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Investeşte în oameni!Proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013Axa prioritară: 1. „Educaţia şi formarea profesională în sprijinul creşterii economice şi dezvoltării societăţii bazate pecunoaştere”Domeniul major de intervenţie: 1.5 „Programe doctorale și post-doctorale în sprijinul cercetării”Titlul proiectului: „Programe doctorale şi postdoctorale pentru promovarea excelenţei în cercetare, dezvoltare şi inovare îndomeniile prioritare – agronomic şi medical veterinar, ale societăţii bazate pe cunoaştere”Beneficiar: UNIVERSITATEA DE ȘTIINȚE AGRICOLE ȘI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ CLUJ-NAPOCAID Proiect: 132765Cod contract: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132765
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARYMEDICINE OF CLUJ-NAPOCA
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PHD SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF PAULOWNIA SPECIESGERMINATION PROCESS UNDERGOING THE PHYSICAL
FIELDS AND TRANSFER OF CS ISOTOPE
SUMMARY
PhD student
RADU (ȚENTER) ANCUȚA CRISTINA
Scientific coordinator:
PROF.UNIV. DR. HORIA RADU CRIVEANU
CLUJ-NAPOCA
2015
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………................5/8
CHAPTER I CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICS RESEARCH..................................................6/10
1.1 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD......................6/10
1.2 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN MAGNETIC FIELD..............................-/13
1.3 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD..6/14
1.4 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL WITH GAMMA RADIATION.................7/15
1.5 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE SUBTLE FIELD..........................7/16
1.6 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL WITH FTIR................................................7/17
1.7 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH WITH CESIUM IZOTOPE...................................................7/19
CHAPTER II GENERAL DESCRIPTION SPECIES PAULOWNIA....................................................8/21
2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS PAULOWNIA SPECIES...........................................................8/21
2.2 SEEDS GERMINATION AND VIABILITY SEED OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES..........................-/23
2.3 INVASIVE PROPERTIES OF THE SPECIES PAULOWNIA..........................................................-/24
2.4 PAULOWNIA SPECIES RESISTANT TO NATURAL WEATHERING........................................-/.26
2.5 SPECIES PAULOWNIA IN THE WORLD AND ROMANIA.........................................................9/.29
2.6 THE USES AND ECONOMIC VALUE.........................................................................................10/31
CHAPTER III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL FIELDS AND THE RADIOACTIVE
ELEMENTS............................................................................................................................................10/33
3.1 ELECTRIC FIELD, ELECTRICITY...............................................................................................11/33
3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD, MAGNETISM...............................................................................................11/36
3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD, ELECTROMAGNETISM...........................................................11/38
3.4 FIELD SUBTLE, BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.............................................................12/41
3.5 GAMMA RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY..............................................................13/43
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES....................................................................13/46
CHAPTER V RESEARCH METHODS..............................................................................................15/48
5.1 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GERMINATION..........................................................15/48
5.2 PLANT MATERIAL USED...........................................................................................................15/50
5.3 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL THE ACTION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD....................17/52
5.4 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL THE ACTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD..................18/56
5.5 LASER BEAM EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL..................................................................20/59
5.6 GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL....................................................21/63
5.7 APLICATION BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.......................................................................21/66
5.8 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED)....22/67
5.9 THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR HIGHLIGHTING ISOTOPES CESIU IN PLANT
MATERIAL PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)............................................................................. 22/70
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CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS OF DATA UNDER THE INFLUENCE PHYSICAL FIELD AND
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS TO SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)...........................23/73
6.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC
FIELD A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)/73
6.1.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ONE
INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD, AND SIX EXPOSURE TIME, A SEED GERMINATION
PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)...................................................23/74
6.1.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THREE
INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD AND TWO EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION
PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).......................................................-/85
6.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC
FIELD A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD& ZUCC)/96
6.2.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ONE
INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND FOUR EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION
PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................24/96
6.2.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FOUR
INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND ONE EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION
PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................-/106
6.3 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM
SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).................................................................................25/116
6.3.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION GREEN LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS
FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................................25/116
6.3.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION RED LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS
FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)......................................................................26/126
6.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA
RADIATION A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD &
ZUCC.).................................................................................................................................................28/135
6.4.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA
RADIATION LOW DOSES A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA
(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..........................................................................................................................28/136
6.4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA
RADIATION HIGH DOSES A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA
(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).........................................................................................................................29/144
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6.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-PHYTO-
MODULATOR A.D. A SEED GERMINATION EVOLUTION PROCESS FROM SPECIES
PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..................................................................................................31/151
6.6 ANALYSIS TRANSFER FACTOR ISOTOPES ................................................................32/160
6.7 ANALYSIS FTIR RESULTS OBTAINED TREATED SEEDS OF SPECIES PAULOWNIA
(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)IN PHYSICAL FIELDS ..................................................................................33/162
6.8 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF DATA UNDER THE INFLUENCE PHYSICAL FIELD TO SPECIES
PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..................................................................................................34/167
CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................36/173
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................38/178
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INTRODUCTION
Contemporary scientific and technical revolution, triggered worldwide in all
fields, has important consequences for one of the essential problems of the millennium,
the necessary conditions for living.
After food requirement, one of the requirements of the development market is
wood. Massive deforestation in tropical forests of the Amazon, even the European ones,
led to a disruption of the ecological system, pulling a big warning about balanced use of
existing resources on Earth.
Worldwide, at the present moment, Paulownia cultures occupies a small area.
Research on implementation, protection and enhancement of timber has known an
important development lately.
A modern interdisciplinary research direction addressed to in this word is the use
of physical fields to stimulate the germination processes of Paulownia species seeds
(Siebold & Zucc.) and the transfer of Cs isotope in the plant.
Research and experiments have been conducted during three years of doctoral
studies.
The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter presents the research in
biophysics, which aims at physical fields actions on plant material.
The second chapter presents de general description of Paulownia species ( Siebold
&Zucc.).
The physical fields studied are presented in the third chapter with a description of
the most important features.
The fourth chapter presents the purpose and objectives of this research thesis.
Chapter five describes the method of determining the germination of the plant
material used, the experimental protocols used, the equipment used, application rates, the
experimental protocol for highlighting the Cs isotope inside theplant, mathematical and
statistical methods.
Chapter six presents the results analysis obtained under the influence of the
physical fields and radioactive elements of the Paulownia species (Siebold & Zucc.).
Chapter Seven summarizes the conclusions drawn from experimental research.
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To achieve the scientific research that led to the completion of this thesis I
benefited from financial support through POSDRU 159 / 1.5 / S / 132 765 "Doctoral and
Postdoctoral to promote excellence in research, development and innovation in priority
areas - agronomic and medical veterinary knowledge-based society ", financed by the
European Social Fund through the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human
Resources Development 2007-2013.
CHAPTER I
CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICS RESEARCH
1.1 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD
Biophysical research focused on the use of the electric field due to known impact
on living matter.
An improvement in the standard conditions of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by
80%, were presented by data about sorting and stimulating seed germination using
electric field. The electric field has a positive influence on the dynamics of low seed
germination, it accelerates the process with 2-3 days (Pozeliene and Lynikiene, 2009).
1.3 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
The discovery laser discovery was very important by its application in various
fields such as medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and agriculture. Among its
applications in agriculture we can mention its use as a bio-stimulator device. The action
of the laser, of low intensity, causes biostimulation when used on seeds, seedlings and
plants (Aladjadjiyan, 2007; Chen et al., 2005; Dziwulska, 2006; Govil et al., 1985;
Hernandez et al., 2007, 2008 ; Perveen et al., 2010).
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1.4 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH GAMMA
RADIATION
The effect of gamma irradiation of the seeds prepared for germination and the
effect on growth of Pinus kesiya and P. wallichiana Gord showed dose-response
difference applied according to species (Thapa 2004). It was found that significant
differences appear, even between closely related species in terms of sensitivity to gamma
radiation.
1.5 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE SUBTLE FIELD
When applying bio-phyto-modulators DEA and DIEE on the strain of
Pelargonium, following the study carried out by pursuing the process of photosynthesis, a
significant increase in dry weight in the leaves is obtained, due to the device action (Radu
et al., 2014) .
1.6 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH FTIR
Using infrared spectrometry method it succeeded the isolation and characterization
of paulownioside, a new iridoid glucoside highly oxygenated Paulownia tomentosa.
Investigations were carried out with an etanolitic extract obtained from the leaves
Paulownia tomentosa. Following isolation of paulowniosida, spectral H and C links were
determined. (Adrian et al., 1981)
1.7 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH CESIUM ISOTOPE
Constantinescu and his collaborators (1988) measured the level of radioactivity of
vegetation in different places in Romania immediately after the Chernobyl accident (May
1986), and six months later (October 1986) and concluded that the uptake of
radionuclides by plants was carried out by depositions at the leaves surface, while
absorption was made by roots from soil (indirect deposition) and rain was not significant.
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CHAPTER II
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD &
ZUCC.)
2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
SPECIES
Paulownia (Siebold & Zucc.), Known as the Princess tree is a deciduous tree,
native to eastern Asia, especially from China (Hu 1961). This is a medium sized tree,
known for its large heart-shaped leaves and fragrant purple flowers, clusters formed.
Paulownia blooms early in spring (HU 1961). The leaves reach one meter in length and
width. Paulownia is multiplied by sprouting seeds or seedlings upon large areas. (HU
1961 Carpenter and Smith 1981 Preston 1983).
The leaves are fluffy, dense, especially on the underside. Paulownia flowers are
perfect, and the fruit can be found in capsule form, egg-shaped, which open to release the
seeds in October. They can easily germinate under favorable conditions, or have an
induced hibernation until next year (Hu 1961 Carpenter et al, 1983, Young and Young
1992 Kuppinger et al., 2008, Innes 2009). The species is producing prolific seed, which
can be estimated at 2,000 small seeds per pod fruit, and tens of millions of seeds can be
produced by a mature tree, by season (Millsaps, 1936, Tang et al, 1980, Carpenter et al
1983 Kuppinger 2008).
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2.6 PAULOWNIA SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD AND IN ROMANIA
Fig.2.1 Word Map with Paulownia crops
(http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Paulownia+tomentosa&guide=North_America
n_Invasives&cl=US/VA)
Paulownia was first introduced in the US in mid 1840 as an ornamental tree
planted in gardens, city parks and along the roads (Tang et al, 1980, Preston 1983).
Paulownia species in Romania is not yet well defined, it is still in early
development projects and implementation.
In Craiova, Paulownia species was planted in order to create green areas, research
conducted over 25 years at the Faculty of Horticulture, University of Craiova.
We can mention some towns, where there are Paulownia trees that are between
30-50 years: Baia Mare, Cluj-Napoca, Herculane, Timisoara, Arad, Bucharest, Buzau,
Horezu convent, Govora Spa, Caracal, Craiova, Minis, Slatina Tirgu Jiu, Vaslui (Simon,
2009).
Currently, in Romania, for several years, have grown some major projects with
financial support from the European Community for Paulownia plantations. There are
companies with developmental and implementation programs for these crops. Two
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private cultures can be mentioned in Cluj County, in the village Mociu and in the village
Bogata.
2.7. THE USAGE AREAS AND ECONOMIC VALUE
Paulownia wood is very light and durable when it is processed, making it ideal for
various uses (HU 1961). In East Asia, Paulownia wood has been used for centuries as
temple material crafted furniture, musical instruments, toys and cabinets. It can be used
as material for doors, windows, partition walls, ceilings, beams because it doesn’t bend.
There are temples over 100 years in which the wooden beams are still in good condition.
Extracts from fruits, leaves and wood are used in adjuvant treatment for
bronchitis. Fruit extracts decrease the frequency of asthma attacks (Kyoung, 1994). An
aqueous extract of the fruit and leaves regenerates the hair and stimulates the scalp,
causing hair growth. The extracted oils are prepared in the form of solutions or tablets
(Duke, 1985). Fruits presents a hypotensive effect, and wood extractions are used to treat
certain bacterial infections (Wysokinska and Rozga, 1998).
In recent decades around the world important projects have been initialized for the
production of biomass Paulownia wood, we can mention "Silva Tree" (2010) Energy
Fund "Investing in a biomass project in Panama reforestation".
CHAPTER III
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL FIELDS AND RADIOACTIVE
ELEMENTS
3.1 ELECTRIC FIELD, ELECTRICITY
Issac Newton, known as the one who put the fundamentals of mechanics, deepens
studies of electricity and magnetism. The basics of electricity being made and developed
by Charles Augustin de Coulomb, Michael Faraday and James Maxwell, give a new
interpretation of the concepts of classical physics, developing the ideas of physical fields.
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The existence of the electric field is highlighted by simple experiments, it can be
perceived by human senses. It is evidenced by the interaction of electrical charges. All
demonstrations of physicists emphasize acceleration of electric charges in space, that
creates electric field (Purcell, 1982).
3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD, MAGNETISM
Geomagnetism history includes famous people and their works which required
long years of intense study. William Gilbert, reasoned that the Earth itself is magnetic.
Crucial connection between electricity and magnetism was discovered and then explored
the greatest physicists of the XIX century, including Hans Ørsted, André Marie Ampere,
Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell Michael.
Hans Christian Oersted’s studies related to electricity, published in 1820, show
that the needle is deflected by electric current. This magnetic field is due to electrical
charges or electricity (Berkeley, 1981).
Ampere published its own model of magnetism in 1825, in which the magnetism
is due to current flow loops instead of dipoles of magnetic loading, different from
Poisson model. (Feyman 1969, Halliday and Resnik, 1975).
3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
The electromagnetic field can be seen as a combination of electric field and
magnetic field. If the electric field is produced by stationary tasks, and the magnetic field
by the movement of charged particles, namely electricity, than, the electromagnetic field
is created by the two fields. As mathematical description of Maxwell equations is played
during revolutionary electrodynamics. (Cook, 2002).
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(http://www.dannex.se/theory/1.html )
Fig.3.3.1 Electromagnetic field
3.4 SUBTLE FIELD, BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.
Bio-Phyto-modulators, Ancu Dincă type, are devices for charging and energizing
and neutralizing harmful radiation, invented recently.
Bio-Phyto-modulators as operating principle are based on two types of effects,
which produce holographic radiation emitted by plants, the stimulus and the inhibition
effect.
Bio-Phyto-modulators DEA and DIEE are composed of crystals from 40 herbs,
crystals whose activation may shown in the presence of an electromagnetic field with
negative features (earth radiation or human biofield).
Fig.3.4.1 Bio-Phyto-modulators Ancu Dincă DEA and DIEE type
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3.5 GAMMA RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION
The beginnings of nuclear physics are quite recent, we can approximate at the
beginning of our century. About the discovery of radioactivity (the term comes from the
chemical element radium)one can say to have been accidentaly discovered in 1896. The
history of radioactive discovery is regarded as one of the most important discoveries of
our century, with scientific implications. Radiation led to the discovery of the atomic
nucleus by Rutherford and Bohr's model thus emerged, which imposed quantification on
atomic level. The nucleus generated a huge area of research and the study of the nucleus
properties led to the discovery of nuclear fission, of fusion and nuclear energy (Cosma
1996).
CHAPTER IV
THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES
One of the daily problems in the entire world right now is climate change, energy,
water supply, the counterbalance of the deprived areas, the inequalities caused by major
differences in development, and not least, the population's demands on nutrition and
some necessary living conditions.
The purpose of this work is the research in biophysics regarding the influences of
subtle, magnetic, electric and electromagnetic field, as well as those of radioactive
elements of the type Co and Cs on the plant material Paulownia species. The work aims a
careful observation of each individual field influence on the germination process, as well
as the the optimal choice of the experimental parameters, field strenght and doses and
exposure time.
The objectives are:
The exposure of Paulownia seeds to the action of the electric field action at
different field strengths,
The optimal graduation of exposure time in the electric field for the purpose of
analysis through germination indicators,
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The exposure of Paulownia seeds of low intensity magnetic field action,
The optimal graduation exposure time magnetic field analysis purposes by
indicators of germination,
The exposure of Paulownia seeds of green laser action to trace the evolution
process of germination and the establishment of indicators,
The irradiation of Paulownia seeds with low doses of gamma radiation, between
1Gy and 5Gy,
The irradiation of Paulownia seeds with high doses of gamma radiation, between 6
6Gy and 12Gy,
The exposure of Paulownia seeds to the subtle field through bio-phyto
modulators, tupe AD and type DEA and DIEE
Highlighting the changes occured by exposing the seeds to the physical and
radiation fields using FTIR spectrometry
The exposure of plant material – Paulownia cuttings – by planting in radioactive
infested soil with 137Cs isotope.
The pursuit of these objectives will be made through research methods chosen in
accordance with the literature and analyzing the germination process and germination
indicators: EG, IG, VG, TMG, and PFG, as well as statistical interpretation of the
results; comparing the influences of physical fields on germination by analyzing the
most relevant results, by optimizing field intensity and time exposure factors; the
spectrometric analysis of changes at the molecular level of Paulownia seeds
undergoing the physical fields, determining the transfer factor of radioisotope Cs
inside the Paulownia leaves.
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CHAPTER V
RESEARCH METHODS
5.1 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GERMINATION
Germination is all morphological and physiological processes of transforming an
embryo into seed, from sleep to active growth state (Peterfi, 1972).
The whole process of germination was determined by five indicators, considered
the most representative and were calculated to evaluate their efficiency in data
interpretation (Anjum, and Bajwa, 2005).
The five selected indicators are:
Germination energy (EG)
Germination index (IG) (Marcu et al., 2013).
Germination speed (VG) (Ciapuso et al., 1997)( Marcu, 2013)
The medium germination time (TMG) (Sadeghi, 2011)
Germination capacity or final germination procent (PFG) is (Anjum and Bajwa,
2005).
These features are important not only in physiology and phytotechny, but also for
environmentalists because it is possible to predict the success of a species based on the
capacity of their seed harvesting by sprouting spontaneously in the natural (Ranal et al.,
2006) .
5.2 PLANT MATERIAL USED
Species Paulownia (Siebold & Zucc.) Was named in honor of Anna Paulowna,
daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia. It is also called "princess tree" or "Empress Tree" for
the same reason.
Its leaves (Fig.5.2.1) are very large, with dimensions of about 15-25 cm, especially
young trees up to 50 cm, with long stalks of 10- 20 cm, edge evening (Booner, 2008).
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Fig.5.2.1 Paulownia leaves
After the first 8 or 10 years of life the tree starts to produce seeds and becomes very
prolific.
Fig.5.2.2 Dry fruit with seeds of Paulownia (Anna Laurent-picture Collected at Arnold
Arboretum, Boston)
Dried fruit can be picked and opened by hand before they scatter the seed. Theseeds are flat, thin, with wings, are about 1.5 to 3 mm long, and can be easily spread bywind when capsules fall from the tree. A fruit may contain about 1400-2800 seeds.
Being light and winged may be scattered at great distances, kilometer long(Baskin, 2001).
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Fig.5.2.3 Paulownia Seed
5.3 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL TO THE ACTION OF ELECTRIC FIELD
Experimental research necessary for plant material exposure, in this case the seeds
of Paulownia, were carried out in two stages, first in the Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-
Napoca, Faculty of Physics Laboratories of Electricity and Magnetism, the second stage
in the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of
Horticulture in the biophysics lab.
Research has focused on the influence of the electric field. Therefore, the seeds
used were from the same sources and the same batch.
The first stage consisted of sorting viable seeds in batches of 100 pieces each.
Then it started to create the necessary electric field.
In order to obtain a homogeneous electric field, it was used a capacitor whose
plates have a diameter of 26 cm, and the distance was set to d = 0.073 m, as the electric
field is uniform in the space between the plates.
The voltage applied was gradually U1 = 20 V, = 18 V U2, U3 and U4 = 9 V = 5.5
V in order to obtain the required parameters of the experiment, namely, electric field
intensities of values: E1 = 274V / m, E2 = 250V / m, E3 = 125V / m, E4 = 75V / m.
Following studies, and the results previously obtained (Radu and colab., 2015) the
chosen exposure values were: 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 45
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minutes, 60 minutes. Seed units of 100 pieces each, were exposed to different electric
field strengths, coupled with exposure time in the electric field. The chosen variant was
non-exposure, as the control variant, standard for comparison of variants of samples
exposed.
After conducting experimental scheme, the seed lots were placed between
capacitor fittings according to Fig.5.3.1 below.
Fig.5.3.1 Exposing Paulownia seeds to the electric field
5.4 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL TO THE ACTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
Experimental research needed were performed at the University of Agriculture andVeterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Horticulture, in Biophysics Laboratoryand at the Babes-Bolyai University, in Cluj Napoca, Faculty of Physics, Electricity andMagnetism laboratories.
Taking into account the technical characteristics of the machine used during theexperiments, through the intensity of the electrical power of I1 = 0.25, we haveestablished a value of magnetic field strength of 1.8 Gs, I2 = 0.34 for 2.2 Gs, I3 = 0,4Afor 2.8 Gs, and I4 = 0,6A for 4.8 Gs, folowing study literature. The compass was set tomake alignment with the earth's magnetic field lines (Fig.5.4.1)
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Fig.5.4.1 Helmholtz coils and magnetic compass
Paulownia seeds were exposed to the magnetic field. Two different types ofexposure were carried out. The first variant has consisted of exposing the batches ofPaulownia seeds to a magnetic field of B = 2.2 Gs (Gauss) and four exposure time:10minutes, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes. The variant with 0 minutes exposuretime was considered the control variant.
The batches of 100 Paulownia seeds each were placed in a special place asoutlined in Fig.5.4.2 below.
Fig.5.4.2 Exposing Paulownia seeds to the magnetic field
After exposing the Paulownia seeds to magnetic field, the batches were
germinated, including the control batch, in special Linhardt dishes, in four repetitions.
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(Booner, 2008). It was created optimal humidity and temperature from -23 ℃ to 26 ℃.
(Fig.5.4.3)
5.5 LASER BEAM EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL
Germination indicators, when the plant material is exposed to the laser beam, were
determined following the specific procedures, in two steps. The first stage, held at the
National Institute of Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
Cluj-Napoca, in the Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics. The second
stage in the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of
Horticulture in biophysics lab. It was aimed the stimulation batches of 100 species of
Paulownia seeds, by two similar methods, but the difference was the power and
wavelength of the laser beam, because the wavelengths in the visible spectrum are
different.
Fig.5.5.2 Exposing Paulownia seeds to green laser beam
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5.6 GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL
The experimental stage of plant material irradiation of the Paulownia seeds, took
place in the Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Physics, in the laboratory
in the Department of Physics and Nuclear Isotopes. It was used a gamma camera
Chamber 900, using as source isotope (_ ^ 60) Co. This unit was brought to the
laboratory in 1962,from the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India. (Fig.5.6.1)
At the time I started irradiating plant material, the dose rate for January was: 2013
D = 3,46Gy / h. From this value we started to calculate the exposure time required for
radiation doses suggested, as well as the flow variation related to time.
We considered low doses between 2 Gy 3 Gy, 4 Gy and 5 Gy and high doses
between 6 Gy, 10 Gy, 11 Gy and 12 Gy.
5.7 APLICATION OF BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.
Applying bio-phyto modulators of type Ancu-Dinca and DIEE DEA was
performed after the randomly selection of 100 batches each, of seeds Paulownia, to four
repetitions each, as well as the control batch. On each envelope, with 100 seeds each,
was sealed bio-phyto-modulator DEA and similar to DIEE and separately were spaced
envelopes with control batches, allowing them to stand for 3days, germinated under
conditions of optimum light, temperature, and humidity.
Fig.5.7.1 Envelope with 100 Paulownia seeds to which was applied bio-phyto modulator
DIEE, DEA, and the envelope with control seeds
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5.8 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR FTIR ANALYSIS (FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED)
Paulownia seeds, which were initially exposed to physical fields (electric,
magnetic, electromagnetic, gamma irradiation, subtle) were milled to give a powder as
fine as possible (fig.5.8.1) and subsequently weighed.
The obtained powders were weighed and placed in a mold and compressed by
hydraulic press to remove air with the help of the device SPECAC, 10,000 Kg force for
30 seconds. The required pellets were formed and a potassium bromide pellet was also
formed, because it was required to measure the baseline background. Potassium bromide
KBr does not have absorption in the IR range between 4000 -650 .. After obtaining
the pellets, the determination of spectra FT-IR spectrometer was made, with a Jasco FT-
IR-4100.
5.9 THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR HIGHLIGHTING CESIUM ISOTOPESIN PAULOWNIA PLANT MATERIAL
In the laboratory of Biophysics at the Faculty of Horticulture, University of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, there were carried out experiments to
assess the transfer of Cesium isotope ( ) from a quantity of contaminated soil ,in the
plant material, namely in the Paulownia leaves (Constantinescu et al., 1988, Clements et
al., 2002).
The Paulownia plants were isolated in laboratory conditions, and were provided
with optimal conditions of temperature T = 20 to 25 ℃, light and humidity. After a period
of 3 months, Paulownia leaves were sectioned and were taken 6 samples from six
different plants. The leaves were weighed, then dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for 8 hours to
remove water. Subsequently they were weighed, and were brought to the table of 100 g /
sample.
The gamma spectrometric measurements were performed In the Faculty of
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gamma and Apha Spectrometry lab, the
Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca.
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Fig.5.9.1 Analysis of samples with The HPGe detectors used within the Laboratory ofEnvironmental Radioactivity
CHAPTER VI
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
PHYSICAL FIELDS AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OF PAULOWNIA
SPECIES (SIEBOLD &ZUCC.)
6.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ELECTRIC FIELD OF SEED GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA
SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
6.1.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of an electric field intensity and six
time exposure, of the germination process of Paulownia species (Siebold & Zucc.)
In this case, the evolution in the process of germination of Paulownia seeds under
the influence of the electric field, was followed, using a single intensity of electrical field,
namely E = 274V / m, six different types of samples and the standard control sample for
comparing results.
From day 3 of measurements, one can observe that the batch with 20 minutes, 30
minutes and at 40 minutes exposure time has a faster progress than the other batches, as
outlined in Fig.6.1.1.1 below.
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Fig.6.1.1.1 The evolution of germination process of Paulownia seeds under influence of
electric field, one intensity, six time exposure.
Following this chart on the progress made during the 14-day germination records,
there is a rising trend above the evolution line of the control batch, of the six samples
used. Only in the early days there is overlap, but is insignificant.
6.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
MAGNETIC FIELD OF GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES
SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
6.2.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of a magnetic field intensity and
four time exposure of germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Thunb.) Stend.
Germination energy, calculated on the fifth day gives us important information
about the viability of seeds, the percentage of seedlings that have emerged. In Fig.
6.2.1.2, the germination energy of the 10 minutes batch, doesn’t increase procentage
compared to the control batch.
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Instead, when doubling the exposure time to 20 minutes, there is an increase of
14% compared to the control batch and again, when doubling the exposure time to 40
minutes, a percentage jump of 29%, which indicates us a stimulation of the seeds under
the influence of 2.2 Gs magnetic field action.
Instead, when doubling the time to 60 minutes, the process enters inhibition, but
still higher by 12% compared to control.
Fig. 6.2.1.2 Germination energy of Paulownia species seeds under the influence of
magnetic field, one intensity, four time exposure
6.3 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LASER BEAM OF GERMINATION
PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
6.3.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of electromagnetic radiation green
laser beam of the germination process of Paulownia species seeds ((Siebold & Zucc.)
Germination index reaches its maximum value when exposing 5 minutes in the
second day, the first two days giving most units of germinated seeds (Fig. 6.3.1.3).
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Germination index has a similar linearity for the five samples tested under the action of
laser radiation.
Fig. 6.3.1.3 Germination index of Paulownia species seeds under influence of green laser
beam, six time exposure, in fourtheen days
The best germination index is the one with 110.73 seed units / no. of days,
exposure time, 5 minutes, followed by a gradual decline correlated with degrees of five
minutes, as follows: 102.8 seed units seeds / no. of days at 10 minutes, 85.00 seed units /
no. of days at 15 minutes, 80.67 seed units / no. of days at 20 minutes, 67.22 seed units /
no. of days at 25 minutes, 62.98 units seeds / no. of days at 30 minutes, these values
being superior to the control version of of 47.37 seed units / no. of days.
6.3.2 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of electromagnetic radiation red
laser beam of the germination process from Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)
Statistical analysis of results of germination energy and germination capacity, in
the case of red laser radiation action over the seeds of Paulownia species, are shown in
the following Tables 6.3.2.1, through analysis of influencing exposure time factors.
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The germination energy of Paulownia species was statistically assigned with very
significant positive differences from the average control on the red laser radiation
exposure, to all six time exposure, gradually every five minutes. The time factor has
influenced very significantly.
/Table6.3.2.1The influence of time exposure of Paulownia species seeds undergoing red laser
radiation on the germination energyNo. Variant Average
Germination EnergyMeanings
% Differencefrom control
1 Martor/control 20.00 0.00 Mt2 5 min. 44.00 24.00 ***3 10 min. 55.00 35.00 ***4 15 min. 52.00 32.00 ***5 20 min. 48.00 28.00 ***6 25 min. 31.00 11.00 ***7 30 min. 28.00 8.00 ***
DL(p 5%) 2.37DL(p 1%) 3.26DL(0.1%) 4.43
Table 6.3.2.2Comparisson between exposure time of Paulownia species seeds under red laser
radiation on germination energyClassification Variant Germination energy (%) Meaning
1 Martor/control 20.00 A2 30 min. 28.00 B3 25 min. 31.00 C4 5 min. 44.00 D5 20 min. 48.00 E6 15 min. 52.00 F7 10 min. 55.00 G
Average error Sx=0.80 (%)DS theoretical value : 2.37-2.69
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6.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA
RADIATION OF GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS
(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
6.4.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of low doses gamma radiation of
the germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)
The speed of germination analyzed presents an upward trend, with a peak in the
third day for 2 Gy,3 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation. The 5Gy lot speed germination rate is
superimposed with the control, on the top ascent. A period of descent until the end
follows, in its graphical form in Fig. 6.4.1.5 below.
Fig. 6.4.1.5 Viteza de germinare VG a seminţelor de Paulownia sub influenţa radiațiilorgamma de doze joase, în cele paisprezece zile
Fig. 6.4.1.5 The germination speed-GS of Paulownia species seeds under influence oflow doses gamma radiation,in fourtheen days
Germination speed rate, if low-dose irradiation, has the lowest value when sample
is irradiated with 5Gy, namely 8.57 no. of seeds / no. of days, with a unit lower than the
control value of 9.74 no. of seeds / no. of days. During the germination speed rate
analysis, the highest value obtained was with 2 Gy irradiated sample. The values obtained
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for 3 Gy and 4Gy irradiation are intermediary, upward over the control and under the
highest value of 2 Gy sample.
A significant difference was obtained for the samples with germination capacity of
5Gy 4Gy irradiation. Instead, it notes statistically significant differences at 3GY and very
significant at 2Gy.
Table6.4.1.3The influence of the low doses radioactivity field of Paulownia species seeds on
germination capacityNo. Variant Average Germination
capacityMeanings
% Differencefrom control
1 Martor/control 47,50 0,00 Mt.2 2Gy 57,00 9,50 ***3 3Gy 54,00 6,50 **4 4Gy 50,00 2,50 -5 5Gy 47,00 -0,50 -
DL(p 5%) 3,67DL(p 1%) 5,15DL(0.1%) 7,27
6.4.2 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of high doses gamma radiation of
the germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)
The progress of germination, when treated with high doses of radiation applied to
Paulownia seeds under field action of radioactive isotope Cobalt was observed during the
fourteen days of monitoring. The results are shown in the graph of FIG. 6.4.2.1.
It can be seen that the variants of samples which have been irradiated with high
doses of 6 Gy, 10 Gy, 11Gy, and 12 Gy, have a line below the trend of development of
the control sample, which has not ben irradiated. Even if germination process start on
time, the effects can be noticed throughout the process. The progress of sprouting seeds
of Paulownia is negatively affected by high doses above the 6Gy level.
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Fig. 6.4.2.1 Germination evolution process of Paulownia species seeds under the
influence of high doses gamma radiation
The germination capacity, considering the statistical results, indicates very
significant negative values compared to control in all three cases of irradiation, the values
of 10Gy, 11Gy and 12Gy. The 6Gy value germination capacity is only distinct negative
insignificant compared to the control.
Table6.4.2.3
The influence of the high doses radioactivity field of Paulownia species seeds on
germination capacity
No. Variant AverageGermination Energy
Meanings
% Differencefrom control
1 Martor/control 49,00 - Mt.2 6Gy 47,00 -2,00 003 10Gy 44,75 -4,25 0004 11Gy 37,00 -12,00 0005 12Gy 35,50 -13,50 000
DL(p 5%) 1,32DL(p 1%) 1,85DL(0.1%) 2,62
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6.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-
PHYTO-MODULATOR A.D. OF GERMINATION EVOLUTION PROCESS FROM
PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
Following the analysis, the fifth day of the EG- germination energy measurements,
highlighted in Figure 6.5.2, we can see that the seeds which were energized with DEA
device, to energize water, leads to the best results, with a percentage 65%, a significant
increase by 45% higher compared to the control, which records the value of 20%.
Charging and energizing device produced an approximately 58% germination
energy, higher value in this case by 38% percent compared to the control.
When applying the combination of the two bi-phyto-modulators, we can see that
the result is also higher by 60% compared to control, with 30% percent, but its value is
not greater than in the case of single devices.
In FIG. 6.5.2 beneficial effects of bio-phyto-modulators influence on germination
energy may be noted.
Fig. 6.5.2 The germination energy of Paulownia species seeds under the influence ofbio-phyto-modulators A.D.
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6.6 TRANSFER FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ISOTOPES
Soil contamination with radioactive elements is one of the most important
environmental problems worldwide, as these items are not biodegradable and will
accumulate in the biological human, animal and vegetable system,and will cause toxicity
of the whole ecosystem. Because the Paulownia species has the characteristics of rapid
growth and development, a high biomass production, has the potential for accumulation
of heavy elements (Doumet et al., 2008, Clements et al., 2002).
It was taken into account the proportions used in the combination of soil needed
for planting and the necessary correction of proportionality was made:
The plants have shown phytotechnical symptoms as discoloration, yellowing
leaves, pigmentation, or any halting in the development of the whole plant,before
harvesting the leaves for analysis.
Highlighting rating (_ ^ 137) Cs in the leaves of the Paulownia species through
the mass of evidence, fotopicul intensity under 661, cesium of 7Kev and radiocesium
activity according to Table 6.6.1 below.
Table 6.6.1
Sample Radiocesium ActivitySampleNumber
Weight Intensitysample
ackgroundIntensity
Differencebetweensampleintensity andstandard
Differencebetweenstandardintensity andbackground
Activity/sample
(g) (imp/s) (imp/s) (imp/s) (imp/s) (Bq )
1 5,67 0,00107
0,0002
0,00087
0,26290
9,34
2 5,10 0,00124 0,00102 11,88
3 5,30 0,00141 0,00121 13,56
4 5,42 0,00136 0,00116 12,68
5 5,72 0,00112 0,00092 10,31
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The average isotope cesium activity will be: 11,55+/- 1,72 Bq .
The transfer factor (FT):
FT= =0,06895 Paulownia leaves.
Radiocesium contamination in the leaves of Paulownia is evident in these
experimental conditions throgh the value of the transfer factor obtained.
Comparing the date, it notes that the Paulownia species presents a transfer factor
for isotope Cs, with a value very close to crop plants that grow annually and can be easily
removed afterwards. Paulownia species presents such features required for
bioremediation of soils contaminated with radioactive elements. At the same time, an
experimentation under natural conditions it is also necessary,because it may have
different transfer factor, which also depends on the soil conditions.
6.8 FTIR RESULTS ANALYSIS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS TREATED
(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)IN PHYSICAL FIELDS
Following laboratory tests, the spectrometry results are shown in the charts below
comparing with the control.
0 2000 4000
0
1
2
3
4
abso
rban
tã
num ãr de undã cm -1
proba m artor proba câm p electric proba câm p m agnetic
2924
2924
2924
3012
3012
3012
1754
1754
1754
1030
1030
1157
1157
1157
3305
3305 33733432
32953373
32953569
3569
2847
2857
2857
1646
1646
Fig.6.7.1The FTIR chart of samples exposed to a magnetic, electric and control field
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Narrow bands can be identified in the 1157 cm-1-1250 cm-1 zone, specif to the
Hologen groups, in this case, the linkage CF.
The absorption band shown for samples under the electric and magnetic field action
appears at 1646cm-1, vibrations due to the C = N double bond valence specific to imines.
Absorption goes to 1690cm-1 area. In this area bending vibrations occur due to C = C
double bonds of alkenes.
Starting at 3305cm-1 to 3569cm-1, the absorption bands are broad, have medium intensity,
for samples under the action of physical fields, but highlighted on the entire area specific
to proteins. This area confirms the presence of hydroxyl groups of amino alcohols and
amines or imines NH. The broad absorption band indicates the existence of hydrogen
bonds which are formed between hydroxyl groups, but also the amine groups.
Proteins are absorbed in varying amounts and different density, conformation and
orientation, depending on the chemical physical characteristics of the surface analyzed.
The absorption of protein is a complex process involving Van der Waals bonds,
hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Although surface
protein interactions are hard to prove and separate, their importance of this physical
surface interaction is proven.
Due to the complex structure of the organic seed, by spectrometric analysis of the
absorption bands, the action of the psysical electric, magnetic, electromagnetic fields,
gamma radiation have an influence on the changes of the physical links, particularly at
the molecular level.
6.8 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF PHYSICAL FIELD ACTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)
The results obtained from exposure of the Paulownia seeds to physical fields
action: electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, subtle and gamma irradiation, were analyzed
from the point of view of sprouting process development, and indicators as the most
significant, namely the germination capacity and speed germination, according to the
most significant results achieved under the influence of field intensity factor and time
exposure factor of Paulownia seeds.
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The analysis of the process of sprouting seeds of Paulownia treated in physical
fields is highlighted during the fourteen days, by a comparison of results (Fig.6.8.1)
obtained at electric field intensity of 250 V / m and exposure time 20 minutes, magnetic
field intensity of 1,8Gs and exposure time of 40 minutes, subtle field through bio-phyto
modulators of type DEA AD, electromagnetic radiation using green laser exposure time
of 5 minutes and the red laser exposure time of 10 minutes, and low-dose gamma
irradiation of 2 Gy.
It is noted from the first day, the ability of Paulownia seeds to germinate in all
experimental batches. The control batch has a normal development, with a number of
germinated seeds which grows constantly during the monitored period. The development
line of the batch exposed to low-dose gamma radiation lies closest to the control line,
stimulation of seeds is very low. Influence of electric field on germination of Paulownia
seeds indicates stimulation throughout the fourteen days, with a stronger ascending line
until the fifth day, confirmed by the germination energy calculated with very significant
positive differences compared to control batch.
Fig. 6.8.1Germination evolution process of Paulownia species seeds under the
influence of physical fields
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In the case of influencing the electromagnetic radiation by using green laser ,the
germination development is fast in the first five days, with a sight line upward, after
which the progress occurs relatively constant regarding the number of germinated seeds.
The action of electromagnetic radiation of red laser type offers an accelerated, fast
development, with very distinct significantly positive values until the tenth day, when the
trend in the number of germinating seeds is reduced.
Ascendancy line of evolution in the batch exposed to bio-phyto-Modulated AD is
constantly progressive until the seventh day, afterward entering the linearity, the process
is practically complete. The development of the batch exposed to the magnetic field is
gradual, steady, with high values, confirming the beneficial effects of stimulating the
germination process.
The chart analyzed in this case, shows that all the batches exposed to the chosen
physical fields develop with linearity above the line of evolution of the batch of
Paulownia seeds control batch, which has not been exposed to any physical field, or
other influence . The upper trend lines belong to the batches which went under the
influence of the magnetic field, subtle field through bio-phyto modulators of type DEA
AD and of theelectromagnetic field using red laser light.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
After analyzing the results and their interpretation, some conclusions of the electric
field influence on the Paulownia species seeds can be drawn, in the case of using a single
intensity, but with six different exposure times.
The intensity of the electric field of 274 V / m produces a positive stimulus
influence on the Paulownia seeds, in the case of the six time exposure.
Statistically, the outcomes achieved prove the beneficial effect of seeds
stimulation by electric field action
The conclusions in the case of using three electric field intensities, with two different
exposure times:
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The optimal variant is achieved at a moderate intensity, intermediate of 125V / m,
with exposure time of 40 minutes for germination energy
Through the analysis of the electrical field intensity factor, stimulation is
beneficial, positively influencing the germination capacity values compared to the
control, which was not energy stimulated
Conclusions regarding the influence of the magnetic field:
Paulownia seeds exposure to magnetic field action has a stimulating effect:
The exposure time factor influencesn the process
Conclusions of magnetic field influence, in the case of using four intensities, but with
an exposure time:
The seeds of Paulownia have a positive sensitivity to magnetic field action
The germination rate is high in the early days of the germination process studied
After analyzing and interpreting their results, the conclusions on the influence of
electromagnetic field on Paulownia seeds, when using green laser and red laser radiation:
The results obtained statistically reflect the stimulating effects of the laser green
method action
Red laser action is, beneficial, stimulating, at low exposures, in terms of the
analyzed indicators
Conclusions of the influence of gamma radiation on Paulownia seeds, when using low
doses and high doses:
1 Gy low doses graduations stimulate very light effects, but only up to variant 4Gy
The whole process of germination is negatively affected by high radiation doses
Conclusions on the subtle field action on Paulownia seeds, when using bio-phyto-
modulators DEA and DIEE type AD:
The germination energy is beneficially stimulated in the case of action of these
devices, both in the single mode, and in combination
DEA is a special device for energizing water and is felt throughout the whole
germination process through stimulation, acting beneficial on water and liquids in
embryo sac of the seeds.
Following the analysis of FTIR spectra obtained by comparing them with the control
spectrum , one cand conclude:
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The behavior of cells on a molecular level depends on physical field factor, acting
on the seed, and the answer is given by the appearance of the absorption bands
highlighting the vibration of deformation specific to single bonds CH and C = C
double and double bonds of the type C = O, C = N, and the appearance of the
hydroxyl and amine groups NH. Due to the complex structure of the seed, to the
organic nature by spectrometric analysis of the absorption bands, the action of
psysical, electric, magnetic, electromagnetic fields, as well as gamma radiation
have an influence on the changes of the physical links, particularly at the
molecular level.
In terms of the transfer factor of radioactive isotope Cs, Paulownia species presents
such features required for bioremediation of soils contamintate with radioactive elements.
At the same time an experimentation under natural conditions is necessary, because the
transfer factor may be different, which also depends upon the soil conditions. The
specialization literature notes differences between experimental behavior in laboratory
conditions and one in natural surroundings. Paulownia species has a rapid growth rate, so
it suitable in the mountainous areas, on fields whichcan not be used for rapid cereal crops
or other plants with rapid replacement.
After analysing the results and conclusions presented in this work, the use of physical
fields is recommend , in order to improve the percentage indicators of germination of
Paulownia seeds, with careful selection of specific field intensity, as well as the choice
of optimal exposure time required.
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