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Universal Cost Model for innovative vehicle design
Mats Berg, Sebastian Stichel and Carlos CasanuevaRailway Group, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
19th Nordic Seminar on Railway Technology, Luleå, 14-15 September 2016
Roll2Rail Work Packages
Partners in Roll2Rail WP4 (Running Gear)
Rolling stock
Infrastructure operators
Institutes
Consulting
Also train operators
WP4 duration: May 2015 – Oct 2017
Stadler
• Enhanced rail vehicle designs: Costs vs. Benefits?
• Does a higher initial vehicle cost “pay back” over vehicle life?
• That is, does the vehicle innovation give LCC efficiency?
• How to quantify possible cost efficiency of innovations??
• UCM aims at providing a European framework for cost analysis
• The present UCM focuses on innovative bogie designs
Motivation for Universal Cost Model (UCM)
Railway Undertaking= Train Operator
Rail system stakeholder structure and UCM
Andersson, Berg, Stichel, Casanueva: Rail Systems and Rail Vehicles, Textbook, KTH Railway Group, 2016.
Approximate cost structure for passenger/freight operation (Northern Europe)
UCM software architecture
UCM software (Excel)Capital cost
KPI vehicle maintenance
KPI track maintenance KPI noise KPI energy
Life Cycle Cost
LCC software (Excel)
Key Performance Indicators (examples)
KPI vehicle maintenance: km per wheel reprofiling
reprofilings per wheel life
km per inspection
KPI energy usage:
kWh/train-km
kWh/vehicle-km
kWh/seat-km
kWh/gross-tonne-km
KPI track maintenance:
gross-tonne per rail grinding
gross-tonne per rail life
gross-tonne per tamping
KPI noise emission:
dB(A)max
dB(A)average
…
OR
Track access
charge
Cost per gross-
tonne-km
Bogie initial cost (percentage estimates)
Technology to be used Relationship with costs
New optimized lightweight materials and lightweight bogie design
Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption
Active or semi-active suspensions (lateral and vertical)
Wheel/rail interface wear reduction Comfort improvement Speed increase
Improved tilting systems Comfort improvement Speed increase
Improved passive steering (i.e. hydroelastic joints) and active steering systems
Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption
Optimized wheel profiles Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption
Sound absorbing materials Noise reduction
New sensors which use wireless technology etc.
Increase of the predictive maintenance operations Reduction of maintenance costs
Bogie innovations and costs (examples)
• Vehicle maintenance and renewal
• Energy usage
• Noise emission
• Track maintenance and renewal
Operation and maintenance costs studied
All costs as related to bogie design (and status)
Vehicle-Track Interaction Strategic Model
Source: RSSB and Network Rail
Simulation of wheel wear and RCF
Source: Babette Dirks, CM2015
Energy usage at train operation
• Rolling resistance (straight track), including bogie mass
• Curving resistance, including bogie mass
• Aerodynamic resistance
• (Traction and braking losses, including bogie mass)
• More and more trains have electricity meters on-board
• Otherwise simplified charging applies
Noise emission from passing trains
Sources
Emission
Noise-differentiated track access charge?
TSI Noise etc
Track maintenance and renewal
Integrated railways vs. Separated railways ?
Track maintenance and renewal
Track maintenance and renewal
Tare weight
Number of axles
Unsprung mass
Primary yaw stiffness
Maximum or operating speed of the vehicle
Seating capacity (passenger vehicles only)
Ride Force Count (freight vehicles only)
Operating weight (freight vehicles only).
Variable Usage Charge by Network Rail depends on the train’s:
Track maintenance and renewalTrack Charge according to Trafikverket’s Network Statement 2017:
• Modelling & simulation (wheel-rail damage, energy, noise)
• Case studies
• Validation against measurements
• Improved technical KPIs transformed to cost reductions
• Acceptance of UCM among rail stakeholders
Ongoing work in Roll2Rail WP4
• Fairly simple Excel software as the core
• Free open-access software
• Hosted by UNIFE, UIC etc?
• Continuous development and use in Shift2Rail
UCM model and software
Conclusions and further work
• A framework is being set up for the UCM
• Vehicle/bogie innovation and cost efficiency are emphasized
• All types of rail stakeholders support the UCM work
• Continuous UCM development in Roll2Rail and Shift2Rail
• Continuous application of UCM in Roll2Rail, Shift2Rail, etc
Questions/Comments?
Thank you for your attention!
Ride comfort?
Possibilities to use comfort improvement of improved running gear design.(1) Increase comfort with constant speed.(2) Increase speed on existing track to maintain comfort level.(3) Maintain comfort level on deteriorated track quality.