Universities: Will They Remain the Same?

Jamil SalmiHong Kong, 24 March 2009

2

the future of tertiary education?

3

a world of science fiction?

• social and economic progress

is achieved principally through

the advancement and

application of knowledge

World Development Report 1998/99

4

are universities ready?

5

outline of the presentation...

• importance of knowledge

• changing education & training needs

• emerging challenges

6

explaining the difference between poverty and wealth

© K4D program

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Real

GDP

per c

apita

(200

0 US$

)

South Korea

BrazilDifference in output due to growth in labor and capital in Korea

Difference in output due to TFP growth or knowledge accumulation in Korea

7

creative work in the economy

8

9

evolution of Nokia sales

10

12

13

14

resolving environmental problems

                                                                                              

15

knowledge for safety

                                                                                              

16

disaster preparedness

sismology

vulcanology

climatology (floods, tsunamis, droughts, etc.)

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Tsunami26 December 2004

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acceleration of speed of creation of new

knowledge

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how can we update our knowledge?

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outline of the presentation...

• importance of knowledge

• changing education & training needs

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changing education and training needs

• higher skill levels

22

Italy

Den

mark

No

rway

Au

str

alia

Neth

erl

an

ds

Fra

nce

Au

str

alia

Germ

an

y

Ko

rea

Sw

itzerl

an

d

Irela

nd

Can

ad

a

Czech

Rep

ub

lic

Fin

lan

d

Hu

ng

ary

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Po

rtu

gal

% index260

100 40

Ital

y

Den

mar

k

No

rway

Au

stra

lia

Net

her

lan

ds

Fra

nce

Au

stra

lia

Ger

man

y

Ko

rea

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Irel

and

Can

ada

Cze

chR

epu

blic

Fin

lan

d

Hu

ng

ary

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Po

rtu

gal

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Below upper secondary Tertiary-type B Tertiary-type A and advanced research

% index220

100

40

Source: Table A14.1 in OECD 2003

Female

Male

relative earning gaps are increasing

23

Korea and China

19751975

20002000

19801980

68%

1%

31%

1%

34%

65%

3%

45%

52%

19601960

19801980

20002000

80%

3%

17%

49%

42%

9%

18%

55%

26%

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changing education and training needs

• higher skill levels

• flexibility to adapt to change

25

changes in job task-skill demands in the USA

(1960 – 1998)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1998Perce

ntile

Chan

ge

Expert Thinking

ComplexCommunication

Routine Manual

Routine Cognitive

Non-Routine Manual

Source: Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics.

26

27

2006 PISA results

Percentage of students at each proficiency level on the mathematics scale

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Below Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6

% P

erce

ntag

e of s

tude

nts a

t eac

h pr

ofici

ency

leve

l

Finland Korea Ireland Colombia Brazil Indonesia Hong Kong-China

28

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changing education and training needs

• higher skill levels

• flexibility to adapt to change

• need for continuing education

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from innocence

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… to wisdom

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university of the future?

postgraduate

studies

first degree

continuing education

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Continuing education

Career change studies

Graduate studies

Undergraduate studies

university of the future?

34

changing education and training needs

• higher skill levels

• flexibility to adapt to change

• need for continuing education

• learning to learn and unlearn continuously

35

36

37

new pedagogical approaches

• focus on learning tailored to needs of individuals rather than teaching

• new and varied modalities for learning: interactive & collaborative learning

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when you want…

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where you want…

40

41

42

44

46

new pedagogical approaches

• focus on learning tailored to needs of individuals rather than teaching

• new and varied modalities for learning: interactive & collaborative learning

• reliance on advanced education technology in appropriate ways

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new pedagogical approaches

• focus on learning tailored to needs of individuals rather than teaching

• new and varied modalities for learning: interactive & collaborative learning

• reliance on advanced education technology in appropriate ways

• teacher as guide and facilitator

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“In the early twenty-first century, people will be able to study what they want, when they want, where they want, and in the language they prefer, electronically.“

Peter Knight, July 1994

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outline of the presentation...

• importance of knowledge

• changing education & training needs

• emerging challenges

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opportunity or

challenge?

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emerging challenges

• world-class universities

• quality and relevance

• values and ethics

• impact of the financial tsunami

• flexibility

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55

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top 50 universities

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SJTU ranking (2008)

Country Ranking Country Rank of

Top University in Country 1 USA 1 2 UK 4 3 Japan 19 4 Switzerland 24 4 Canada 24 6 France 42 7 Denmark 45 8 Netherlands 47 9 Sweden 51 10 Germany 55 11 Australia 59 12 Norway 64 13 Israel 65 14 Finland 68 15 Russia 70

16-20 Belgium, Brazil, Italy, Singapore

101 – 151

21-26 Argentina, Austria, Mexico, Spain, South Korea, Taiwan

152 – 200

27-33 China, Czech Republic, Greece. Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa

201 – 302

34-36 Hungary, India, Poland 303 – 401 37-40 Chile, Portugal, Slovenia,

Turkey 402 – 503

Hong Kong and mainland China

universities in the world rankings

2008/09

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Shanghai Jiao Tong University: ARWU 2008

9 universities in top 300

• 201-302• Chinese University Hong Kong • Hong Kong University of Science & Technology• Nanjing University • Peking University • Shanghai Jiao Tong University• Tsinghua University• University of Hong Kong • University of Science & Technology of China• Zhejiang University

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THE-QS World Universities Ranking 2008

12 universities in top 400

• 26 University of Hong Kong

• 39 Hong Kong University of Science & Technology

• 42 The Chinese University of Hong Kong• 50 Peking University• 56 Tsinghua University• 113 Fudan University• 141 University of Science and Technology of

China• 143 Nanjing University• 144 Shanghai Jiao Tong University• 147 City University of Hong Kong• 229 Zhejiang University• 386 Tianjin University

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WebometricsJanuary 2009

Ten universities

in top 500

• 117 Peking University• 121 University of Hong Kong• 156 Chinese University of Hong Kong• 241 Tsinghua University China• 355 Shanghai Jiao Tong University• 387 Hong Kong University of Science &

Technology• 425 ZheJiang University• 435 City University of Hong Kong • 477 Fudan University• 482 Hong Kong Polytechnic University

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what it means to be world class

• concentration of talent

• abundant resources

• appropriate governance

AutonomyAcademic Freedom

StudentsTeaching StaffResearchers

Research Output

Technology Transfer

Concentration of Talent

Abundant

Resources Favorable Governance

Leadership TeamStrategic VisionCulture of Excellence

Public Budget Resources

Endowment Revenues

Tuition Fees

Research Grants

WCU

Supportive Regulatory Framework

Graduates

Characteristics of a World-Class UniversityAlignment of Key Factors

Source: Elaborated by Jamil Salmi

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what it means to be world class (II)

• research universities or all types of tertiary institutions?

• every institution or a select few?

“For sale: charming and peaceful residence away from neighbors, with a wonderful view of the sea, a grand period staircase, and lots and lots of light…”

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quality and relevance

• programs– professional skills– soft competencies

• creativity

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luxury Razr with lizard skin

69

Giorgio Armani-Samsung mobile

70

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72

74

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creativity

• invent

• experiment

• think out of the box

• take chances

• break the rules

• make mistakes

• and have fun…

77

creative work in the economy

Hong KongHong Kong

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quality and relevance

• programs– professional skills– soft competencies

• creativity

• measurement of student learning outcomes

• effectiveness of e-learning

79

ethical dimensions

• humanistic values

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ethical dimensions

• humanistic values

• conflict of interest in research

• rules for fund raising

• environmental responsibility

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is the golden era over?

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impact of the crisis

• quality

• equity

• opportunity for further investment as engine of growth

• need to have multiple funding sources and practice contingency planning

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flexibility

85

86

flexibility

• good feedback mechanisms

• strategic planning to orient change

• ability to react and adapt rapidly

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conclusion

89

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a brave new world?

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the brick university

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the click university

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competing in the learning society...

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competing in the learning society...

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competing in the learning society...

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competing in the learning society...

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crisis

100

danger

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opportunity

102

crisis

=

danger + opportunity

what is your vision?

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