united states practice in international law · specialized agencies and other international...

United States Practice in International Law

Volume 2: 2002–2004

Sean D. Murphy’s wide-ranging and in-depth survey of U.S. practice in international law in the period2002–2004 draws upon the statements and actions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches ofthe U.S. government to examine its involvement across a range of areas. These areas include diplomaticand consular relations, jurisdiction and immunities, state responsibility and liability, internationalorganizations, international economic law, human rights, and international criminal law. Like itsaward-winning predecessor volume covering 1999–2001, this summary of the most salient issuesduring 2002–2004 (ranging from the treatment of detainees during the Afghan conflict in the springof 2002 to the invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003–2004) is a central source of informationabout U.S. practice in international law. The volume contains extracts from hard-to-find documents,generous citations to relevant sources, tables of cases and treaties, and a detailed index. Revealinginternational law in the making, this essential tool for researchers and practitioners is the second in aseries of books capturing the international law practice of a global player.

Sean D. Murphy is Professor of Law at the George Washington University. Before joining the LawSchool faculty in 1998, Professor Murphy served as legal counselor at the U.S. Embassy in The Hague,arguing several cases before the International Court of Justice and representing the U.S. governmentin matters before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the Permanent Courtof Arbitration, and The Hague Conference on Private International Law. He also served as U.S. agentto the Iran–U.S. Claims Tribunal, arguing cases on behalf of the U.S. government and providingadvice to U.S. nationals appearing before that tribunal. From 1987 to 1995, Professor Murphywas an attorney/adviser at the U.S. Department of State, handling environmental, politico-military,and claims matters. Awarded the American Journal of International Law 1994 Deak Prize for bestscholarship by a younger author, Professor Murphy has published numerous articles on internationallaw. His book Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order won theAmerican Society of International Law 1997 Certificate for Preeminent Contribution to CreativeScholarship. He is a member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law.

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United States Practice

in International Law

Volume 2: 2002–2004

Sean D. MurphyGeorge Washington University Law SchoolWashington, D.C.






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University Press40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521750714

c© Sean D. Murphy 2005

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Control Number 2003269837

Sean D. MurphyUnited States Practice in International Lawv. 2: 2002–2004

ISBN-13 978-0-521-75071-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-75071-7 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on suchWeb sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Summary of Contents

Foreword by Judge Stephen M. Schwebel page xii

Acknowledgments xiii

Table of Periodical Abbreviations xiv

Table of Cases xvi

Table of U.S. Statutes xxi

Table of Treaties xxiii

I. General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law ...................................................... 1

II. State Diplomatic and Consular Relations ........................................................................ 18

III. State Jurisdiction and Immunities .................................................................................... 41

IV. State Responsibility and Liability ..................................................................................... 86

V. International Organizations ........................................................................................... 102

VI. International Oceans, Environment, Health, and Aviation Law .................................... 119

VII. International Economic Law .......................................................................................... 152

VIII. International Human Rights .......................................................................................... 192

IX. International Criminal Law ........................................................................................... 235

X. Use of Force and Arms Control ...................................................................................... 320

XI. Settlement of Disputes ................................................................................................... 369

XII. Private International Law ............................................................................................... 383

Annex 398

Index 403

v






Contents

Foreword by Judge Stephen M. Schwebel page xiiAcknowledgments xiiiTable of Periodical Abbreviations xivTable of Cases xviTable of U.S. Statutes xxiTable of Treaties xxiii

I. General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law ............................................................ 1

Overview 1U.S. Influence on International Law 1

President Bush 2004 Speech to UN General Assembly 1International and Foreign Relations Law Influences on the United States 3

Interpretation of Constitution in Light of Foreign and International Law 3Interpretation of Treaty in Light of Foreign Court Decisions 8Interpretation of Foreign Law When Applying U.S. Statutes 10Customary International Law as a Part of U.S. Law 11Federal Foreign Relations Law Preemption of State Law 14

II. State Diplomatic and Consular Relations ............................................................................. 18

Overview 18Recognition of States and Governments 18

Recognition of the Name “Republic of Macedonia” 18Recognition of New Afghan Government 19Recognition of New Iraqi Government 20Congressional Effort to Move U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem 20

Persona Non Grata 21U.S. Expulsion of Iraqi Diplomat 21U.S. Expulsion of Cuban Diplomats 22

Consular Affairs 23Effects of German LaGrand Case in U.S. Courts 23Mexican Avena Case Before the ICJ 27Effects of Avena Case in U.S. Courts 33Service of Process on Foreign Officials in United States 38

III. State Jurisdiction and Immunities ....................................................................................... 41

Overview 41Jurisdiction 41

Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Criminal Statutes 41Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Environmental Statutes 44

Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 49Background 49Application of FSIA to Pre-FSIA Events 49Corporations as Agencies of Foreign Sovereigns 51

vi






Contents vii

Waiver of Immunity 53Commercial Activity Exception 55Expropriation Exception 57Tortious Activity Exception 57Arbitration Exception 58Terrorist State Exception 59Immunity of Foreign State Assets from Attachment or Execution 77

Immunity as Head of State 78Immunity as Head of State for Former Chinese President Jiang Zemin 78

Immunity of U.S. For Acts Abroad 81U.S. Immunity for Security Measures at Embassy Abroad 81Supreme Court Rejection of “Headquarters Doctrine” Under FTCA 83

Act of State Doctrine 85License to Export as an Act of State 85

IV. State Responsibility and Liability ........................................................................................ 86

Overview 86Rules of State Responsibility 86

Retroactive Application of Treaty to Treaty-Based Claim 86U.S. Interpretation of Continuous Nationality Rule 88U.S. Interpretation of Exhaustion of Local Remedies Rule 91U.S. Interpretation of Denial of Justice Standard 92Customary International Law Does Not Prohibit Anticompetitive Behavior 95

Payment of Compensation 97Implementation of German Holocaust Claims Agreement 97

V. International Organizations ................................................................................................ 102

Overview 102United Nations 102

U.S. Financial Support for the United Nations 102U.S. Funding for the UN Population Fund 103U.S. Personnel Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations 104Replacement of U.S.-Led Force in Haiti with UN Peacekeeping Mission 106U.S. Support for Multinational Intervention in Liberia 107Protection of UN and Humanitarian Personnel in Conflict Zones 109UN Resolution on Israeli Treatment of Palestinian President 111Host-Country Relations 112ICJ Judge Conducts Marriage Ceremony in United States 114

Specialized Agencies and Other International Organizations 115Specialized Agencies: U.S. Return to UNESCO 115U.S. Initiative to Oust OPCW Director-General 117

VI. International Oceans, Environment, Health, and Aviation Law ....................................... 119

Overview 119Law of the Sea 119

Report of U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 119Senate Consideration of Law of the Sea Convention 120U.S. Reaction to Russian Continental Shelf Claim 123Senate Consideration of MARPOL Protocol 124“Proliferation Security Initiative” for Searching Potential WMD Vessels 126






viii Contents

Establishment of U.S. Antiterrorism Maritime Transportation System 128U.S. Concerns Regarding UNESCO Convention on Underwater Heritage 130

International Environmental Law 134Methyl Bromide Exemption to Ozone Depletion Regime 134U.S. Proposal for Reducing Greenhouse Gases 136U.S. Effort to Block Iceland’s Membership in Whaling Convention 137U.S.–Russia Polar Bear Agreement 142Exemption of U.S. Military from Migratory Bird Treaty Act 143Environmental Torts Do Not Violate Customary International Law 144

International Health Law 145U.S. Signing of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 145“Revenue Rule” Barring Foreign Suits Concerning Cigarette Smuggling 147

Air and Space Law 149Ratification of the 1999 Montreal Convention on Aviation Liability 149

VII. International Economic Law ............................................................................................ 152

Overview 152International Finance and Tax 153

U.S. “Millennium Challenge Account” for Foreign Aid 153U.S.–Japan Tax Treaty 155

Bilateral Trade 1572002 Enactment of Trade-Promotion Authority 157U.S.–Chile Free Trade Agreement 158U.S.–Singapore Free Trade Agreement 161U.S.–Australia Free Trade Agreement 161U.S.–Morocco Free Trade Agreement 162U.S.–Bahrain Free Trade Agreement 162New U.S. “Model” Bilateral Investment Treaty 163Amendment of Treaty on Customs Procedures 165Bioterrorism Act’s Notice Requirements for Food Imports 166

NAFTA 167Chapter 11 Investor-State Disputes 167Chapter 19 Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes 175Chapter 20 General Dispute Resolution 176

Regional Trade 178Adoption of Central American Free Trade Agreement 178Trade Developments Between the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa 179

World Trade Organization 180Overview 180U.S. Participation in Doha Round Negotiations 181Modification of WTO Rules on Protection of Pharmaceuticals 183U.S. Conformance with Shrimp-Turtle Decision 185U.S. Conformance with Steel Safeguards Decision 186U.S. Efforts to Conform to Foreign Sales Corporation Decision 189Failure to Conform with Decision on “Byrd Amendment” 190

VIII. International Human Rights .......................................................................................... 192

Overview 192New Treaties and Instruments 192

Ratification of Protocols to Rights of the Child Convention 192U.S. View on Pursuing a Torture Convention Protocol 194Senate Consideration of CEDAW 195






Contents ix

Implementation of Human Rights 196Reporting on Human Rights 196U.S. Opposition to Measures Condemning Israel 198U.S. Declaration on Sudan Genocide 198Election of United States to UN Human Rights Commission 202Failure to Elect U.S. Candidate to Inter-American Human Rights Commission 203Resistance to Decisions of Inter-American Human Rights Commission 203

Alien Tort Claims Act and Torture Victim Protection Act Cases 206Background 206Forum Non Conveniens 206Statute of Limitations 207Exhaustion of Local Remedies 207Diplomatic Immunity 208Justice Department ATCA Position in Unocal Case 209ATCA Supporters Amicus Brief in Talisman Case 211Supreme Court ATCA Interpretation in Sosa Case 213Justice Department ATCA Position After Sosa Decision 217District Court ATCA Decisions After Sosa Decision 218Command Responsibility in the U.S. Human Rights Cases 220

Immigration 225U.S. Detention of Aliens After September 11 Attacks 225Detention of Illegal Immigrants Cannot Be Indefinite 230Removal of Alien Without Receiving Country’s Consent 231Canadian Deportation to United States of Death-Penalty Convict 232North Koreans Seeking Asylum at Diplomatic Compounds in China 233

IX. International Criminal Law ............................................................................................... 235

Overview 235Law Enforcement Generally 235

U.S./EU and U.S./UK Extradition Treaties 235Continuance of Extradition Treaty with Czech Republic 237MLATs with Various States and the European Union 237Adoption of UN Convention Against Corruption 238Senate Consideration of Other Multinational Treaties 240Hate-Speech Protocol to Cybercrime Convention 244U.S. Law in Support of Diamond Controls 245U.S. Law Against Sex Tourism 247Searching of Foreign Mail Inconsistent with International Law 248U.S. Reaction to Belgian Universal Jurisdiction Law 249

Law of War: Status of Guantanamo Bay Detainees 252Decision Not to Regard Persons Detained in Afghanistan as POWs 252ICRC Reaction to the U.S. Decision 260Inter-American Human Rights Commission Reaction 261Ability of Detainees to Obtain Federal Habeas Corpus Review 263Reviews and Releases of Detainees at Guantanamo Bay 268Plans for Trials of Detainees at Guantanamo Bay 270

Law of War: Permissible Means for Interrogating Detainees 276Background 276Lack of Miranda Rights for Detainees 277Justice Department 2002 Opinion on What Constitutes Torture 278DOD-Approved Interrogation Techniques at Guantanamo Bay 279“Migration” of Guantanamo Bay Techniques to Iraq 282U.S. Abuse of Iraqi Detainees at Abu Ghraib Prison 283






x Contents

U.S. Abuse of Other Detainees 286Justice Department Withdrawal and Replacement of 2002 Opinion 287Removal of Detainees from Occupied Iraq 289

Law of War: Treatment of U.S. Nationals As Unlawful Combatants 290U.S. Nationals Detained as Unlawful Combatants 290U.S. Enemy Combatant Placed in Criminal Justice System (Lindh) 291U.S. Enemy Combatant Captured on Battlefield (Hamdi) 292U.S. Enemy Combatant Detained in United States (Padilla) 297Foreign Enemy Combatant Detained in United States (al-Marri) 301

International War Crimes Tribunals 302U.S. Pressure on Serbia to Transfer ICTY Indictees 302Testimony by U.S. General Before the ICTY 303ICTY Subpoena of Washington Post Journalist 305U.S. Intent Not to Become a Party to the Rome Statute 306American Servicemembers’ Protection Act 307U.S. Bilateral Agreements Relating to ICC 309Efforts to Obtain Immunity from ICC for U.S. Peacekeepers 312State Department Views on the Future for War Crimes Tribunals 317

X. Use of Force and Arms Control .......................................................................................... 320

Overview 320Use of Force Doctrine 320

U.S. Adoption of New Doctrine on Use of Force 320U.S. Reaction to ICJ Judgment in Iran Oil Platforms Case 323

Military Attack on Iraq 327Efforts to Address Iraqi Compliance with UN Weapons Inspections 327Congressional Authorization for the Use of Force 331U.S. Effort to Obtain Security Council Authorization to Use Force 333Use of Military Force to Disarm Iraq 340The U.S. Legal Theory for the Intervention 342Conduct of Iraqi Forces During the War 344Conduct of U.S. Forces During the War 345Security Council Recognition of U.S. Postwar Role in Iraq 346Establishment of Coalition Occupation Laws 348Turmoil in Postwar Iraq 350Creation of an Interim Iraqi Government 351The Capture of Saddam Hussein 355The Search for Weapons of Mass Destruction 356Other Deployments in “Global War” on Terrorism 358

Arms Control 359Conclusion of U.S.–Russia Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions 359U. S. Resistance to Fifth CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War 360Ratification of IAEA Additional Protocol 363Suit by Congressmen Regarding Withdrawal from ABM Treaty 365UN Security Council Resolution on Nonproliferation of WMD 366

XI. Settlement of Disputes ...................................................................................................... 369

Overview 369Negotiation 369

Libyan Compensation for Pan Am Flight 103 Victims 369Libyan WMD Disarmament 372






Contents xi

Iran–U.S. Claims Tribunal 376Avco Corporation v. Iran 376Sheibani v. United States 377Riahi v. Iran 377

International Court of Justice 378U.S. Position Regarding ICJ Israeli Barrier Advisory Opinion 378

XII. Private International Law ................................................................................................. 383

Overview 383Private Commerce 383

UNCITRAL Convention on Assignment of Receivables 383Cape Town Convention on Financing of Mobile Equipment 385Interpretation of 1949 Convention on Road Traffic 387

New York Convention on Arbitral Awards 388Background 388Ability to Remove New York Convention Cases to Federal Court 388Enforcement of Agreement to Arbitrate or Arbitral Award 389Refusal to Enforce Based on Lack of Personal Jurisdiction 392Refusal to Enforce Based on Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine 392Ability to Determine the Validity of Underlying Contract to Arbitrate 393

Hague Convention on Child Abduction 394Background 394Interpretation of “Rights of Custody” 394Interpretation of “Habitual Residence” 395Obligation Not to Return Child if There is a Grave Risk 396

Annex Treaties Sent to the Senate by the President or Consented to by the SenateDuring 2002–2004 398

Index 403






Foreword by Judge Stephen M. Schwebel

It is not unusual in the most elevated circles of international law to hear envious grumblings aboutthe exceptional influence on the development of customary international law of the United Kingdomand the United States. It is a fact that they have had and do have extraordinary influence in thefashioning of international law. That fact flows first of all from the power that the British Empire andthe United States of America have exerted internationally for more than two hundred years. Elementsof that power have been the international trade that their economies have promoted and the navalmight that their governments have projected. Their influence derives as well from the nature of theBritish and American democratic polities, based as they are on law. Still another significant factor isthat the academic and scholarly contributions of British and American international lawyers to thedevelopment of international law are unsurpassed.

But still another element of the influence of these great English-speaking States on the content ofcustomary international law is that their practice is published. For the practice of States to influencethe development of international law, that practice must be known. “International custom, as evidenceof a general practice accepted as law,” is generated not only by the actuality of that practice but by thedissemination of the evidence. In the publication of their practice, the United States and the UnitedKingdom have long been in the lead.

In recent decades, other States, principally European, have followed their lead, an increasing trenddevoutly to be wished and encouraged throughout the world. The processes of the progressive devel-opment and codification of international law by the United Nations (and earlier by the League ofNations) have brought to light the practice of large numbers of States on certain topics.

At the same time, the U.S. government no longer devotes the resources to publication of its practicethat it once did. The great Digests of International Law edited by Moore, Hackworth, and Whitemanand their predecessors are not being sustained, nor are the richly annotated annual volumes of U.S.practice so helpfully published in years after the appearance of Whiteman’s great Digest, edited withdevotion by Marian Nash, being maintained. The Department of State Bulletin is no longer published,although annual collections of documents are being published since 2001. Thus it fell to the AmericanJournal of International Law to fill the gap. That has been done with great success in the Journal ’ssections on the contemporary practice of the United States.

This is the second volume of United States Practice in International Law that Professor SeanMurphy has drawn from the pages of the Journal and amplified and embellished with a fine senseof what is important and what otherwise might be overlooked. The first volume was received withgreat praise. The reception of this volume will be no less positive. Professor Murphy sets out U.S.practice – and reactions to that practice – in a comprehensive and balanced way. That practice isunmatched in its volume and its reach, for no other State is as pervasive an international actor asis the United States. Whether that practice matches U.S. preachment is another question. But forthat practice to be appraised, it must be made available. To that important end, Professor Murphy’srenewed contribution is outstanding.

Stephen M. SchwebelWashington, D.C.

January 2005

xii






Acknowledgments

With international law increasingly playing an important role in U.S. law, and with the UnitedStates continuing to play a central role in the development of international law and institutions, it isimpossible to capture in a single volume all U.S. practice in international law that arose during 2002–2004. Nevertheless, like its predecessor volume covering 1999–2001, this volume seeks to capturethe essential trends and themes of U.S. practice during this period, providing detailed discussion ofthe most significant events and recording information that may be inaccessible to practitioners andscholars. In some instances, events prior to this period were recounted when necessary as background,while others at the very end of the period were omitted since they had not yet run their course. Many ofthe materials contained herein were collected for publication in the American Journal of InternationalLaw, but I have supplemented, updated, and reorganized those materials so as to provide in a singlevolume a comprehensive and accessible window on this period.

My thanks to Lori Damrosch, Bernie Oxman, Michael Reisman, and the late Jonathan Charneyfor their comments on much of this volume, and to my editors at Cambridge University Press,John Berger and Finola O’Sullivan, for their support and encouragement. I have been blessed withextraordinary research assistants at George Washington University, who all contributed greatly tothis enterprise: Anna Conley, Brooke Marcus, Jered Matthysse, James Menz, and Janet Sarver. AnnaAscher and Stephen Scher earn credit for superb copy-editing. In the course of preparing thesematerials, I have repeatedly called upon the assistance of lawyers at the U.S. Department of State andelsewhere for hard-to-find materials and for comments and corrections on the text, for which I amvery thankful. My colleagues at George Washington University Law School also have been generous insupporting this endeavor, especially Steve Charnovitz, Susan Karamanian, Michael Matheson, PeterRaven-Hansen, Dinah Shelton, Herb Somers, Andy Spanogle, Ralph Steinhardt, and Deans RogerTransgrud and Michael Young. While the many extracts of U.S. government documents obviouslyreflect that government’s position, comments summarizing and connecting materials were preparedby myself and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. government. Indeed, no aspect of thispublication has been subsidized or supervised by the U.S. government. Any errors, of course, aremine.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Oscar Schachter, a pioneer in the field of internationallaw and an inspiration to those who follow him.

Sean D. MurphyWashington, D.C.

December 2004

xiii






Table of Periodical Abbreviations

AJIL American Journal of International LawAm. U. Int’l L. Rev. American University International Law ReviewAm. U. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y American University Journal of International Law and PolicyAmnesty Int’l Doc. Amnesty International DocumentBNA Int’l Env. Rep. Bureau of National Affairs International Environmental ReporterBrook. J. Int’l L. Brooklyn Journal of International LawC.F.R. Code of Federal RegulationsCOE Doc. Council of Europe DocumentCong. Rec. Congressional RecordConsol. T.S. Consolidated Treaty SeriesCRS Congressional Research ServiceCt. Int’l Trade Court of International TradeDall. Dallas Series 1790–1800DC Code Ann. DC Code AnnotatedDep’t St. Bull. United States Department of State BulletinEurop. T.S. No. European Treaty SeriesEur. Parl. Assemb. European Parliament AssemblyF.2d Federal Reporter 1932–1992F.3d Federal Reporter 1993–presentF.R.D. Federal Rules DecisionsF.Supp. Federal Supplement 1932–1960F.Supp.2d Federal Supplement 1960–presentFed. Cir. Federal CircuitFed. Reg. Federal RegisterGA Res. United Nations General Assembly ResolutionGAO Doc. U.S. General Accounting Office DocumentGAOR Res. Supp. General Assembly Official Records, Resolutions SupplementH.R. Con. Res. House of Representatives Concurrent ResolutionHarv. L. Rev. Harvard Law ReviewIAEA Doc. International Atomic Energy Agency DocumentICJ Doc. CR International Court of Justice Document, Provisional Verbatim

RecordICJ Rep. International Court of Justice ReportICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICTY Doc. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

DocumentILM International Legal MaterialsIMO Res. International Maritime Organization ResolutionInt’l & Comp. L.Q. International Law and Comparative Law QuarterlyInt’l Law. International LawyerInt’l Rev. Red Cross International Review of the Red CrossInt’l Trade Rep.(BNA) International Trade Reporter, Bureau of National AffairsIran–U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep. Iran–United States Claims Tribunal ReporterJ. Mar. L. & Com. Journal of Maritime Law & CommerceLNTS League of Nations Treaty SeriesMelb. J. Int’l L. Melbourne Journal of International LawMax Planck Y.B.U.N.L. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations LawN.Y. Rev. Books The New York Review of BooksNew Eng. J. Med. New England Journal of MedicineOECD Doc. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Document

xiv






Table of Periodical Abbreviations xv

OPCW Doc. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsDocument

P.3d Pacific Reporter, Third SeriesPopulation & Dev. Rev. Population and Development ReviewPres. Determination Presidential DeterminationRev. Belge de Droit Int’l Revue Belge de Droit InternationalS. Con. Res. Senate Concurrent ResolutionS.Ct. Supreme Court ReporterS. Treaty Doc. Senate Treaty DocumentS.C.R. Supreme Court Reports, CanadaSC Res. United Nations Security Council ResolutionSer. SeriesStat. United States Statutes at LargeTIAS Treaties and Other International Agreements SeriesTul. J. Int’l & Comp. L. Tulane Journal of International and Comparative LawTul. L. Rev. Tulane Law ReviewUN Doc. United Nations DocumentUN GAOR United Nations General Assembly Official RecordsUN Law of the Sea Bull. United Nations Law of the Sea BulletinUNSCOR United Nations Security Council Official RecordsUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesU.S. United States Supreme Court ReportsU.S.C.C.A.N U.S. Code of Congressional and Administrative NewsU.S.C. United States CodeU.S.C.A. United States Code AnnotatedU.S. Const. United States ConstitutionUST United States Treaties and Other International AgreementsUSTR United States Trade RepresentativeUSUN United States Mission to the United NationsVa. J. Int’l L. Virginia Journal of International LawWeekly Comp. Pres. Doc. Weekly Compilation of Presidential DocumentsWest Supp. West Reporter SupplementWHA Res. World Health Assembly ResolutionWHO Doc. World Health Organization DocumentWL WestlawWTO Doc. World Trade Organization DocumentY.B. UNCITRAL Year Book of the United Nations Commission on International

Trade LawYale J. Int’l L. Yale Journal of International Law

Note on Internet citations:

All Internet citations are identified in < > brackets. All Internet addresses are accurate as of December 2004.“At” signals either the exact address of the document cited or signals a higher domain Internet page, whichwill lead the reader to the document. Undated documents are identified with “(n.d.).” Internet addressesare often unstable, such that over time the Internet addresses for the documents cited herein may change.






Table of Cases

Abrams v. Societe Nationale des Chemins de ferFrancais, 51

Abramson v. Japan Airlines Co., 10Acree v. Iraq, 73, 74, 75, 76Acree v. Snow, 73, 74ADF Group v. United States (NAFTA), 170, 171,

173Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc., 206, 207Ahrens v. Clark, 267Air Crash at Taipei, In re, 119Air France v. Saks, 9Aircraft Indus. v. Avco Corp., 376Akayesu; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 220, 222Al Bahlul; United States v., 275, 276Al-Marri v. Bush, 301Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld, 301Al Odah v. United States, 206, 266, 267, 268Al Qosi; United States v., 275Aldana v. Fresh Del Monte Produce, Inc., 206, 220Alejandre v. Cuba, 67Aleksovski; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 222Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 97Altmann v. Austria, 49, 56Alvarez-Machain; United States v., 42, 83, 84, 213Alvarez-Machain v. Sosa, 212Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 83, 84, 212, 213Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. v. Argentina, 212American Insurance Association v. Garamendi, 16,

75, 99American International Group v. Iran, 63American Security and Trust Co. v. Hungary, 89Anderman v. Austria, 17, 57Anti-Dumping Act of 1916, United States (WTO),

181Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, EC

(WTO), 181Argentina v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 45Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 55Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (I.C.J.)

(Congo v. Belg.), 250Assicurazioni Generali S.P.S. Holocaust Insurance

Litigation, 17Atkins v. Virginia, 6, 9Attorney General of Canada v. R.J. Reynolds

Tobacco Holdings, 147, 149Austria v. Altmann, 50, 51Avco Corp. v. Iran Aircraft Indus. (IUSCT), 376,

377Avena and Other Mexican Nationals Case

(I.C.J.)(Mex. v. U.S.), 18, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,33, 34, 35, 36

Baker v. Carr, 99Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 13, 85,

216Bano v. Union Carbide Corp., 206Beazley v. Johnson, 204Beg v. Pakistan, 55Beiser v. Weyler, 388Belk v. United States, 60Bell v. Virginia, 26Benitez v. Wallis, 232Best; United States v., 42Bettis v. Iran, 60Bierengu v. Ashcroft, 25, 206Bird v. United States, 265Blaskic; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 222, 223Blaxland v. Commonwealth Director of Public

Prosecutions, 53, 54, 57Bolchos v. Darrel, 212Born Free USA v. Norton, 48Bowers v. Hardwick, 4, 5BP Chem. Ltd. v. Jiangsu Sopo Corp., 55Braden v. Thirtieth Judicial Circuit Court of Ky.,

267Brdjanin; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 305, 306Breard Case (I.C.J.)(Para. v. U.S.), 28Breard v. Greene, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 36, 38Bridas v. Turkmenistan, 390, 391Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. & Dev. Corp., 57, 206Burns; United States v., 5Busby v. Alaska, 388

Campuzano v. Iran, 59Canfor Corporation v. United States (NAFTA),

168Carrillo; United States v., 34Cases Against German Defendants Litig., In re, 97Cauthern v. Tennessee, 37Center for Biological Diversity v. National Science

Foundation, 47Center for Biological Diversity v. Pirie, 143Center for Int’l Envtl. Law v. United States Trade

Representative, 160Certain Products from the EC, United States

(WTO), 180Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada

(NAFTA), 175Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, 212, 291Chew Heong v. United States, 63China Minmetals Materials Import and Export

Co. v. Chi Mei Corporation, 393

xvi






Table of Cases xvii

Chubb & Son, Inc. v. Asiana Airlines, 149Cicippio-Puelo v. Iran, 66, 75Cicippio v. Iran, 66, 289Clark; United States v., 248Clark v. Suarez Martinez, 232Coalition of Clergy v. Bush, 263, 265Coker v. Georgia, 7, 8Commonwealth v. See name of defendantCompagnie Noga D’Importation et D’Exportation

S.A. v. Russia, 390Connecticut Bank of Commerce v. Congo, 77Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act,

United States (WTO), 190, 191Cotton-Type Bed Linen from India, EC (WTO),

181County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 26Coyle v. P.T. Garuda Indonesia, 53Crawford v. Washington, 4Croll v. Croll, 394, 395Cronin v. Iran, 59Cross-Border Trucking Services (NAFTA), 176Cuban American Bar Assoc. v. Christopher, 265Cunard S.S. Co. v. Mellon, 46Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.; United States v., 293

Daliberti v. Iraq, 62, 289Dames & Moore v. Regan, 17, 63, 74Dammarell v. Iran, 59Danaipour v. McLarey, 396, 397Dann; United States v., 205–206Deep Vein Thrombosis and Air Travel Group

Litigation, 10Delalic; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 222, 223Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen,

177Deutsch v. Turner, 14, 15, 207DKT Mem’l Fund v. Agency for Int’l Dev., 66Doe, In re, 81Doe v. Bush, 334Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front, 206Doe v. Qi, 205–206Doe v. Saravia, 218Doe v. Unocal Corp., 206, 209, 210, 211, 214,

217Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, 50, 51Domingo, Estate of v. Philippines, 80Domingues Case, 204Duarte-Acero; United States v., 214Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, 4

Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc. v. EPA, 63Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd, 9Ecuador v. Philip Morris Cos., 147EEOC v. Arabian American Oil Co., 45EIE Guam Corp. v. Long Term Credit Bank of

Japan, 51Eisenfeld v. Iran, 71El Al Israeli Airlines, Ltd. v. Tsui Yuan Tseng, 9, 38

Elahi v. Iran, 62Eldred v. Ashcroft, 6Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI)(I.C.J.)

(U.S. v. Italy), 94Elk Grove Unified Sch. Dist. v. Newdow, 196Emuegbunam; United States v., 27, 37Endo, Ex parte, 300Enmund v. Florida, 7, 8Environmental Def. Fund v. Massey, 44, 45, 46, 47EOTT Energy Operating Ltd. v. Winterthus Swiss

Ins., 53Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 12, 13, 215, 216Eskew v. Young, 388Estate of. See name of decedentEuropean Community v. Japan Tobacco, 147European Community v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 147Exports of Wheat, Canada (WTO), 181

Fagot Rodriguez v. Costa Rica, 57Fawcett v. McRoberts, 395FDIC v. Meyer, 67Feldman v. Mexico (NAFTA), 87, 171Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 13, 144, 210, 211, 212,

215, 216Filetech v. France Telecom, 55Firemen’s Fund v. Mexico (NAFTA), 171, 172,

176Firgard v. United States, 82First Am. Corp. v. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan

Al-Nahyan, 79First Merchants Collection Corp. v. Argentina, 85First Nat’l City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio

Exterior de Cuba, 67Fisher v. Texas, 36Flatow v. Iran, 62, 67, 72Flores v. Southern Peru Copper Corp., 144, 206,

215, 220Foley Bros., Inc. v. Filardo, 45Ford v. Garcia, 220, 222, 224Foreign Sales Corporations Tax Treatment, United

States (WTO), 189, 190Forti v. Suarez-Mason, 219, 222Foster v. Florida, 5Foster v. Neilson, 37Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts B.V. v. Consorcio

Barr S.A., 390Francisco v. Stolt Achievement MT, 389Freudensprung v. Offshore Tech. Serv., 389, 392Frigard v. United States, 82Frisbie v. Collins, 42Furnes v. Reeves, 395

GAMI Investments, Inc. v. Mexico (NAFTA), 174Garb v. Poland, 55, 85Gates v. Victor Fine Foods, 53Genocide Convention Case, 139Gerling Global Reinsurance Corp. of Am. v. Low,

15, 16






xviii Table of Cases

Gherebi v. Bush, 265, 266, 267, 268, 276Giffen; United States v., 85Glencore Grain Rotterdam B.V. v. Shivnath Rai

Harnarain Co., 392Goldwater v. Carter, 367Gonzalez v. Gutierrez, 394, 395Grand Jury Proceedings, In re, 81Grand Jury Subpoena Dated August 9, 2000, In re,

85Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico

(NAFTA), 176Greenpeace USA v. Stone, 46Grigson v. Creative Artists Agency, 391Grutter v. Bollinger, 5Gulf Res. Am., Inc. v. Congo, 53

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 276Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299Handel v. Artukovic, 99Hegna v. Iran, 68, 70Hegna v. O’Neill, 68Hemp Industries Ass’n v. Drug Enforcement

Admin., 168Her Majesty’s Advocate v. Megrahi, 370Hilao v. Estate of Marcos, 80, 221, 289Hill v. Iraq, 72Hilton v. Guyot, 100Honduras v. Philip Morris Cos., 147H.S.A. v. S.A., Cour de Cassation, 250Husain v. Olympic Airways, 9Hwang Geum Joo v. Japan, 54, 55, 56

Importation of Apples, Japan (WTO), 181International Insurance Company v. Caja Nacional

de Ahorro y Seguro, 52, 58International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 65Interpretation of the American Declaration,

Advisory Opinion (Inter-Am. Court H.R.),204, 261

Iran v. United States (IUSCT), 376Israeli Wall (I.C.J.)(Advisory Opinion), 379, 380,

381, 382I.T. Consultants, Inc. v. Pakistan, 55

Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement,232

Jama v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 232Jimenez-Nava; United States v., 36Johnson v. Eisentrager, 263, 264, 265, 267J.P. Morgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI)

Infrastructure Ltd., 10Judge; Commonwealth v., 233Judge, Regina v., 233Judge v. Minister of Citizenship & Immigration,

233

Kadic v. Karadzic, 39, 99, 144, 212Karaha Bodas Co. v. Perusahaan Pertambangan

Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara, 53, 389

Kasternova v. United States, 237Kato v. Ishihara, 55Kayishema; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 222Keller v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 55Kelly v. Syria Shell Petroleum Dev. B.V., 53Kenex Limited v. United States (NAFTA), 168Ker v. Illinois, 42Kilburn v. Iran, 66Kollias v. D&G Marine Maintenance, 46Kolovrat v. Oregon, 38Koru North America v. United States, 45Kren v. Yugoslavia, 89Kucinich v. Bush, 366, 367

Labs of Virginia, Inc.; United States v., 85LaGrand Case (I.C.J.)(Ger. v. U.S.), 18, 23, 24,

25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 49, 50, 51Lawrence v. Texas, 4, 5, 9Laws for Calculating Dumping Margins, United

States (WTO), 181Ledgerwood v. Iran, 60Leutwyler v. Queen Rania Al Abdullah, 79Li; United States v., 38Lindh; United States v., 291Lockerbie Aerial Incident Case (I.C.J.)

(Libya v. U.K.), 370Lockerbie Aerial Incident Case (I.C.J.)

(Libya v. U.S.), 370Loewen Group v. United States (NAFTA), 88, 90,

91, 94, 173

Macharia v. United States, 82, 83Madej; People v., 25Madej v. Schomig, 25, 26MAG Portfolio Consul, GMBH, 391Marchisella v. Japan, 57Marcos, Estate of, Human Rights Litig., In re, 219Martinez v. Ashcroft, 232Martinez v. Smith, 232Matta-Ballesteros; United States v., 214Maxwell Communication Corp., In re, 100McKeel v. Iran, 60McLawrence v. Jamaica, 227Medellin v. Dretke, 35, 36, 37Medina v. Cockrell, 28Megrahi v. Her Majesty’s Advocate, 370Mehinovic v. Vuckovic, 206, 289Metalclad Corp. v. Mexico (NAFTA), 159Methanex v. United States (NAFTA), 168, 169,

170Mexico v. Hoffman, 79Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against

Nicaragua (Nic. v. U.S.), 254, 325Milligan, Ex parte, 298Milosevic; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 303, 304Ministry of Def. & Support for Armed Serv. of

Iran v. Cubic Def. Sys. Inc., 77Miranda v. Arizona, 26, 32, 277, 278






Table of Cases xix

Missouri v. Holland, 143Mitchell; United States v., 47Mitsubishi Materials Corp. v. Superior Court, 14,

17Modinos v. Cyprus, 4Mohammad v. Bin Tarraf, 206Mondev Int’l v. United States (NAFTA), 87, 88,

94, 95, 159, 173Monegasque de Reassurances S.A.M. v. Nak

Naftogaz of Ukraine, 58, 392Morrison v. Olson, 367Mousa v. Iran, 71Murphy v. Netherland, 37Murray v. The Charming Betsy, 71

Natural Res. Def. Council v. Department of theNavy, 44, 45, 46

Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 46, 47Natural Res. Def. Council v. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, 45, 46Nazi Era Cases Against German Defendants Litig.,

In re, 97Neil; United States v., 42, 43NEPA Coalition of Japan v. Aspin, 46The Nereide, 13, 216Newdow v. United States Congress, 196Norris v. Ireland, 4Northern Cameroons Case (I.C.J.)(Cam. v. U.K.),

87Nuremberg Trial, 219

Oil Country Tubular Goods from Argentina,United States (WTO), 175

Oil Platforms Case (I.C.J.)(Iran v. U.S.), 323, 324,325, 326, 328

Olympic Airways v. Husain, 8, 9

Padilla v. Bush, 297, 299, 301Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 299, 300Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, 47Palmer; United States v., 42The Paquete Habana, 12, 13, 213, 216Park v. Shin, 55People v. See name of defendantPersinger v. Iran, 60Peru, Ex parte, 79P.G. & J.H. v. United Kingdom (Eur. C.H.R.), 4Philippines v. Marcos, 81Philippines v. United States District Court, 53Pink; United States v., 15, 17Pirocaco v. Turkey (Turk.-Am. Cl. Comm’n), 93Plaintiffs A, B, C, D, E, F v. Zemin, 78, 79, 80,

81Plata v. Dretke, 36Pope & Talbot v. Canada (NAFTA), 159, 167Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy,

Inc., 211, 212Price v. Libya, 64, 65, 66, 289Princz v. F.R.G., 54

The Prize Cases, 293Prosecutor v. See name of defendantPublic Citizen v. Department of Transportation,

177Pulaski v. India, 57Pure Magnesium from Canada (NAFTA), 176

Qantas Ltd. v. Povey, 10Quirin, Ex parte, 293, 298, 300

Rasul v. Bush, 206, 266, 267, 268, 269, 276Regier v. Iran, 59Regina v. See name of defendantRespublica v. De Longchamps, 211Riahi v. Iran (IUSCT), 377, 378Richards v. United States, 83, 84Roach Case, 204Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American

Express, 36Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 60, 62, 64, 66,

75Romagoza v. Garcia, 224Ruiz v. Tenorio, 395Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 300

S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense;United States v., 82

Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 45Sampson v. Germany, 54Sarei v. Rio Tinto PLC, 85, 220Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 55Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 59The Schooner Exchange, 81Schreiber v. Canada, 54S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada (NAFTA), 159, 167,

173Shealy v. Shealy, 394Sheibani v. United States (IUSCT), 377Shrimp Import Prohibition Case, United States

(WTO), 185, 186Siderman de Blake v. Argentina, 54Silverman v. Silverman, 396, 397Simpson v. Libya, 60, 289Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co., 206Smith; United States v., 37Smith ex rel. Smith v. Afghanistan, 75Smith v. Afghanistan, 75Smith v. Federal Reserve Bank of New York,

76Smith v. Libya, 54Smith v. United States, 45Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 11, 84, 192, 206, 211,

213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220South African Apartheid Litigation, In re, 218Southway v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 55Spelar; United States v., 264Stanford v. Kentucky, 7, 8Statehood Solidarity Committee Case, 205Steel Flat Products from Canada (NAFTA), 175






xx Table of Cases

Steel Flat Products from Germany, United States(WTO), 175

Steel Flat Products from Japan, United States(WTO), 175

Steel Plate from India, United States (WTO), 180Steel Products (Safeguard Measures on Certain

Imports), United States (WTO), 188Stethem v. Iran, 59Stone; United States v., 45Subsidies on Upland Cotton, United States

(WTO), 181Suerte; United States v., 41, 42Sun Oil Co. v. Wortman, 148Swift v. Tyson, 13

Tachiona v. Mugabe, 208Tadic; Prosecutor v. (ICTY), 220Taiheiyo Cement Corp. v. Superior Court, 14, 17Telecommunications Services, Mexico (WTO),

181Tel-Oren v. Libya, 13, 99, 210, 212, 216Territo, In re, 298Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc.,

13, 216Thompson v. Oklahoma, 7, 8Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. American Arbitration

Association, 391Timken Co. v. United States, 181Torres v. Mullin, 33Torres v. Oklahoma, 33, 35Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington, 67Trail Smelter Case, 47Trajano v. Marcos, 212Transworld Airlines, Inc. v. Franklin Mint Corp.,

63Trop v. Dulles, 6, 7, 8Tumey v. Ohio, 296Turner Entm’t Co. v. Degeto Film, 100Turtle Island Restoration Network v. Evans, 186

Ungar v. Iran, 60Ungaro-Benages v. Dresdner Bank, 97, 98, 99

United States v. See name of defendantUPS v. Canada (NAFTA), 95, 96USX Corporation v. Adriatic Insurance Company,

52

Valdez v. Oklahoma, 24, 29Valdez v. State, 24Valdez v. Ward, 24Valmore Lacarno, Estate of v. Drummond Co.,

206Van Tu v. Koster, 207Velasco v. Indonesia, 55Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 50Virtual Countries v. South Africa, 57

Walker v. Mortham, 223Ware v. Hylton, 12Waste Management, Inc. v. Mexico (NAFTA),

172, 173Weinberger v. Rossi, 63, 71Weinstein v. Iran, 71, 72Western Sahara Case, 381Whitney v. Robertson, 37Wisconsin v. Navarro, 38Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 206, 207,

208, 220, 222Wong Kim Ark; United States v., 11World Wide Minerals, Ltd. v. Kazakhstan, 53, 85

Xuncax v. Gramajo, 219, 221

Yahoo!, Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme etL’Antisemitisme, 244

Yamashita, In re, 222Ye v. Zemin, 81Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 293, 299Yousef; United States v., 43, 220Yunis; United States v., 43

Zadvydas v. Davis, 231, 232Zhou v. Li Peng, 39, 40Zschernig v. Miller, 15, 17






Table of U.S. Statutes

Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 40, 143,168

African Growth and Opportunity Act, 55, 179,180

AGOA Acceleration Act, 180Alien Tort Claims Act, 11, 12, 38, 78, 79, 84, 144,

192, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224

All Writs Act, 299American Jobs Creation Act, 190American Servicemembers’ Protection Act, 105,

307, 308, 309, 310, 312Andean Trade Preference Act, 157Anti-Dumping Act of 1916, 181Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of

1996, 59, 61, 62, 63Arms Export Control Act, 71Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001),

291, 294, 300Authorization for Use of Military Force Against

Iraq Resolution of 2002, 333, 360

Benefits for Victims of International Terrorism Actof 2003, 77

Bipartisan Trade Promotion Act of 2002, 157,160, 161, 163, 179

Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, 176

Cape Town Treaty Implementation Act of 2004,387

Clean Air Act, 177Clean Diamond Trade Act, 246, 247Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act, 47–48Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act, 202Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2003,

302Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2004, 154,

302Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005, 309Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act, 190,

191Copyright Act of 1976, 6Copyright Term Extension Act, 6

Department of Defense and EmergencySupplemental Appropriations for Recovery fromand Response to Terrorist Attacks on the UnitedStates Act, 62

Department of Transportation and RelatedAgencies Appropriations Act of 2002, 177

Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, theJudiciary, and Related Agencies AppropriationsAct of 2002, 62, 307

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act forDefense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq andAfghanistan, 352

Emergency Wartime Supplemental AppropriationsAct, 73, 74, 75, 76

Endangered Species Act, 48

Federal Arbitration Act, 388, 393Federal Tort Claims Act, 11, 45, 81, 82, 83, 84,

213, 215, 265First Judiciary Act, 206, 212Fishermen’s Protective Act of 1967, 141Fishery Conservation and Management Act of

1976, 141Flatow Amendment, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 73, 113, 196, 308Foreign Building Security Act, 82Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related

Programs Appropriations Act of 2001, 113Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related

Programs Appropriations Act of 2002, 113, 302Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related



Programs Appropriations Act of 2005, 309Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 2003, 20,

21, 116Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 41, 49, 50, 51,

52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81

Freedom of Information Act, 160, 281FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion

Act of 2000, 189

Habeas Corpus Statute (28 U.S.C. §2241), 267,268

Helms-Biden Act, 103Holocaust Victim Insurance Relief Act, 16

Immigration and Nationality Act, 231, 232, 387Internal Revenue Code, 189International Child Abduction Remedies Act, 394,

395International Emergency Economic Powers Act,

70, 73, 347

xxi






xxii Table of U.S. Statutes

International Religious Freedom Act, 197Interstate Commerce Commission Termination

Act of 1995, 176, 177Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996, 369, 375

Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, 20

Kemp-Kasten Amendment, 103, 104

Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 45, 47,142

Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act, 41, 42Maritime Transportation Security Act, 129, 130Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 143Millennium Challenge Act of 2003, 154

National Defense Authorization Act of 2003, 144National Defense Authorization Act of 2004, 47National Defense Authorization Act of 2005, 287National Environmental Policy Act, 44, 45, 46,

47, 48, 177National Security Act of 1947, 320National Stolen Property Act, 346Non-Detention Act, 294, 299, 300North American Free Trade Agreement

Implementation Act, 86, 152, 167

Oceans Act of 2000, 119Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency

Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999, 67

Packwood-Magnuson Amendment of 1979, 141Pelly Amendment of 1971, 141, 142Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End

the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003,247, 248

Public Health Security and BioterrorismPreparedness and Response Act of 2002, 166

Public Safety Officers’ Benefits Act (42 U.S.C.§3796), 69, 77

Sudan Peace Act, 62, 199, 200, 202Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982,

170

Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 76, 77, 347

Terrorism Victim’s Access to Compensation Act of2002, 69, 70

Torture Convention Implementation Statute (18U.S.C. §2340A), 277, 278

Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991, 13, 38, 78,79, 206, 207, 208, 210, 216, 218, 219, 220,221, 222, 223, 224, 288, 289

Trade Act of 1974, 158, 196Trade Act of 2002, 158, 160, 161, 179, 248,

249Trade and Development Act of 2000, 55, 179Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002, 153Trading with the Enemy Act, 70

Uniform Code of Military Justice, 276United Nations Participation Act of 1945, 70United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement

Implementation Act, 162United States-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership

Act, 55, 179United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement

Implementation Act, 160United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement

Implementation Act, 162United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement

Implementation Act, 161USA Patriot Act, 73, 226, 227, 231, 347

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Actof 2000, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71

War Crimes Act, 255, 277War Powers Resolution, 107, 300, 360Whaling Convention Act of 1949, 137






Table of Treaties

Agriculture, GATT Agreement on, 189Air Emissions Protocol, 119Aircraft Equipment Protocol to Cape Town

Convention, 386Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population,

Agreement on, 142, 143Algiers Accords, 61, 62, 63, 64American Convention on Human Rights, 145,

203, 204, 263American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of

Man, 203, 204, 205, 261Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights,

Treaty on (U.S.-Iran), 323, 324Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 361, 366Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Protocol, 366Assignment of Receivables in International Trade,

UNCITRAL Convention on, 383, 384

Berne Convention, 6Biological Diversity Convention, 119, 120Biological Weapons Convention, 368, 369, 373Biosafety Protocol, 119Blinding Laser Weapons, Protocol on, 361Bonn Agreement, 19Bribery of Foreign Public Officials, OECD

Convention on, 240

Cape Town Convention on International Interestsin Mobile Equipment, 383, 385, 386, 387

Central American Free Trade Agreement, 152,178, 179

Chemical Weapons Convention, 117, 368, 369,373, 374

Child Abduction, Convention on the Civil Aspectsof International, 383, 394, 395, 396, 397

Children in Armed Conflict, Optional Protocolon, 192, 193

Civil Aviation Convention, 119Climate Change, Convention onComprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 374Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, Optional

Protocol on, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35Conventional Weapons Convention, 361, 362,

363, 364Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of

Weapons (U.S.-Liber.), Agreement Concerning,126, 127, 128

Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation ofWeapons (U.S.-Marsh. Is.), AgreementConcerning, 126

Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation ofWeapons (U.S.-Pan.), Agreement Concerning,126

Copenhagen Amendment, 135Corruption, Council of Europe Convention on,

240Corruption, OAS Inter-American Convention

Against, 240Corruption, OAU Convention on, 240Corruption, UN Convention Against, 238, 240Customs Procedures, Convention on

Simplification and Harmonization of, 165Customs Procedures, Protocol on Simplification

and Harmonization of, 165, 166Cybercrime Convention, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245

Dayton Accords, 312Detention or Imprisonment, Body of Principles

for, 226, 228Doha Declaration, 96, 184

Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection ofInvestment, Treaty on (U.S.-Uru.), 164

Endangered Species, Convention on InternationalTrade in, 48

European Convention on Human Rights, 4Explosive Remnants of War Protocol, 361, 363,

364Extradition Treaty (U.S.-Aus.), 54Extradition Treaty (U.S.-Can.), 232Extradition Treaty (U.S.-Czech), 237Extradition Treaty (U.S.-E.U.), 235, 236, 237Extradition Treaty (U.S.-U.K.), 235, 236, 237

Free Trade Agreement of the Americas, 152Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Aus.), 161, 162Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Bahr.), 162, 163Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Can.), 161, 175Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Chile), 158, 159,

160Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Mor.), 162Free Trade Agreement (U.S.-Sing.), 161

General Agreement on Trade in Services, 181General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, 96, 181,

185, 186, 188, 189, 190Geneva Convention [I] Relative to Wounded on

Land, 249Geneva Convention [II] Relative to Wounded at

Sea, 249

xxiii






xxiv Table of Treaties

Geneva Convention [III] Relative to Prisoners ofWar, 1, 249, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,260, 261, 262, 276, 277, 282, 285, 291, 292,294, 298, 345

Geneva Convention [IV] Relative to Civilians, 61,111, 204, 249, 259, 277, 282, 283, 290, 348

Geneva Conventions, 109, 110, 249, 254, 255,256, 273, 276, 277, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285,295, 296, 305

Geneva Conventions Protocol I, 249, 259, 273Geneva Conventions Protocol II, 249Genocide Convention, 200, 201, 249, 322German Foundation (“Remembrance,

Responsibility, and the Future”), AgreementConcerning, 16, 97

Hague Convention Respecting the Laws andCustoms of War on Land, 109, 110, 279, 295,345, 346, 348

Hate-Speech Protocol to Cybercrime Convention,244, 245

Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides inInternational Trade, Rotterdam Convention on,119

Hazardous Wastes, Basel Convention on, 119Headquarters of the United Nations, Agreement

on, 21, 22, 112, 114High Seas Convention, 42Holocaust Era Insurance Claims, Agreement on,

16

Implementation of Article VI of GATT,Agreement on, 190, 191

Incendiary Weapons, Protocol on, 361Inter-American Democratic Charter, 322Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 360International Centre for Settlement of Investment

Disputes Convention, 167International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, 82, 145, 197, 204, 214, 216, 226, 227,233, 234, 259, 273, 322

International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights, 144, 145

International Criminal Court, AgreementRegarding Surrender of Persons to, US-EastTimor, 311

International Criminal Court, Rome Statute of,108, 110, 220, 224, 237, 249, 306, 307, 309,310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316

Kyoto Protocol, 1, 119, 136, 137

Law of the Sea Convention, 1, 42, 119, 120, 121,122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132

London Adjustment, 135

MARPOL 1978 Protocol, 124MARPOL 1997 Protocol, 124, 125, 126Marrakesh Accords, 136

Marrakesh Agreement Establishing WTO, 183,188, 189, 190

Marrakesh Declaration, 136Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of

Extinction, and Their Environment,Convention for Protection of (U.S.-Jap.), 143

Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Conventionfor Protection of (U.S.-Mex.), 143

Migratory Birds and Their Environment,Convention Concerning Conservation of(U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 143

Migratory Birds, Convention for Protection of(U.S.-U.K.), 143

Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, Protocolon, 361, 362

Monterrey Consensus, 153Montreal Convention for the Suppression of

Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of CivilAviation, 43, 44, 370

Montreal Convention for the Unification ofCertain Rules for International Carriage by Air,149, 150, 151

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete theOzone Layer, 134, 135, 136

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (U.S.-E.U.),238

Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Bel.), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Ger.), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-India), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Ire.), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Jap.), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Liech.), 238Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (U.S.-Rus.), 238

NAFTA, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96,152, 158, 159, 167–172, 173, 174, 175, 176,177, 188, 369

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,Convention Against Illicit Traffic in, 42

Non-Detectable Fragments, Protocol on, 361Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 364, 365, 368,

369, 373Nuclear Safeguards Agreement (IAEA-Libya), 373Nuclear Safeguards Agreement (IAEA-U.S.), 364Nuclear Safeguards Agreement, Additional

Protocol (IAEA-Libya), 373, 374, 375Nuclear Safeguards Agreement, Additional

Protocol (IAEA-U.S.), 364, 365, 366Nuclear Safeguards Agreement, Model Additional

Protocol, 365Nuremberg Charter, 219

O.A.S. Charter, 203, 261

Panama Convention on International CommercialArbitration, 59

Peace Treaty (U.S.-Jap.), 14, 56Persistent Organic Pollutants Convention, 119Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol, 119






Table of Treaties xxv

Polar Bear Conservation Agreement, 142Potsdam Declaration, 54Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Convention

for, 120, 124, 125Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations,

Convention on, 112, 113, 114, 208Proliferation Security Initiative, 126, 128

Racial Discrimination, Convention on theElimination of All Forms of, 5, 227

Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign ArbitralAwards, New York Convention on, 59, 383,388, 389, 390, 392, 393

Refugees, Convention Relating to the Status of,225, 234

Refugees, Protocol Relating to the Status of, 225,234

Relations Between the Three Powers and theFederal Republic of Germany, Convention on,97

Relations, Treaty Defining (U.S.-Cuba), 264Rights of the Child, Convention on, 145, 192,

204, 205Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development, 144Road Traffic, Convention on, 383, 387, 388Role of Lawyers, Basic Principles on, 226, 228

Safety of Life at Sea, International Convention for,129, 130

Safety of United Nations and AssociatedPersonnel, Convention on, 110

Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and ChildPornography, Optional Protocol on, 192, 193

Settlement of Investment Disputes between Statesand Nationals of Other States, Convention on,167

Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic (U.S.-U.K.),Agreement Concerning the, 133

Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air,Protocol Against, 243

START I Treaty, 360START II Treaty, 360, 361Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Agreements, 360Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

Agreements, 360Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, 360Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, GATT

Agreement on, 189, 190, 191

Taking of Hostages, Convention Against, 65Tax Treaty (U.S.-Jap.), 155, 157

Termination of the Occupation Regime in theFederal Republic of Germany, Protocol on, 97

Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, Conventionon, 42

Terrorism, Convention for the Suppression ofFinancing of, 241

Terrorism, Inter-American Convention Against,240, 241

Tobacco Control, Framework Convention on,119, 145, 146, 147

Torture Convention, 194, 277, 278, 280, 288Torture Convention, Protocol on Preventive Visits,

192, 194Trade Relations, Agreement on (U.S.-COMESA),

180Trade Relations, Agreement on (U.S.-Ghana), 180Trade Relations, Agreement on (U.S.-Niger.), 180Trade Relations, Agreement on (U.S.-S. Afr.), 180Trafficking in Persons, Protocol to Prevent,

Suppress and Punish, 243Transnational Organized Crime, Convention

Against, 240, 241, 242, 243TRIPS Agreement, 183, 184, 185

Underwater Cultural Heritage, Convention on theProtection of, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134

UNESCO Constitution, 115United Nations Charter, 121, 313, 314, 315, 325,

335, 343, 379Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1, 2, 144,

197, 214, 216

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 18, 23,24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38, 69, 70, 72

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 22,69, 70, 72, 112, 208

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 87,138, 139, 140, 311

Warsaw Convention, Hague Protocol (1955), 149Warsaw Convention, Montreal Protocol No. 4,

149Warsaw Convention on International

Transportation by Air (1929), 8, 9, 10, 149, 150Whaling Convention, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141,

142Women, Convention on Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination Against, 6, 195, 196World Trade Organization Safeguards Agreement,

188Wreck of the LaBelle (U.S.-Fr.), Agreement

Regarding the, 134




