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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) FROM THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA YAP CHEE KONG FSAS 1999 42

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Page 1: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND …

 

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) FROM

THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

YAP CHEE KONG

FSAS 1999 42

Page 2: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND …

ACCUMUlATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN

GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) FROM THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MAlAYSIA

YAP CHEE KONG

MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

1999

Page 3: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND …

ACCUMUlATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) FROM

THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

By

YAP CHEE KONG

Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science hi the Faculty of

Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

August 1999

Page 4: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most indebted and grateful to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr.

Ahmad Ismail, who has guided me along the way and given me a lot of constructive

comments, advice and ideas no matter how busy he is. He is certamly the person

responsible for the successful completion for my project. I certamly cannot make it this

far without his consistent 'inputs'. Sincerely, thank you.

I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to my co-supervisors Dr. Abdul

Rahim Ismail for commenting and advising on my statistical analysis, and Mr.

Mohamad Pauli Zakaria for his comments on my project and help during the field-trip.

Thank you. Special thanks are also given to Miss Rosniza RamH, Mr. Mansor Rashid,

Mr. Navies Maisin, Mr. Hidir Hashim, Mr. Zahar Jaafar, Mr. Ali Mashinchian and all

the staff in the Biology department. Also thanks to my friends whom I know Kale Leba,

Hena, Latif, Nik, Katty, Sem and my housemates.

Not forgetting my family and my girl mend, Miss Choh Mew Seong, who have

become my constant source of inspiration and motivation. I could not have made it

without you all. Thanks and I love you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEoo.EMENTS...................................................................... .... ii LIST OF TABLES ......................... ... ............................. .................. ............ vi LIST OF FIGlJR.ES...................................................................................... Xl LIST OF PLATES........................................................................................ xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................... xiv ABSmACT.................................................................................................. xv ABSTRAK.......... ........................................................................................... xvii

CHAPTER

I

n

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ . 1

LITERATlJR.E REVIEW ................................................................. . 6 Marine Ponution ..................................... ........ ............................ ....... .. 6 Studies on Heavy Metals in Malaysia..... ................................................ 8 Biology of Perna viridis (Linnaeus)....................................................... 10

Taxonomy................................................................ ............ .... 10 Morphology................... ... ................... . . . ........... ....................... 12 IIabitats.................................................................................... 13 Food... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reproduction............. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Predators and Diseases.............................................................. 16 Importance............ .................................................................... 17

Mussel Culture in Malaysia...................................... ............................. 18 Rasionale of Using Mussels as Bioindicator............................................ 20 Past Studies of Mussels as Bioindicators for Heavy Metals..................... 22 Past Studies of Mussels as Bioindicators for Other Pollutants.................. 25 Other Studies on Mussel P. viridis .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 27 The Role of Mussel Shells. ................................................................... 29 Mussel Shells as Bioindicator for Heavy Metals..................................... 29 Heavy Metals Studies in Barnacles.......... . ......... .. . .... ............................. 30 Heavy Metals Accumulation in Bivalves................... ............................. 31 Physiological Responses In Musssels..................... ................................ 33 Mussel Watch Programme...... ........................ .............. ........................ 35 Inherent Variability in Metal Concentrations in Bivalves .......................... 36

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Page

ill MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................... 37 Study Area........................................................................................... 37 Scunpling and Storage.............. .... ... ................. .............. ... ............. ....... 37 Mussel Sex.......................................................................... ........ ... ...... 41 Scunple Preparations............................................................................. 41

Mussel Soft Tissues................................................................. 41 Dissection of Different Tissues in Soft Body Mussel P. viridis... 43 Mussel Shell. ....... ...... ......... ... ........ .................. ... .... ............ ..... 43 Different Layers and Sections in Mussel Shell........................... 46 Byssus..................................................................................... 47 Suspended Particulate Materials and Other Sticky Materials....... 47 Sediment ....................... '" ... .... ..... .......... ...... .... ... ........... .... ..... 48

Sample Digestion ............................. , ............................ , ....... ..... .......... 48 Soft Tissue, Shell and Byssus................................................... 48 SedUnent ......................... .............. ..... ............... .... ................. 49

Water Content and Conversion Factor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Oeaning Procedures ............ '" ................................................ ,. ... ......... 50 Blank................................................................................................... 50 Recovery Test...................................................................................... 50 Calculations of Indices and Ratios......................................................... 53

Allomenic Ratios....................................................................... 53 Shell lbickness..... ... ..... .... ... ...... ... .... .......... ...... ...... ...... ....... ..... 53 Condition Index........................................................................ 54 Boyden's Equation.................................................................... 55 Coefficients of V ariation............................................................ 56 Metal Bioavai1abi1i.ty Index......................................................... 56

Statistical Analytical Procedures............................................................ 57 Outliers..................................................................................... 57 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Regression Analysis ................................................................................... 61

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION....... ....... ....... ............ ....... ..... ............ 62 Heavy Metals in Total Soft Tissue and Shell ofMusselP. viridis............ 62

Water Content and Conversion Factors... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . 80 Comparison with Other Regional Studies.................................... 83 Comparison with Other Biological Scunples................................ 85

iv

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V

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Mussel P. viridis ... .... ........................... . Different Tissues ...................................................................... . Different Layers and Sections in Mussel SheD ............................ .

Factors Affecting Accmnulation of Heavy Metals in Mussel P. viridis . . . . . Sediment. ................................................................................ . Suspended Particulate Materials ................................................ . Physico-Chemical Parameters ................................................... . Size - SheD Length and SheD Thickness ................................... . Size - Total Soft Tissue Weigllt. .. .............................................. . Condition Index ....................................................................... . Population Structure ................................................................. . Sex .......................................................................................... . Most Influential Known Factors by Stepwise Regression Analysis .................................................................. .

Mussel SheDs as a Potential Biomonitoring Material ............................. . . Shell - Flesh Ratios ................................................................... . Inter-Metals Relationships ........................................................ . Metal Concentration Variability in Total Soft Tissue and Shell. .. . .

Byssus as a Potential Biomarker for Heavy Metals ............................... . . Heavy Metals in Byssus and Total Soft Tissue .......................... .. Inter-Metals Relationships ......................................................... .

Shell Thickness as a Function of Age ................................................... . . Population Variability .......................................................................... .

Metal Variability ...................................................................... . All .

V--=-L!t!, ometric iUliIUlIlty ............................................................... . Inter- and Intra-station Variability ............................................. . .

CONCLUSION .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

87 87 100 103 103 107 109 1 12 1 17 124 133 137

139 146 146 153 1 59 166 166 171 175 179 179 185 187

194

REFERENCES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

APPENDIX A Programme Statements in SAS.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

VITA... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

PUBLICATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

1. Heavy Metals Concentrations in Green-Lipped Mussel P. viridis from

Page

Other Regional Studies..................................................................... 24

2. Other Contaminants and Their Respective Concentrations Using Green-Lipped Mussel P. viridis as Bioindicators from Various Studies............................................................................................ 26

3. Percentage of Recoveries in Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn................................. 53

4. Comparison of Transfonned and Non-Transfonned Data According to the Empirical Rule........................................................................ 60

5. Mean ± Standard Error of Shen Length, Shell Width, Shell Weight, Fresh Dry Weight and Shell Dry Weight Per Individual of Mussel P. viridis from 15 Sampling Stations..................................................... 63

6. Mean ± Standard Error of Shell Thickness, Shell Width : Height Ratios, Shell Width: Length Ratios, Shell Length : Height Ratios and Condition Index Per Individual of Mussel P. viridis from 15 SaIllpling Stations............................................................................ 64

7. Results of ANOV A for Shell Length, Condition Index and Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn Concentrations (Untransfonned) in Total Soft Tissue and Shell in Male and Female of Mussel P. viridis from 15 Populations from Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia.................................. ............... 65

8. Student-Newrnan-Keuls Comparisons of Means for Cd Concentrations in Shell and Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P. viridis.............................................................................................. 68

9. Student-Newman-Keuls Comparisons of Means for Cu Concentrations in Shell and Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P. viridis...... 69

10. Student-Newman-Keuls Comparisons of Means for Ph Concentrations in Shell and Total Soft Tissue ofMusselP. viridis...... 70

11. Student-Newman-Keuls Comparisons of Means for Zn Concentrations in Shell and Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P. viridis...... 71

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Table

12. Percentage of Water Content in Total Soft Tissue and Shell of

Page

Mussel P. viridis from Selected Stations............................................ 81

13. Comparison of Water Contents and Conversion Factors of Different Species of Bivalves.......................................................................... 82

14. Conversion Factor for Each Metal in Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P. viridis.............................................................................................. 83

15. Zn, Cd, Cu and Ph Concentrations in Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P.

viridis Recorded from AlliS Sampling Stations................................ 84

16. Comparisons of Heavy Metals' Levels in Total Soft Tissue of Mussel P. viridis with Other Studies on Freshwater Snails, Shellfish and Fish Reported from Peninsular Malaysia. ...... , .. , ................ .... ..... ... ............ 86

17. Student-Newman-Keuls Comparisons of Cd, Cll, Ph and Zn

Concentrations in Different Tissues of Mussel P.

viridis.............................................................................................. 89

18. Percentage of lipid Content from a Population of Mussel P. viridis at Pasir Panjang................................................................................... 96

19. Student-Newman-Keuls Comparisons of Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn Concentrations in Different Sections of the Shell of Mussel P. viridis.............................................................................................. 102

20. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis between Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn in the Total Soft Tissue and Byssus of Mussel P. viridis and Sediment......................................................................................... 104

21. Comparisons of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Total Soft Tissue, Shell and Byssus of Mussels P. viridis, Shell and Tissues of Barnacles B. amphitrite, Coastal Sediment and Sediment Found Inside the Mussel's Shells................................................................. 106

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Table

22. Estimation of Suspended Particulate Materials that are Attached on

Page

the Byssal Threads of Mussel P. viridis............................................. 108

23. Physico-Chemical Parameters in Waters of Three Cultured Sites........ 11 0

24. Comparisons of Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn Concentrations in Sea Water from Other Studies........................................................................... III

25. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients between Cd, Cn, Pb and Zn Concentrations in Total Soft Tissue with Shell Length, Shell Thickness and Metal-Shell Weight Indices of Mussel P. viridis........... 116

26. Comparisons of Correlation Coefficients for Metal Content Versus Total Soft Tissue Weight from Other Studies.................................... 119

27. Comparison of Condition Indices from Other Studies................... ..... 125

28. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis between Condition Index and Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn in Total Soft Tissue and between Condition Index and Metal-Shell Weight Indices of the Mussel P. viridis............................................................................................. 130

29. Coefficient of Variation of Various Variables on Mussel P. viridis from Pasir Panjang and Pantai Lido............ ...................................... 135

30. Results of t-Test to Elucidate the Differences in Both Females and Males of Mussel P. viridis................................................................ 138

31. Inter-Statton's Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression Analysis of Dependent Variahles in Flesh and Shell of Mussel P. viridis on All Ratios and Non-Ratios as Independent Variahles................. .............. 141

32. Inter-Station's Multiple Unear Stepwise Regression Analysis of Dependent Variables in Flesh and Shell of Mussel P. viridis on All Ratios as Independent Variables.. .............................. ........ ................ 142

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Table

33. Intra-Station's Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression Analysis of Dependent Variables in Flesh and Shell of Mussel P. viridis on All

Page

Ratios and Non-Ratios as Independent Variables.. ............................. 144

34. Concentrations of Cd, en, Pb and Zn within the Flesh and Shell of Male Mussel P. viridis and Ratios of Shell to Flesh from 15 Sampling Stations.................................................................................. ......... 147

35. Concentrations of Cd, cu, Ph and Zn within the Flesh and Shell of Female Mussel P. viridis and Ratios of Shell to Flesh from 15 Sampling Stations............................................................................ 148

36. Comparisons of Shell-Metal to Flesh-Metal Ratios for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations from Other Bivalves....................................... 149

37. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis between Heavy Metals in the Flesh and Shell of Mussel P. viridis............................................. 154

38. Comparison between Coefficient of Variation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Total Soft Tissue and Shell of Female Mussel P.

viridis...... . ...... .. . ...... . ... ....... .... ..... ... . ....... .. ............ ................. .... ...... 162

39. Comparison between Coefficient of Variation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Total Soft Tissue and Shell of Male Mussel P.

viridis. . . . ................... ....................................................... ..... .......... 163

40. Heavy Metals Concentrations in Byssus and Total Soft Tissue, and Ratios of Byssus-Metal to Total Soft Tissue-Metal of Mussel P. viridis.............................................................................................. 167

41. Comparisons of Byssus-Metal to Total Soft Tissue -Metal Ratios from Other Studies........................................................................... 168

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Table

42. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis between Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn Concentrations in the Byssus, Total Soft Tissue and Shell of

Page

Mussel P. viridis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

43. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis Among Shell Thickness, Shell Length, Shell Width, Shell Height, Total Soft Tissue and Shell Dry Weight of Mussel P. viridis. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

44. Coefficient of Variation of the Female Mussel P. viridis from All Sampling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 180

45 Coefficient of Variation of Male Mussel P. viridis from All Sampling Stations. . . . ... ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .. 181

46 Coefficient of Variation of Heavy metal Concentrations in Total Soft Tissue of Other Bivalves from Various Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 183

47 Pearson's Correlation Coefficients Analysis between Heavy Metals in Total Soft Tissue and Metal-Shell Weight Indices in Intra-station and Inter-station of Mussel P. viridis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 188

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 . Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis and Perna viridis . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . 11

2. A 1ripeptide fonned by the linking of three amino acids which is the basic structure of metallothionein ..................................................... .

32

3. Map showing the 15 sampling stations .............................................. . 38

4. Inside view of mussel P. viridis flesh and shell ................................. .. 45

5. The musculature and organs of the visceral mass of mussel P. viridis as seen from the right side .............................................................. . . 45

6. Different sections in the shen of mussel P. viridis used in analysis ..... . 47

7. Recoveries tests used in detennining the actual values of Cd, en, Ph and Zn in samples ........................................................................... .

52

8. Shell morphology of green-lipped mussel P. viridis .......................... .. 54

9. Concentrations of Cd, Cll, Pb and Zn in total soft tissue of mussel P. viridis sampled from 15 sampling sites ............................................ . . 66

10. Concentrations of Cd, Cll, Pb and Zn in shell of P. viridis sampled from 15 sampling sites ..................................................................... . 67

11. Cd, Cll, Pb and Zn concentrations in various tissues of mussel P. viridis ................................................................. ............................ . 88

12. Relative percentages of Cd, en, Pb and Zn concentrations in soft tissue of mussel P. viridis ...... ...................... . . . . ........ . .... ...... ............ ..

90

13. Comparisons of Cd, ell, Pb and Zn concentrations in different layers and sections in the shell of mussel P. viridis .... . . . .. ....... ... .......... .. . . . . .. . 101

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Figure

1 4.

1 5.

1 6.

17.

1 8.

1 9

20.

21 .

Relationships between Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations with shell thickness and shell length of mussel P. viridis from Pasir Panjang, Port Dickson ............... '" ............................. ................. ........ . . ... . .... ..

Relationships between Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn content with total soft tissue dry weight and shell length of mussel P. viridis from Pasir PaJUang, Port })ickson ..................................................................... .

Comparison of condition indices of mussel P. viridis from 1 5 l�""R • • Malay ' sampll.l15 stations m Sla .......................................................... ..

Relationships between condition index with shell and shell length ............................................................................................. .

Relationships between condition index with heavy metals concentrations and metal contents of mussel P. viridis from Pasir Panjang, Port Dickson ..................................................................... .

Relationships between ratios of byssus-metal to soft tissue-metal and heavy metals concentrations in total soft tissue of mussel P.

viridis .......................... , ................................... ................... ........... ..

Comparisons of shell length and shell in mussel P. viridis from 1 5 '!- . samPWlg stations ............................................................................. .

Relationships between total tissue dry weight with shell thickness and shell length of mussel P. viridis in Pasir Panjang, Port Dickson. ......................................................................................... .

Page

1 13

1 1 8

1 24

1 25

132

174

1 76

177

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LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

1. A sampling site at Langkawi Island............ ......... ...... ............... ......... 39

2. A sampling site at Kg. Pasir Putih, Tebrau Straits, Johore. ....... .......... 39

3. A sampling site at Pantai Udo, a jetty at Tebrau Straits, lohore.......... 40

4. A sampling site of cultured mussels at Pasir Panjang, Port Dickson..... 40

5. The different sexes in green-lipped mussel P. viridis.......................... 42

6. Soft tissues of green-lipped mussel P. viridis..................................... 42

7. A green-lipped mussel P. viridis...... ................ .............. .......... ......... 44

8. Substrates of mussels P. viridis........................................................ 44

9. Multilayer population structures of mussel P. viridis found at Pantai lido, Tebrau Straits, lohore............................................................. 134

10. A scattered and monolayer population structure of mussel P. viridis found at Pasir Panjang, Port Dickson...... ............. ............................. 134

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

pg.g.l microgram per gram

ANOVA analysis of variance

CI condition index

CV coefficient of variation

nnw double distilled water

g.cm"2 gram per centimeter square

g.cm"3 gram per centimeter cubic

H2SO4 acid sulphuric

HCl asid hydrochloric

HCLO .. acid perchloric

HN� acid nitric

ill sheD length : sheD height

mg. r1 microgram per litre

ml mililitre

STI soft tissue or flesh

SNK Student-Newman-Keuls

SPM suspended particulate materials

ST sheD thickness

WH sheD width: sheD height

WL sheD width : sheD length

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY :METALS IN GREEN­LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) FROM TIIE WEST COAST

OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

By

YAP CHEE KONG

August 1999

Chairman: Associate Professor Ahmad Ismail, Ph.D.

Faculty: Science and Environmental Studies

The main ann of this study is to establish mussel Perna viridis as a

biomonitoring agent along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In this study, the levels

of heavy metals had been studied in the mussel P. viridis collected from 13 stations

along the coastline of Peninsular Malaysia and 2 stations in Sabah. The results showed

that, in general, the levels of heavy metals in total soft tissue of mussel P. viridis were

within or lower than the levels found elsewhere. The ranges varied widely from 0. 19 to

1.56 JJg.g'l dry weight for Cd, 5.78 to 15.14 JJg.g'l dry weight for Cu, 1. 17 to 8.27

J.!g.g.l dry weight for Pb and 46.78 to 145.95 Jlg.gl dry weight for In.

Mussels P. viridis collected from one population were dissected into eight parts

(byssus, mantle and gills, posterior adductor muscle, retractor byssal muscle, foot,

crystalline style, gonad and remainder visceral mass) and the concentrations of heavy

metals were measured. The highest concentration of Cu was obtained in the crystalline

style while elevated Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were noted in the byssus. Female's

gonad generally accumulated higher metals levels than male's gonad. In the study of

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Page 18: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ACCUMULATION AND …

different parts in the shen of mussel P. viridis, eu and Zn levels were found elevated in

the periostracum layer while Cd and Ph levels were highly elevated in the inner nacreous

shenlayer.

The relationships between the concentrations (jlg.g,l) and contents

(jlg.individual'l) of heavy metals and body size (total STI dry weight, shell thickness and

sheD length) were also investigated. The results indicated that smaller mussels have

higher metals accumulation especially for Cd, Zn and Pb. The metal accumulations in

total STI of P. viridis were also affected by metal concentrations in sediment and

suspended particulate materials. Besides, physico-chemical parameters, condition in4ex,

population structure and sex also played a role in affecting heavy metal accumulation in

mussel P. viridis.

Apart from Sn mussel sheD and byssus also can be considered as good

bioindicators for Cu, Zn, Cd and Cu. Pearson's correlation coefficients in these metals

in the organs showed positive correlations and suggested the organ to be a goosd

bioindicator. The study on coefficient of variation indicated that if analysis of individuals

are used, a very limited size range of samples from all stations should be selected to

increase the ability of biomonitoring programmes.

In general, this study showed that ell, Pb, Zn and Cd accumulated in the STI of

P. viridis and showed some agreements that P. viridis is a good bioindicator for ell, Pb,

Zn and Cd. Tissue distribution of Cll, Ph, Zn and Cd varied in the organs and this

phenomenon probably depends on physiology, ecology and biology of the mussel P.

viridis.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat Wltuk ijazah Master Sains.

AKUMULASI DAN TABURAN LOGAM BERAT DI DALAM KUPANG PERNA VIRIDIS (LINNAEUS) DARI PERAIRAN PANTAI BARAT

SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA

Oleh

YAP CHEE KONG

Ogos 1999

Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Ahmad Ismail, Ph. D.

Fakulti : Sains dan Pengajian A1am Sekitar

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah mencadangkan dan menggunakan kupang Perna

viridis sebagai agen penWljuk biologi di sepanjang perairan pantai barat Semenanjung

Malaysia. Dalam kajian ini, tahap logam berat telah dikaji dalam kupang P. viridis yang

disampel dari 13 stesen di sepanjang perairan pantai Semenanjung Malaysia dan 2

stesen di Sabah. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa secara amnya, tahap logam berat

daJam seluruh isi lembut kupang P. viridis adalah dalam lingkungan atau lebih rendah

daripada kajian di tempat-tempat lain. Lingkungannya berubah daripada 0.19 ke 1.56

jJg.g-l herat kering untuk Cd, 5.78 ke 15. 14 )lg.g-l herat kering untuk Co, 1.17 ke 8.27

J,lg.g-l herat kering untuk Pb dan 46.78 ke 145.95 J,lg.g-t herat kering untuk Zo.

Kupang P. viridis yang disampel dari satu populasi telah dibedah kepada 8

bahagian (bisus, mantel dan insang, otot aduktor posterior, otot retraktor bisus, kaki, 8til

berhablur, gonad dan tinggalan jisim viseral) dan kepekatan logam berat telah

ditentukan. Kepekatan tertinggi bagi Cu telah diperolebi di dalam 81il berhablur

manakaIa kepekatan yang tinggi bagi. logam Co, Ph dan Zn telah diperha1ikan di daIam

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bisus. Gonad betina secara amnya menimbun logam lebih 1inggi daripada gonad jan tan.

Dalam kajian mengenai bahagian berlainan dalam cangkerang kupang P. viridis, tahap

Cd dan Zn adalah lehili tinggi dalatn lapisan periostrakwn manakala tahap Cd dan Pb

adaIah sangat Unggi da1am Iapisan da1aman nakreous cangkerang.

Perkaitan di antara kepekatan (�.g'l) dan kandungan �.individu·l) bagi logam

herat dan 8aiz badan (jmnJah isi lembut berat kering, ketebalan cangkerang dan

kepanjangan cangkerang) tcJah dikaji. Keputusan menunjukkan kupang bersaiz kecil

lebih banyak menimbum logam herat terutamanya bagi Cd, Zn dan Pb. Kandungan

logam daJam seluruh isi lembut P. viridis adaJah dipengaruhi oleh kepekatan logam

daIam sedimen dan partikel terampai. Selain itu, parameter fizikokirnia, indeks

'condition', struktur populasi dan jantina juga memainkan peranan dalam

mempengaruhi kandungan logam herat di dalam kupang P. viridis.

Selain Usu lembut, cangkerang and bisus juga boleh dianggap sebagai penunjuk

biologi kepada Cu, Zn, Cd and Cu. Korelasi koefisien Pearson bagi logam-logam ini

dalam organ-organ tersebut menunjukkan keputusan positif yang mencadangkan organ­

organ ini menjadi penunjuk biologi yang baik bagi logam-logam tersebut. Keputusan

bagi koefisien variabiliti menunjukkan bahawa sekiranya analisis sampel secara individu

digunakan, sampel dalam julat saiz yang terhad harus dipilih bagi meningkatkan

keupayaan program pengawasan bioawas.

Secara umwnnya, kajian ini menunjuldcan Co, Pb, Zn and Cd menimbun di P.

viridis dan mempersetujui P. viridis sebagai penunjuk biologi yang baik kepada logam­

logam tersebut. Taburan Co, Pb, Zn and Cd berubah-ubah di dalam organ dan keadaan

ini mungkin bergantung kepada fisiologi, ekologi dan biologi bagi kupang P. viridis.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

For the last fifty to a hundred years in particular, marine organisms have been

faced with an increasing input of a wide variety of potentially toxic chemicals

(Livingstone, 1992). Many of these chemicals are bioaccumulated within the tissues of

biota to concentrations significantly above ambient levels in the environment (phillips et

al., 1982; Rainbow, 1993) and can in some cases be up to 100 or 1000 times higher

than in sea water (Farrington et al., 1983). The rapid increase in inputs of chemicals,

either mobilized or synthesized by man into the estuarine and coastal environment was

due to growth in industrial activities during the twentieth century (Krishnakumar et ai.,

1987). With the steady growth of industrial activities in South East Asia over the

decades, there has been increasing concern over the environmental degradation of

coastal waters and the diverse and unique environments which they support (Brown,

1985). N.lalaysia, as a fast-developing country, should be made aware of the seriousness

that may arise if toxic chemicals were continually discharged into the coastal

environments due to rapid industrialization. In this study, coastal areas were focused

because these areas are hotspots of human activities (Ismail et al., 1993) and have been

the most productive areas for all sort of aquaculture activities (Thomas, 1988).

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Aquatic contamination by heavy metals is extremely harmful since these

elements are not degradable in the marine environments (Jordao et al., 1997) and keep

accwnulating in the shellfish. Heavy metals, notably, Cll, Zn, Cd and Pb, have been

common by-products of anthropogenic activities since the earliest civilized times.

Furthennore, these heavy metals are potentially hannful to most organisms at a level of

exposure and absorption above a minimwn threshold and thus induce adverse biological

effects. In addition, it is wen-known that the consumption of fish and shellfish

containing excessive amount of heavy metals can be harmful to man. For instance, the

Minamata Disease outbreak in Japan in 19508 was caused by the conswnption of fish

and shellfish contaminated by methylmercury (Forstner and Whittmann, 1981).

Studies on heavy metals' ponution in Malaysian coastal waters have been done

(Law and Singh, 1988; Din, 1992; Ismail, 1993a; Ismail et al., 1993; Ismail and Ramli,

1997). Some of these studies have shown elevated concentrations of heavy metals in

these areas. This information has certainly inferred the need for regular monitoring of

heavy metals along the Malaysian coastlines. The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia has

been targetted because more than 600;6 of the Malaysian population is concentrated here

and most of the areas are being developed heavily (Ismail et al., 1993). Beck (1995)

suggested that the spreading and accwnulation of persistent chemicals, and the

destruction of oceans, are two of the most pressing environmental problems by the year

2020. This is exactly the year by which Malaysia has been expected to reach the status

of a developed countty. Therefore, intensive and regular monitoring of heavy metals'

levels in Malaysia's coastal waters should be done in order to provide comprehensive

baseline information for future reference.

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3

A study of mussels is of interests to the public (Cheung and Wong, 1992)

because these animals are important sources of food (Vakily, 1992). Elevated levels of

heavy metals in mussels could mean contamination of this marine food delicacy.

Mussels are among the hardiest and most easily gathered organisms and the mussel

culture is the most productive fonn of saltwater aquaculture (Bardach et al., 1972).

Marine mussels are recognized as a good bioindicator of heavy metals' ponution

(Goldberg, 1975; Viarengo et al., 1995). Mussels have been used for the 'Mussel

Watch' monitoring programmes in which the mussels' species such as M. edulis and M.

galloprovincialis had been studied since the late 19608 (Morita, 1988). Until today,

there are reports on using mussels as bioindicators of heavy metals' levels

(Boonchalennkit et aL, 1998; Senthilnathan et al., 1998). An outstanding feature of

using mussels as bioindicator, when compared to other environmental components, is

that it is capable of assessing the biological availability of the pollutants measured

(Kristensen and Tyle, 1990). Mussels being inhabitants of the coastal waters are more

prone to be affected by pollutants derived from many sources (prabhudeva and Menon,

1987).

Are there any mussels abundantly fOlmd along the coastlines of Malaysia? If

mussels are found, are they as effective as a good bioindicator as described in the

system developed by 'Mussel Watch'? These questions can be answered if a swvey is

conducted and the samples are analysed in order to compare with other environmental

variables. In Malaysia, reports on heavy metals' levels in the tissues of mussel P. viridis

are scant (SivaIingam and Bhaskaran, 1980; Ismail, 1993b).

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4

This study also examined the bioavailability of shell and byssus of mussel P.

viridis as better bioindicators, if possible, of heavy metals' levels on the basis of heavy

metals' concentration in the shell and total STI, and byssus and total STI. These two

s!udies were prompted by the questions arising in the usual assessment of the total STI

results in blue mussels M edulis. Do aD the tissues in the mussels accumulate the same

amoWlt of heavy metals? Do the shells or perhaps the byssus has different accumulation

patterns as compared to heavy metals' levels in the total STI of the mussels? The first

question could be answered through the investigation and comparisons of heavy metals'

levels in the byssus and the different soft tissues in the mussel P. viridis.

This study was conducted to :-

1. assess the current status of heavy metals' (Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) levels and

contamination in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia,

2. investigate the distribution of heavy metals in different tissues of STI in mussel P.

viridis as well as different layers and sections in the mussel's shell,

3. examine the uses of byssus and sheD as biomarkers and biomonitoring materials for

heavy metals,

4. find out if sediment, suspended particulate materials, physico-chemical parameters,

size, CI, population structure and sex, could be the factors affecting the accumulation

of heavy metals in the total STI of mussel P. viridis, and

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PERPUSTAKAAN JNlVEUSlTI PUTRA MALA'iSIA

5. to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals' variability among-individuals,

referred to here as inter-station and intra-station's variability, so as to increase the

tmderstanding of this aspect.