universiti teknikal malaysia melakaeprints.utem.edu.my/17385/1/intelligent pigeon hole with...
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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
INTELLIGENT PIGEON HOLE WITH E-MAIL NOTIFICATION
USING WIRELESS SYSTEM
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor of Electronics Engineering Technology
(Telecommunications) With Honours
by
NORHAIRI BIN ABD HALIM
B071210522
890717-11-5399
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Intelligent Pigeon Hole with E-Mail Notification Using Wireless System
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2
Saya NORHAIRI BIN ABD HALIM
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
( )
Alamat Tetap:
Lot 883/1 Kampung Kedondong,
Jalan Sek. Keb. Kedondong,
17010 Pasir Mas, Kelantan.
Disahkan oleh:
( )
Cop Rasmi:
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Intelligent Pigeon Hole With E-Mail
Notification Using Wireless System” is the results of my own research except as
cited in references.
Signature :………………………
Name : NORHAIRI BIN ABD HALIM
Date : 14/12/2015
v
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Technology (Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology)
(Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:
……………………………….
(Abdul Halim Bin Dahalan)
vi
ABSTRACT
Upon receiving of the letter or any document in their pigeon holes or mailbox, most users were not notified about this. They have to speculatively and periodically check their mailbox contents. In most occurrences, users have neglected to check their mailbox. At the same time, may lead towards the ignorance of important letters and results in various miseries. Most of the multi-storey buildings such as apartments, condominiums and office buildings are limited to check or collect their letters due to the centralize mailbox location. Users find convenient to be on alert of mails they receive to overwrite the conventional method of checking mailbox. Because of the high confidentiality and official letters are increasing as a corresponding tool globally, the users seek for a better solution which enables them to be on their toes each time a mail is delivered. The state of the art electronics technology is incorporated into these conventional mailboxes as a solution. The Arduino UNO and Infrared Sensor can be incorporated by linking the user’s pigeon hole with E-mail facilities and this enable the users to be notified whenever a new mail is delivered and pigeon hole is full. Mails delivered into the users pigeon hole, the system will automatically generate an alert which is send in E-mail that typically details the real time of mail delivery. The system is design to easy human life by sending E-mail to notify the users about important new mails reaching their pigeon hole or mailbox.
vii
ABSTRAK
Apabila menerima surat baru atau sebarang dokumen dalam “pigeon holes” atau peti surat mereka, kebanyakan pengguna tidak diberitahu mengenai hal ini. Mereka perlu bersangka dan secara berkala untuk memeriksa kandungan peti surat mereka. Dalam kebanyakan kejadian yang berlaku, pengguna telah lalai untuk memeriksa peti surat mereka. Pada masa yang sama, boleh membawa kepada kebuntuan tentang surat penting dan keputusan dalam pelbagai kekusutan. Kebanyakan bangunan yang bertingkat seperti pangsapuri, kondominium dan bangunan pejabat adalah terhad untuk memeriksa atau mengutip surat mereka disebabkan lokasi peti surat yang berada ditengah. Pengguna mendapati untuk amaran tentang surat yang mereka terima dengan menukar kaedah konvensional memeriksa peti surat. Ini kerana, surat rasmi dan kerahsiaannya yang tinggi sebagai alat sesuai untuk globalisasi, oleh demikian pengguna mencari penyelesaian lebih baik dimana mereka wujudkan amaran setiap kali surat yang dihantar. Oleh itu, kemahiran teknologi elektronik telah menggabungkan ke dalam peti surat konvensional sebagai penyelesaian. Arduino UNO dan pengesan inframerah yang boleh dimasukkan dengan menggabungkan “pigeon holes” pengguna dengan kemudahan E-mel and membolehkan pengguna diberitahu setiap kali surat dihantar dan “pigeon holes” telah penuh. Surat yang dihantar ke “pigeon holes” pengguna, akan menghasilkan sistem amaran yang automatik menghantar berbentuk E-mel yang kebiasaanya jelas tentang masa sebenar penghantaran surat. Sistem ini direka untuk memudahkan kehidupan manusia dengan menghantar E-mel untuk memberitahu pengguna tentang surat yang penting telah berada didalam “pigeon holes” atau peti surat mereka.
viii
DEDICATIONS
Special dedication to
My beloved parents, Abd. Halim Bin Che Husin and
Wan Hamidah Bt Ab Rashid for their support, understanding
And pray for success. Besides that, I would like to thanks
To my supervisor and friends for guidance and advice
Throughout this project. Thanks for everything.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful and would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr Abdul Halim Bin Dahalan for his invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in making this research possible. I really appreciate his guidance from the initial to the final level that enabled me to develop an understanding of this research thoroughly. Without his advice and assistance it would be a lot tougher to completion. I also sincerely thanks for the time spent proofreading and correcting my mistakes.
I also would like to express very special thanks to IR. Nik Azran Bin Ab Hadi for his suggestions and co-operation especially in electronic solution. A special appreciation should be given to Mr Win Adiyansyah Indra from Technology Engineering Faculty whom which gave me a brand new perception about this project.
My sincere thanks go to all lecturers and members of the staff of the Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology Department, UTeM, who helped me in many ways and made my education journey at UTeM pleasant and unforgettable. Many thanks go to BETT member group for their excellent co-operation, inspirations and supports during this study. This four year experience with all you guys especially to Muhamad Luqmanulhakim Bin Suhaimi will be remembered as important memory for me to face the new chapter of life as an engineer.
I acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream and sacrifice throughout my life. I am really thankful for their sacrifice, patience, and understanding that were inevitable to make this work possible. Their sacrifice had inspired me from the day I learned how to read and write until what I have become now. I cannot find the appropriate words that could properly describe my appreciation for their devotion, support and faith in my ability to achieve my dreams. Lastly I would like to thanks any person which contributes to my final year project directly or indirectly. I would like to acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful completion of this study.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ iv
APPROVAL ................................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. vii
DEDICATIONS ........................................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. x
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xiv
LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................... xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................... xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 Project Objectives .......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of Project ............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Work Scope ................................................................................................... 4
1.5.1 Hardware ................................................................................................ 4
1.5.2 Software ................................................................................................. 4
1.5.3 Command ............................................................................................... 4
1.6 Report Organization ...................................................................................... 4
1.7 Summary ....................................................................................................... 6
xi
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVEWS .................................................................. 6
2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Overview of Wi-Fi Technology (Ajay R. Mishra, 2010) .............................. 7
2.2 IEEE standard (Alan Holt, Chi-Yu Huang, 2012) ......................................... 8
2.2.1 IEEE 802.11 standard (Vandana Wekhande,2006)................................ 9
2.3 Wi-Fi Network Architecture ......................................................................... 9
2.4 Wi-Fi Technology Categories (vandana Wekhande, 2006) ........................ 10
2.5 Wi-Fi Configuration (Vandana Wekhande, 2006) ...................................... 11
2.6 Service in Wi-Fi (vandana Wekhande, 2006) ............................................. 12
2.7 Wi-Fi Technology in different way ............................................................. 13
2.8 The difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax (Gurveen K. Sandhu, Gurpreet
Singh mann, Rajdeep Kaur, 2013) ......................................................................... 13
2.9 The difference between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth ............................................. 14
2.10 Difference between Wi-Fi and ZigBee (Karunakar Pothuganti, Anusha
Chiteni, 2014) ......................................................................................................... 14
2.11 The Advantages of Wi-Fi ............................................................................ 16
2.12 Project Related .............................................................................................. 5
2.12.1 Wi-Fi Based Notification System (Prof.VP patil, Onkar Hajare,
Shekhar Palkhe, Burhanuddin Rangwala, 2014) .................................................. 6
2.12.2 Smart Home using Wi-Fi (Niharika Shortriya, Anjali Kulkami, Priti
Gadhave, 2014) ..................................................................................................... 6
2.12.3 Wi-Fi Based Vital Signs Monitoring and Tracking System for Medical
Parameters (Arrihant nagar, Barshi, Dist. Solapur, India, 2013) .......................... 6
xii
2.12.4 Arduino Based Wi-Fi Enables Wireless Speaker (A. Anbuselvan, D.
Antony Shajan, M. Deepak, T. K Sethuramalingam, 2013) ................................. 6
2.12.5 Power Line Communication Based Automation System using a
Handled Wi-Fi Device (Karhik Shivaram, Nikhil Rajendra, Kavi Mahesh, 2012)
.............................................................................................................................. 6
2.13 Arduino .......................................................................................................... 5
2.13.1 Arduino Uno .......................................................................................... 6
2.14 Arduino IDE .................................................................................................. 5
2.15 LED ............................................................................................................... 5
2.16 E-mail (Edson Kageyama, Carlos Maziero and Altair Santin, 2008) ........... 5
2.17 Summary ....................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 4
3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Project Planning ............................................................................................ 5
3.1.1 Gantt chart .............................................................................................. 6
3.1.2 Flowchart Project ................................................................................... 6
3.2 Hardware Requirement .................................................................................. 5
3.2.1 Arduino Uno .......................................................................................... 6
3.2.2 Infrared, IR Sensor ................................................................................. 6
3.2.3 LED ........................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Software Requirement ................................................................................... 5
3.4 Design Project Overview ............................................................................... 5
3.5 Software Implementation .............................................................................. 5
3.5.1 Coding Arduino and Python (Input and Output) ................................... 6
xiii
3.5.2 Flowchart of Program (Arduino) ........................................................... 6
3.6 Hardware Implementation ............................................................................. 5
3.6.1 Arduino Pin used .................................................................................... 6
3.6.2 Interface of IR Sensor with Arduino Uno .............................................. 6
3.6.3 Interface of LED with Arduino Uno ...................................................... 6
3.6.4 Communication between Personal Computer with Arduino Uno ......... 6
3.7 Summary ....................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................... 4
4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Complete circuits ........................................................................................... 5
4.2 Testing Results .............................................................................................. 5
4.2.1 IR Sensor and LED display .................................................................... 6
4.2.2 Sensor E-Mail ........................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................ 4
5.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Recommendation ........................................................................................... 5
APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................... 5
APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................... 5
APPENDIX C .......................................................................................................... 5
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 5
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of Wi-Fi Based Notification System……………….....17
Figure 2.2: Block diagram Project……………………………………………….....20
Figure 2.3: Arduino Uno……………………………………………………………23
Figure 2.4: Example of LED………………………………………………………..24
Figure 3.1: Flowchart for Project Intelligent Pigeon Hole………………………....29
Figure 3.2: Illustrate of Project……………………………………………………..30
Figure 3.3: Arduino Uno board with component description……………………...30
Figure 3.4: USB and Power connector……………………………………………..31
Figure 3.5: IR Sensor circuit………………………………………………………..33
Figure 3.6: Illustrate the pictorial scenarios………………………………………..34
Figure 3.7: Directivity and angle…………………………………………………....34
Figure 3.8: LED……………………………………………………………………..35
Figure 3.9: Block diagram of Intelligent Pigeon Hole……………………………...39
Figure 4.0: Flowchart of program…………………………………………………..42
Figure 4.1: Situation of IR sensor detects the object……………………………....43
Figure 4.2: Complete circuit connection at Arduino Uno Pin……………………..46
Figure 4.3: Two condition when IR sensor detect new document and Pigeon hole in full situation…………………………………………………………....47
Figure 4.4: Command Prompt……………………………………………………...48
Figure 4.5: Sent Mail history for Intelligent Pigeon Hole System………………...49
Figure 4.6: Inbox of owner………………………………………………………...49
.
xv
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1: Some of IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wi-Fi………………………………6
Table 2.2: Some of the IEEE 802 Standard………………………………………...8
Table 2.3: There are five types of services for Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11……………….12
Table 2.4: Type of Wi-Fi Network…………………………………………………13
Table 2.5: Comparison between Wi-Fi and WIMax……………………………….14
Table 2.6: Different between WLAN and ZigBee………………………………….15
Table 3.1: Gantt chart……………………………………………………………….27
Table 3.2: Arduino Uno Specification……………………………………………...31
Table 3.3: Digitals Pin details……………………………………………………….32
Table 3.4: Analog Pin details………………………………………………………..32
Table 3.5: Arduino Pin used and description……………………………………….43
Table 3.6: Input and Output (Notification)………………………………………….50
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
IR = Infra-Red
PSM = Projek Sarjana Muda
PCB = Printed Circuit Board
Wi-Fi = Wireless Fidelity
PDAs = Personal Data Assistant
Mbps = Megabits per Second
IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer
BSS = Basic building block of a wireless
CSMA/CA = Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
Wi-Max = The IEEE 802.16 family of wireless network
LCD = Liquid Crystal Display
PWM = Pulse Width Modulation
USB = Universal Serial Bus
ICSP = In-Circuit Serial Programming
UART = Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
PLC = Programmable Logic Control
DFU = Device Firmware Update
GPS = Global Positioning System
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This project is about the development of the Pigeon Hole Notification that used
E-mail to notify recipient from pigeon hole to personal computer at their room. In
this chapter, it will explain about the Background of project, Objectives, Problem
Statement, Scope of Project, Work Scope, and Report Organization.
1.1 Background
Centralize mail compartment or pigeon hole are commonly seen in an office
building or an apartment building. However, the communication by through letter it
is not preferred to use anymore. For example, the wireless technology revolution is
increasing rapidly in routine applications. It is regarded as one the solution to ease
the communication either among people or between people and services. This is
because, this technology also enables the information imparts and communication
process done in short time interval anywhere and anytime. But, conventional
mailboxes are still practical to be used especially for receiving important mails.
In general, each staff in most big organization has his/her own pigeon hole to
receive any important letter or memo related to official duty. In the case of
University Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka (UTeM), each academic staff has been
allocated a pigeon hole for any letters or assignment from students from within or
inter faculty. Unfortunately, the current conventional pigeon hole system is unable to
inform the staff or any urgent letter and this lead to significant delay in responding
2
the letter. The main weakness of current system is that staff needs to check their
respective pigeon hole everyday but due to the routine commitment or unforeseen
circumstances the pigeon hole cannot be possibly checked every day.
This project is proposed to overcome the problems rise due to the use of
current conventional mail compartment. The project aims to notify the user every
time a letter is being sent into the pigeon hole, and to enable the users check status of
their pigeon hole whether full or not. In this project, the system can generate
automatically without the human inspection. The system will generate a notification
through E-mail to notify user when the new document already in pigeon hole used
wireless network technology. Two infra-red (IR) sensor, one for transmitter and the
other one for receiver will be installed in pigeon hole. The system will operate once
mail or any document insert into the pigeon hole and block the IR signal, the system
automatically send form E-mail.
1.2 Problem Statement
The current conventional pigeon hole system is unable to notify the user.
Even though it is not big matter, but in different situation is more complicated too.
For example this problem is faced academic staff. The main weakness of current
systems is that staff needs to check their respective pigeon hole every day. At the
same time, staff lost their document, especially important thing, such assignment or
lab report student. They do not know what happen actually, whether the document
already submit in their pigeon hole or not.
In big organization or office buildings whereas their staff office rooms
between pigeon hole is bit far. This because, normally pigeon hole or mailbox is
installed at centralized at the buildings, so they tend to frequently check their
mailbox for new content. This is not really an effective way to apply. Furthermore, it
is waste of energy and time.
3
1.3 Project Objectives
Projek Sarjana Muda’s (PSM) aims is to provide opportunity for students to
apply their skill and knowledge that had learned in electric and electronics theories to
produce a product that can be commercialized in market. Based on that, in order to
make this project successful, the objectives have been declared. These objectives
must be achieved in completing this project. Therefore the objectives have been
listed below:
i. to study combination between of hardware and software to use for completing
this project.
ii. to develop software that notify user via E-mail when document is detect and
full.
iii. to solve problem for forgetting check the document on pigeon hole.
1.4 Scope of Project
In order to achieve the project’s objective important scope project had been
highlighted.
i. Design a prototype self-built model to represent the mail boxes which is a
pigeon hole mail box.
ii. Simulate the design circuit and the performance using the relevant
software (MATLAB / MULTISIM).
iii. Infrared (IR) sensor detection of the presence of new mail.
iv. Identify methods of the transmission signal to notify E-mail.
4
1.5 Work Scope
In order to achieve the project’s objective important work scope of this project
had been highlighted. The work scope of this project is divided into three (3) parts:
1.5.1 Hardware
i. Etching process.
ii. Construct circuit on PCB board
iii. Solder circuit.
iv. Design prototype of Pigeon Hole Notification.
1.5.2 Software
i. Design and simulation circuit using MULTISIM.
ii. Design schematic circuit using PROTEUS.
iii. Python.
1.5.3 Command
i. Protocol Wireless Network Connection
ii. Arduino Uno command program used to send signal from IR sensor
circuit to notify E-Mail.
1.6 Report Organization
In this part will explain all the process and the flow for completing this report
and project. This report will be conducted in few chapters and each started as below:
5
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter will simply introduce about the project. This chapter contains
Background of project, Objectives, Problem statement, Scope of project, Work
scope, and Report Organization.
Chapter 2: Literature Reviews
This chapter shows about the studies and research of related or previous
project. In addition, the research for literature reviews of the project also state. Last
but not least, the conclusion of this chapter will be included to complete this chapter.
Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter shows about the flow of project methodology to achieve the
objectives. Last but not least, the conclusion of this chapter will be included to
complete this chapter.
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
This part will state out the result that will be obtained at the end of this
project.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter will discuss about the summarization of the project and the
major conclusion of the project.
6
1.7 Summary
The first chapter of this report is about the introduction of the project. In this
chapter, the background of project was state to become more understand about the
project. The problems statement was also stated in this chapter to show the purpose
of developing the project. After that, the objectives of this project were state and
should be achieved at the end of this project. The scope of this project was state to
make sure the project follow the scope. Next, the work scope was state to show the
work should be due to completing this project. Lastly, in chapter 2, literature review
that related to this project will be discussed with supervisor to completing that
chapter. In this chapter consist collecting data from earlier project and reading
journal or article.
7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE RIVEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter will discuss about related literature review and other important
information related to this project. The information about Wi-Fi network is included
to become more understanding about this project. In this chapter, the research from
other person project that related to this project also included. The information of
Arduino Uno is state because Arduino Uno acts as a brain in this project.
2.1 Overview of Wi-Fi Technology (Ajay R. Mishra, 2010)
Wi-Fi is the short name for Wireless Fidelity. It is a name of certification
given by the Wi-Fi Alliance that was formerly called the WECA or Wireless
Ethernet Compatibility Alliance. Wi-Fi technology was designed and optimized for
Local Area Networks. Wi-Fi can be used to provide high-speed connections
(11Mbps or greater) to laptop computers, desktop computers, personal digital
assistants (PDAs). Wi-Fi refers to an over-the air connection with a wireless client
and base between two wireless clients. Wi-Fi is freedom it allows to user to connect
without wires to the internet from users to couch at home, a bed in a hotel room or a
conference room at work.
Furthermore, Wi-Fi is one of the latest technology for communication which
using for transmit the data or notice information directly. Wi-Fi is system of
wirelessly connecting devices that use radio waves, allowing for the connection
8
between devices without the expense of cables or without needing them to be facing
one another. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology like a cell phone. Wi-Fi enables
computer to send and receive data indoors and outdoors, anywhere within the range
of a base station. The best thing of all, it is fast. In fact, it`s several times faster than
the fastest cable modem connection.
It operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz radio spectrum, uses direct-sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) for modulation, supports variable data rates up to 11Mbps,
and has a range of about 50 meters. The Wi-Fi Alliance complies with the
IEEE802.11 standard. These different 802.11 standards have different modes of
operation, making each of these standards offer different frequency, speed and
ranges. Table below show some of IEE 802.11 Standards for WIFI.
Table 2.1: Some of IEEE 802.11 Standards for Wi-Fi
STANDARD FREQUENCY(GHz) SPEED(Mbps) RANGE(m)
Wi-Fi a (802.11a) 5 54 10
Wi-Fi b (802.11b) 2.4 11 100
Wi-Fi g (802.11g) 2.4 54 100
2.2 IEEE standard (Alan Holt, Chi-Yu Huang, 2012)
The IEEE is stand for Institute of Electrical and Electronic. IEEE is a large
non-profit, professional society concerned with technological research and
development. Its standards and is accredited by the American National Standard
Institute (ANSI) IEEE 802 is a set of standards for local area network (LAN)
technology. Table below show some of the IEEE 802 standard.
Table 2.2: Some of the IEEE 802 Standard
NUMBER STANDARD COMMENT
802.11 Wireless LANs Wi-Fi
802.15 Wireless PANs Bluetooth and Zigbee
802.16 Wireless MANs WiMax
9
2.2.1 IEEE 802.11 standard ( Vandana Wekhande, 2006)
IEEE 802.11 standard has its roots in Waveland, which was a proprietary
wireless LAN system. It was capable of 1 or 2 Mb/s transmission rates (depending
upon the wireless channel condition). It operates in infrared band and unlicensed
radio frequency band. 802.11 is one of number of multi-access LAN technologies.
Besides, 802.11 controls channel access through a number of coordination functions.
Both contention based (active) and contention free (passive). Access techniques are
specified in the standard.
In addition, 802.11 devices suffered from interoperability problems between
vendors when they initially came on the market. The Alliance was formed to address
interoperability issues. A number of companies formed the Wi-Fi Alliance in order to
test the compliance of 802.11 equipment. Equipment that passes the compliances test
is entitled to bear the Wi-Fi certification logo, which is a registered trademark of the
Wi-Fi Alliance. Most 802.11 devices display the Wi-Fi logo. For this reason Wi-Fi
and 892.11 devices have become synonymous.
2.3 Wi-Fi Network Architecture
The Wi-Fi network consist three main units there are Access point, Station, and
PC cards. A wireless access point is all what is needed to connect all the computers
in a home. The whole system would consist of DSL modem (or cable), wireless
access point, firewall, router and Ethernet hub. The cable/ modem bring the Internet
line at home while the router allows inter-connection between various
computer/devices. Many types of routers are used based on various IEEE 802.11
recommendations, but the 802.11g is used due to its speed and reliability.