USA WITH

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS LEADERISLAMIC RELIGIOUS LEADER

UNFRIENDLY TO USA UNFRIENDLY TO USA

4.CARTER ALLOWED SHAH TO ENTER USA 4.CARTER ALLOWED SHAH TO ENTER USA FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT.FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT.

5.RESULT: IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS, 5.RESULT: IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS, IRANIAN ISLAMIC REVOLUTIONARIES IRANIAN ISLAMIC REVOLUTIONARIES INVADED USA EMBASSY IN TEHERAN, INVADED USA EMBASSY IN TEHERAN, IRAN, AND TOOK 52 AMERICANS CAPTIVE, IRAN, AND TOOK 52 AMERICANS CAPTIVE, WHICH LASTED 444 DAYS.WHICH LASTED 444 DAYS.

6.CAPTIVES RELEASED UNDER PRESIDENT 6.CAPTIVES RELEASED UNDER PRESIDENT RONALD REAGANRONALD REAGAN

7.RISE OF ANTI-AMERICAN FEELINGS IN 7.RISE OF ANTI-AMERICAN FEELINGS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLDTHE ISLAMIC WORLD

SHAH OF IRAN AND FAMILYSHAH OF IRAN AND FAMILY

RONALD REAGAN’S RONALD REAGAN’S ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN’S PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN’S ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

1.1981-19891.1981-1989 2.DECREASED SIZE AND ROLE OF 2.DECREASED SIZE AND ROLE OF

FEDFED

3.REAGANOMICS3.REAGANOMICS 1)NICKNAME FOR ECO. POLICY1)NICKNAME FOR ECO. POLICY 2)BUDGET AND TAX CUTS2)BUDGET AND TAX CUTS 3)INCREASED DEFENSE SPENDING3)INCREASED DEFENSE SPENDING

4.IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL 4.IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL 1)WEAPONS WERE SOLD TO IRAN 1)WEAPONS WERE SOLD TO IRAN

(ENEMY OF USA)(ENEMY OF USA)2)MONEY FROM SALES FUNDED A 2)MONEY FROM SALES FUNDED A

REBELLION IN NICARAGUA REBELLION IN NICARAGUA SUPPORTED BY USA LED BY SUPPORTED BY USA LED BY CONTRAS (COUNTER CONTRAS (COUNTER REVOLUTIONARIES) AGAINST THE REVOLUTIONARIES) AGAINST THE SANDINISTASSANDINISTAS

The The Iran-Contra affairIran-Contra affair was a was a political scandalpolitical scandal which was which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administrationReagan administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein Iranian relations, wherein IsraelIsrael would ship weapons to a would ship weapons to a moderate, politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the moderate, politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini; the U.S. would reimburse Israel for those ; the U.S. would reimburse Israel for those weapons and receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians weapons and receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do everything in their power to achieve the release of agreed to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by six U.S. hostages, who were being held by HezbollahHezbollah. The plan . The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the which members of the executive branchexecutive branch sold weapons to sold weapons to IranIran in in exchange for the release of the American hostages, without the exchange for the release of the American hostages, without the direct authorization of President direct authorization of President Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan. Large . Large modifications to the plan were conjured by Lieutenant Colonel modifications to the plan were conjured by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver NorthOliver North of the of the National Security CouncilNational Security Council in late 1985. In in late 1985. In North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-diverted to fund anti-SandinistaSandinista and and anti-communistanti-communist rebels, or rebels, or ContrasContras, in , in NicaraguaNicaragua. While President Ronald Reagan was a . While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause, there has not been any evidence supporter of the Contra cause, there has not been any evidence uncovered showing that he authorized this plan. uncovered showing that he authorized this plan.

5.THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNIST USSR5.THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNIST USSR 1)MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, THE LAST LEADER 1)MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, THE LAST LEADER

OF THE USSR, SET UP POLICIES ALLOWING OF THE USSR, SET UP POLICIES ALLOWING FREEDOMS LEADING TO DEMOCRACYFREEDOMS LEADING TO DEMOCRACY

2)THESE REFORMS “SNOWBALLED” 2)THESE REFORMS “SNOWBALLED” BREAKING UP THE 15 REPUBLICS WHICH BREAKING UP THE 15 REPUBLICS WHICH COMPRISED THE USSR.COMPRISED THE USSR.

3)REPUBLICS ARE NOW INDEPENDENT 3)REPUBLICS ARE NOW INDEPENDENT NATIONSNATIONS

4)END OF THE COLD WAR4)END OF THE COLD WAR

GEORGE HERBERT WALKER GEORGE HERBERT WALKER BUSH’S ADMINISTRATIONBUSH’S ADMINISTRATION

1.1989-19931.1989-1993 2.SUPPORTED OPERATION DESERT STORM TO 2.SUPPORTED OPERATION DESERT STORM TO

LIBERATE NATION OF KUWAIT FROM INVADING LIBERATE NATION OF KUWAIT FROM INVADING IRAQIRAQ

3. The 3. The Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War or or Gulf WarGulf War (2 August (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991) was a 1990 – 28 February 1991) was a United NationsUnited Nations--authorized military conflict between authorized military conflict between IraqIraq and a and a coalition forcecoalition force from 34 nations commissioned from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexationoccupation and annexation of Kuwait in August of of Kuwait in August of 1990. 1990.

4. AKA, FIRST GULF WAR4. AKA, FIRST GULF WAR

4. The majority of the military forces 4. The majority of the military forces participating were from the participating were from the United StatesUnited States and the and the United KingdomUnited Kingdom..

5. Aerial and ground combat was confined 5. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia. Iraq also launched . Iraq also launched missilesmissiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and against targets in Saudi Arabia and IsraelIsrael in retaliation for their support of the in retaliation for their support of the invading forces in Kuwait. invading forces in Kuwait.

COALITION FORCES, COALITION FORCES, OPERATION DESERT STORM, OPERATION DESERT STORM,

1990-19911990-1991

OPERATION DESERT STORMOPERATION DESERT STORM

GEORGE H.W. GEORGE H.W. BUSHBUSH

WILLIAM JEFFERSON “BILL” WILLIAM JEFFERSON “BILL” CLINTON’S ADMINISTRATIONCLINTON’S ADMINISTRATION

1.1993-20011.1993-2001 2.NAFTA, 1993, NORTH AMERICAN 2.NAFTA, 1993, NORTH AMERICAN

FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREE-FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREE-TRADE ZONE (TARIFF-FREE) TRADE ZONE (TARIFF-FREE) BETWEEN USA, CAN, MEXBETWEEN USA, CAN, MEX

NAFTA, USA, MEX, CANNAFTA, USA, MEX, CAN

3.SECOND PRESIDENT IN USA HISTORY TO 3.SECOND PRESIDENT IN USA HISTORY TO BE IMPEACHED, CHARGED AND FOUND BE IMPEACHED, CHARGED AND FOUND GUILTY OF PERJURY AND OBSTRUCTION OF GUILTY OF PERJURY AND OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICEJUSTICE

1)IMPROPER USE OF MONEY FROM LAND 1)IMPROPER USE OF MONEY FROM LAND SALESALE

2)LIED UNDER OATH ABOUT IMPROPER 2)LIED UNDER OATH ABOUT IMPROPER RELATIONSHIP WITH A WHITE HOUSE RELATIONSHIP WITH A WHITE HOUSE INTERN-WORKERINTERN-WORKER

THE 2000 PRESIDENTIAL THE 2000 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONELECTION

1.BILL CLINTON’S VICE PRESIDENT, 1.BILL CLINTON’S VICE PRESIDENT, AL GORE V. TEXAS GOVERNOR, AL GORE V. TEXAS GOVERNOR, GEORGE W. BUSH, AND 3GEORGE W. BUSH, AND 3RDRD PARTY PARTY CANDIDATE, RALPH NADERCANDIDATE, RALPH NADER

2.ONE OF THE CLOSEST 2.ONE OF THE CLOSEST PRESIDENTIAL RACES IN HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL RACES IN HISTORY OF USAUSA

3.GORE WON POPULAR VOTE BY 3.GORE WON POPULAR VOTE BY 500,000 VOTES BUT BUSH WON 500,000 VOTES BUT BUSH WON ELECTORAL VOTEELECTORAL VOTE

4.R-BUSH-271, D-GORE-266…4.R-BUSH-271, D-GORE-266…ELECTORAL VOTESELECTORAL VOTES

The election featured a controversy The election featured a controversy over who won over who won FloridaFlorida's 25 electoral 's 25 electoral votes (and thus the presidency), the votes (and thus the presidency), the recount process in that state, and the recount process in that state, and the unusual event that the losing unusual event that the losing candidate had received more popular candidate had received more popular votes than the winner. votes than the winner.

GEORGE BUSH’S GEORGE BUSH’S ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

1.2001 TO PRESENT1.2001 TO PRESENT 2.SEPTEMBER 11, 2001; AL-QAEDA 2.SEPTEMBER 11, 2001; AL-QAEDA

TERRORISTS ATTACKED THE WORLD TERRORISTS ATTACKED THE WORLD TRADE CENTER, NYC, NYTRADE CENTER, NYC, NY

The The September 11 attacksSeptember 11 attacks (often (often referred to as referred to as nine-elevennine-eleven, written , written 9/119/11) ) were a series of coordinated were a series of coordinated suicide attackssuicide attacks by by al-Qaedaal-Qaeda, led by Osama , led by Osama Bin Laden, upon the Bin Laden, upon the United StatesUnited States on on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 IslamistIslamist terroriststerrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda affiliated with al-Qaeda hijackedhijacked four commercial passenger four commercial passenger jet airlinersjet airliners. The hijackers intentionally . The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the Towers of the World Trade CenterWorld Trade Center in in New York CityNew York City, killing everyone on board , killing everyone on board and many others working in the building. and many others working in the building.

Both buildings collapsed within two hours, Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying at least two nearby buildings destroying at least two nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into crashed a third airliner into the Pentagonthe Pentagon. . The fourth plane crashed into a field near The fourth plane crashed into a field near ShanksvilleShanksville in rural in rural Somerset County, PennsylvaniaSomerset County, Pennsylvania, after , after some of its passengers and flight crew some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. There are no survivors There are no survivors from any of the flights. from any of the flights.

Excluding the 19 hijackers, 2,974 people Excluding the 19 hijackers, 2,974 people died in the attacks. Another 24 are missing died in the attacks. Another 24 are missing and presumed dead. The overwhelming and presumed dead. The overwhelming majority of casualties were majority of casualties were civilianscivilians, , including nationals of over 90 different including nationals of over 90 different countries. countries.

The United States responded to the The United States responded to the attacks by launching a attacks by launching a War on TerrorismWar on Terrorism, , invading invading AfghanistanAfghanistan to depose the to depose the TalibanTaliban, who had harbored al-Qaeda , who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists, and enacting the terrorists, and enacting the USA PATRIOT ActUSA PATRIOT Act. .

PART OF THE PATRIOT ACT ALLOWED PART OF THE PATRIOT ACT ALLOWED U.S. GOVT TO HOLD FOREIGN U.S. GOVT TO HOLD FOREIGN CITIZENS SUSPECTED OF BEING CITIZENS SUSPECTED OF BEING TERRORISTS UP TO 7 DAYSTERRORISTS UP TO 7 DAYS

ALSO ALLOWED SEARCH OF PRIVATE ALSO ALLOWED SEARCH OF PRIVATE COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

CREATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY CREATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY DEPT. IN PRESIDENT’S CABINETDEPT. IN PRESIDENT’S CABINET

3.OCT., 2001, IN RESPONSE TO TERRORIST 3.OCT., 2001, IN RESPONSE TO TERRORIST ATTACKS, OPERATION ENDURING ATTACKS, OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOMFREEDOM

1)INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN BY USA AND 1)INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN BY USA AND ALLIESALLIES

2)AFGHANISTAN’S GOVT WAS LED BY 2)AFGHANISTAN’S GOVT WAS LED BY TERRORIST GROUP, TALIBAN, WHICH TERRORIST GROUP, TALIBAN, WHICH PROTECTED AL-QAEDA.PROTECTED AL-QAEDA.

3)AL-QAEDA TERRORIST NETWORK WAS 3)AL-QAEDA TERRORIST NETWORK WAS DESTROYED BUT OSAMA BIN LADEN DESTROYED BUT OSAMA BIN LADEN ESCAPED.ESCAPED.

4.WAR ON TERRORISM4.WAR ON TERRORISM 1)USA AND INTERNATIONAL 1)USA AND INTERNATIONAL

COALITION (GROUP) OF NATIONSCOALITION (GROUP) OF NATIONS 2)GOAL: DEFEAT TERRORIST GROUPS2)GOAL: DEFEAT TERRORIST GROUPS 3)MARCH, 2003, OPERATION IRAQI 3)MARCH, 2003, OPERATION IRAQI

FREEDOM, SECOND GULF WARFREEDOM, SECOND GULF WAR

The The Iraq WarIraq War, or the , or the Occupation of Occupation of IraqIraq, is an , is an ongoingongoing military campaignmilitary campaign which began in which began in March, 2003, with the March, 2003, with the invasioninvasion of of IraqIraq by a by a multinational forcemultinational force led by led by and composed largely of and composed largely of United StatesUnited States and and United KingdomUnited Kingdom troops. The force was supported by troops. The force was supported by smaller contingents from smaller contingents from AustraliaAustralia, , DenmarkDenmark, , PolandPoland and other nations. and other nations.

Prior to the war, Iraq's alleged Prior to the war, Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) was claimed to destruction (WMD) was claimed to pose a serious and imminent threat pose a serious and imminent threat to the security of the United States to the security of the United States and its coalition allies. and its coalition allies.

The The invasioninvasion led to the quick defeat of the Iraqi led to the quick defeat of the Iraqi military, and the eventual capture and military, and the eventual capture and execution of Saddam Husseinexecution of Saddam Hussein. The U.S.-led . The U.S.-led coalition coalition occupied Iraqoccupied Iraq and attempted to establish and attempted to establish a new a new democraticdemocratic government; however, violence government; however, violence against coalition forces and among various against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups soon led to sectarian groups soon led to warfarewarfare with the with the Iraqi insurgencyIraqi insurgency, strife between many Sunni and , strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and al-Qaeda operations in Shia Iraqi groups, and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq. Estimates of the number of Iraqis killed Iraq. Estimates of the number of Iraqis killed through 2007 range from 150,000 to more than through 2007 range from 150,000 to more than 1,000,000. 1,000,000.