Unseen Essay:

English 1201, 2201 and 3201

An essay is written about

• A subject

• An essay may have a theme

• An essay has a purpose

• An essay has tone

• An essay has to have a plan

• What an essay is written about and is treated in a limited way

• Theme and subject are not necessarily the same thing

Essay

• An essay reveals the personality of the writer

• An essay is communication and is written for an audience

• An essay may be humorous, satirical

• An essay may be narrative or descriptive or both!

• An essay has style

• EXPOSITORY/INFORMATIONAL

• news article, research report

• IMAGINATIVE

• poem, short story

• NARRATIVE

• biography, family history

• PERSONAL/EXPRESSIVE

• diary entry, personal letter

• PERSUASIVE, ARGUMENTATIVE

• editorial, petition

Essays: a short piece of writing, from an author's personal point of view about a

single subject.

• Narrative & Memoir

• Descriptive

• Expository: Example and Illustration, Comparison and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Classification and Division AND Process Analysis

• Argumentative

• Persuasive

The Purpose for writing essay

• To explain

• To educate

• To entertain

• To inform

• To analyze

• To tell a story

• To describe

Need to remember methodology

Purpose of essay

• Reason for its existence –why you wrote it!

• The reason determines EVERYTHING about your essay

• Tone

• Diction

• Selection of specific details

• Audience

• Attitude

• Type of Exposition

Writer’s role!

Essays explained ….

Narrative• Tells a story

• Plot development

• Characterization

• Description

• Narrative elements & Literary elements

• 5 w’s

Memoir• Memoir

• a person’s story about his or her life

Descriptive Essay

Descriptive• writing that creates images of people,

places, objects

NOT A STORY!!

• write as if a camera person behind the camera tracking and describing the scene but do not tell a story

• describes a person, place, event, experience, feeling, emotion, etc.

How description is created…

• Imagery:

• 5 senses: see, hear, touch, taste, smell.

• Writer can use literal (concrete) and/or figurative language (personification, metaphor and simile) to describe.

• Such language helps create imagery that is both concrete and/or abstract.

• Use of adjectives and adverbs help create concrete and abstract and should be part of your diction choices.

Description: Writers should include only the details to create a Dominant Impression

• Description can be technical (measurable) and emotive (abstract).

• Spatial Order is another method used to create concrete description:

• Direction: top to bottom, left to right, inside-outside, etc.

• Sequential: step by step, physically moving the author

• Area of importance: small to large, particular to general/ general to specific/ specific to general

• Transitions – review hand out

• DOMINANT IMPRESSION A MUST!!

Jacob’s Island

• Handout

• Answer Sheet

Exposition

• Hypothesis (using previous or known knowledge as a basis to support reasoning and investigation)

• An idea

• A process

• Discussion forms the basis of expository writing

• Logic used in development of ideas and facts versus emotion and opinion

Example and Illustration

• Examples are used to clarify, explain, illustrate, compare and contrast

• Examples are used in all forms of writing but rarely are they used by themselves

• Specific details are important in illustrations: quotes, statisitics , etc.Illustrations are further explained examples – the analysis

• Concrete examples are used to support, develop and clarify abstract ideas

• Depending on form of writing, pictures, maps, diagrams, and charts can be used to illustrate-usually in research

Conclusions

• Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay

• (To conclude, in conclusion, etc)

• More effective for longer papers

• Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Cause and Effect

• Cause = why reason behind the situation

• Effect = what what happens because of the cause (situation).

• Note: Cause/ Effect Relationship

• Cause and Effect

• Effect and Cause

In writing a cause and effect essay…• Carefully examine the relationship of the cause/effect statement to determine what is a cause or an

effect. Note: Thesis statement must be very clear.

• Give evidence to support for causes and effects (facts). Ex: Look at the real as opposed to the assumed causes.

• State the effect- then list the cause or causes.

• State the cause- then enumerate the effect or effects.

• Cause and effect can operate in either direction.

• Causal analysis may be used with other forms of writing.

Cause and Effect

In Search of the Perfect Body

Handout

Conclusion

• Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay

• (To conclude, in conclusion, etc)

• More effective for longer papers

• Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Comparison and Contrast

• Characteristics of comparison and contrast essay

Compare = to explain and analyze similarities and/or differencesContrast = to explain and analyze differencesEssays frequently want the writer to use both comparison and contrast.

How to write a 5 paragraph comparison/contrast essay…

The Block Method• Par.1:Introduction

• Par.2: Alike and/or Different …..Work 1

• Par. 3 Alike and /or Different… Work 2

• Par.4: Alikeand/or Different….Work 1 &2

• Par.5 Conclusi

Side by Side Method• Par.1: Introduction

• Par. 2: Alike & Different …Work 1 &2

• Par. 3: Alike & Different… Work 1 &2

• Par.4: Alike & Different… Work 1 &2

• Par.5: Conclusion

Neat people versus sloppy people

• Essay from word document

• Hand out

Conclusions

• Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay

To conclude, in conclusion, etc.,

• Closing by Return is a variation of thesis restatement

Conclude your essay by commenting on an important/interesting point from the introductory paragraph.

• Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Image Instruments

Subject

Performers Lyrics

Rock and Roll

Music

Characteristics Style of Music

Classification and Division

Classification and Division

• A Country Full of Hope

• Hand out

• Model from Process and Purpose

Conclusions

• ***Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay

• (To conclude, in conclusion, etc)

• More effective for longer papers

• Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Process Analysis

• Refers to two aspects of a process

• An explanation or analysis of how the process operates

• AND

• The order in which the process is achieved or the how-to-do something.

• In other words the HOW and the WHY.

Chronological Order

• Lists the events in the order in which they occur

• This order is very important to any type of writing which presents or develops a purpose

• Example: how to change a tire

How to Change a Tire (p.120 Transitions)

• There is a clear cut process involved in changing a tire, requiring the individual to follow a predetermined set of guidelines(1). First, the car must if at all possible, be on level ground, in park, and with the wheels blocked(2). Next, the hubcaps are pried off using the tapered end of the wheel wrench(3). Then, the wheel nuts are loosened and left in place until the wheel is off the ground(4). Afterwards the jack is put in the appropriate jacking slot, and the car is “jacked up” until the wheel to be changed is off the ground(5). Once the wheel nuts are removed, the wheel can be replaced with a new one(6). The nuts are then tightened by hand so that the new tire is well secured(7). The car can now be lowered until the wheel rests on the ground, the nuts tightened, and the jack removed(8).Once the hubcap is tapped back in place with a rubber mallet, the car is ready to be driven away (9).

Paragraph Analysis on “How to Change a Tire.”

Description Sentence

Feature

Topic Sentence (in italics)

1 Introduction &purpose

Developmental Sentences

2

345

Step 1: on level ground/wheels are blockedStep 2: hub caps pried offStep 3: wheel nuts loosenedStep 4: car jacked upStep 5:remove wheel

Transitional Sentence 6 Begins the reversal of process

Developmental Sentences

7,8 Steps showing reversal of process-old tire removed and new tire put on car

Concluding Sentence 9 Indicates the process is complete

Diction in Red

? ?

Characteristics

• Effective use of transitions

• Diction –clear and detailed

• Sentence structure – clear, varied but avoid very long complicated sentences.

• Punctuation: colon and dash used in process writing

• Colon (:) signals to the reader something is about to follow-usually a list or steps to follow.

• DO NOT USE A COLON AFTER THE VERB

Conclusions

• Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay

• (To conclude, in conclusion, etc)

• More effective for longer papers

• Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Process Analysis

• “How to Write a Rotten Poem”

• “How to Survive An Airplane Crash”

Exposition

Essay

Argumentative:A rational argument which uses evidence

Essay

Persuasive:It attempts to convince the audience to accept author’s point of view or encouraged to take actionCall to action

Work to be handed out:

Audience

• A writer’s purpose is often shaped by the kind of audience they are writing for.

• Young people

• Parents

• Government

• Daycare workers

• Store owners

• Consumers

• Avoid “society” – try to be specific

Who is the target audience?

Tone: the writer’s attitude towards their

subject

• Three categories:

• Rational tone – writer uses evidence

• Emotional tone – writer uses figurative language, repetition

• Combination of both

• Examples of tone:

• Happy, sad, thoughtful, disgust, arrogance, bitterness, cynical, fury, wonderment

Refer to note sheet given on tone

Identifying tone:visually versus

written

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Identify tone words

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How to write tone words…

Note: Descriptive Essay

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Introducing

Coherency & Unity

Unity

• 1. Title

• 2. Introduction- Thesis

• 3.Thesis – Body Paragraphs Topic sentence-Thesis

• 4. Conclusions

• 5.Repetion of key words

Title and it significance

• Does it reveal a theme or message-subject?

• Is it a play on words?

• Does it emphasis an idea?

Thesis• A thesis statement is a sentence or two which clearly and

directly states the main idea of the essay that you will develop in your essay.

• Indicates to the reader clearly and precisely what idea or concept the essay is developing.

• It indicates the following: focus of the essay, purpose of the essay, limitations of the essay as well as the specifics of the essay; for example, is the essay specific enough to adequately cover the topic and purpose of the essay?

Thesis + Organizing Principle= Unity

• Limitations of the essay as well as the specifics of the essay; for example, is the essay specific enough to adequately cover the topic and purpose of the essay?

• Good place for Organizing Principle

• Body Paragraphs

• Topic Sentences link back to thesis; concluding sentences link back to thesis.

• Handout

Coherency Techniques

• Transition

• Pronoun Reference

• Parallel Structure

• Use of synonyms

• Repetition

• Point of View

• Topic sentences & Concluding Sentences

• Punctuation: ( ) - : ;

Handout

Transitions

• Connect ideas from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another with words or phrases.

• Example:

• I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.

Handout

Transitional Words and Phrases

• To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.),

• To Compare: but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, compared to,

• balanced, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true

• To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition

• To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then

Transitional Words and Phrases• To Emphasize:

• definitely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, unquestionably, without a doubt,

• certainly, undeniably, without reservation

• To Show Sequence:

• first, second, third, and so forth. following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally,

• consequently, previously, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon

• To Give an Example:

• for example, for instance, in this case, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate

• To Summarize or Conclude:

• in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently

Pronoun Reference

• This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, we

• are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned.

• Example:

• When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

Parallel Structure & Handout

• Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.

• This can happen at the word, phrase, or sentence level.

• Example:

• Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

• Mary likes hiking, swimming and riding a bicycle.

• The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.

• Effective in speeches…I have a Dream by Martin Luther King

Synonyms

• Synonyms

• words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in word choice, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.

• Example:

• Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them

Repetition of Key Words

• Helps to focus ideas and to keep the reader on track.

• Example:

• The problem with contemporary art is that it is not

• easily understood by most people. Contemporary

• art is deliberately abstract, and that means it

• leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking

• at.

Style

Informal

• Slang

• Colloquialisms –sayings common to a culture

• Plain language of everyday use

• Idiomatic expressions :

ace up your sleeve; above board; cut the apron strings

• Contractions – can’t; won’t; I’ll

• Many simple, common words.

Formal• Writer uses dignified, serious, and

elevated language;

• Follows the rules of syntax exactly

• Uses complex words and lofty tone

• Writes in third person

Point of View

• Singular

• Plural

• First Person

• I, me, my, mine

• we, us, our, ours

• Second Person

• you, your, yours

• you, your, yours

• Third Person

• he, him, his, she, hers, it, its

• they, them, their, theirs

• Omniscient and Limited

Four types of sentences

• Simple Ex: The cat ran away.

• Compound Ex: You can study now, or you can pray later.

The dog barked, and the cat ran away.

• Complex Ex: When the dog barked , the cat ran away.

• Compound-Complex Ex: After it was all over, my mother claimed she knew we were

planning something, but we think she was really surprised.

• Which sentences would use a semicolon or colon?

The short and long of it!!

Short sentences• Speed up a piece of writing – rapid

movement

• Create tension – anxiety, fear, excitement

• Also used for emphasis

• Good for: mood, atmosphere, tone, suspense…

Long sentences• Speed up a piece of writing – rapid

movement

• Create tension – anxiety, fear, excitement

• Also used for emphasis

Good for: call to action, emotional appeal, persuasion…

Dash

The dash is not the same thing as the hyphen (which is shorter)

• Dash: used to make ideas “stand out in a sentence”

• To show a break of thought in a sentence

Ex:My professor - he's also my uncle's friend - gave us a lot of research to do.

To introduce a list of items

• My bus driver said that three things were not allowed on the bus - food, water, and gum.

• Everything — furniture, paintings, and books — survived the fire.

• At the end of a sentence to add an additional idea

Ex: That was the end of the matter — or so we thought.

COLON

Semicolon ;

• Used to separate major sentence elements of equal rank

• Often before a transitional word- ,therefore;

• Remember worksheet!

• Used between two main clauses in compound sentence when they are not joined by coordinating conjunction

• To separate items in a series when items already contain other punctuation

• Reference Points Page 365

Semicolon ;

Punctuation

• My bus driver said that three things were not allowed on the bus - food, water, and gum.

• Everything — furniture, paintings, and books — survived the fire.

• at the end of a sentence to add an additional idea

• That was the end of the matter — or so we thought.

• The dash is not the same thing as the hyphen (which is shorter) -

•

The whole meal deal: a visual perspective on unity and coherence…

and what kind of essays?

Introductions

• 1. Definition

• 2. Relevant Fact

• 3. Unusual Detail- Shocking Statistic

• 4.Question

• 5. Personal Experience-

• 6. Short Narrative or Example -Anecdote ( brief story )

-Brief description

• 7.Direct Statement of Purpose or Thesis Statement

• 8. QUOTE

1. Definition

• Ex: Boredom is the listlessness of the soul; it is more the reflection of the individual than of the individual’s environment. A bored person is a boring person.

• Try to make up or coin your own definition if using in a persuasive essay.

• In research paper use dictionary definition but put in own words

2. Relevant Fact

• The opening statement deals with a fact or a statistic

• Ex: The last execution in Canada took place at the Don Jail in Toronto in 1962.

• Issue being discussed – capital punishment

• Must give source in research essay- intext citation

3.Unusual Detail

• To create interest

• Ex: When Elijah Dexter was taken from his jail cell to the gallows on August 10, 1816, the crowd, which had waited gave a great cheer.

4. Question

• Rhetorical Question

• Is usual thought provoking

• May not have an answer but may be controversial

• Ex: Who has the right to decide whether the unborn child should live or die-the mother or father?

5.Personal Experience

• This technique can work well for persuasive essays-brings issue closer to home- but need to be more carefully worked for research.

• Ex: I watched my friend die in a ditch, the victim of a drunken hit-and-run driver; therefore, there is no doubt in my mind concerning what constitutes suitable punishment for these people.

6. Short Narrative or Example

• Ex: Last week Britain’s BBC television, an eight –year-old-boy was shown alone, miserable, without friends, shunned by other children. He was known to be a hemophiliac and was feared to have AIDS.-Barbara Armeil

• Shows discrimination

• More real and concrete

• Interesting

7.Direct Statement of Purpose or Thesis Statement

• Ex: The most important purpose of the education system to teach students to think, not to prepare them for the world of work.

• For persuasive essay

• DO NOT USE- In this essay, I will give my views-----LEAST difficult introduction

• Less effective

• Less interesting

Identify the type of introduction

• Have you ever wondered what it would be like to soar high above the clouds in a sky of crystal blue?

• Noticing the grace and beauty of the eagle, John Keats wrote, “Eagles may seem to sleep wing-wide upon the air.”

•

• Eagles are birds of prey noted for their strength, keen vision, and size. Strange as it may seem, these and other traits that we admire most about eagles are also the traits that make them vulnerable. Incredible size, flying and hunting skills, breath-taking beauty – these traits have endangered our national symbol.

• In 1782 Congress chose the American bald eagle as the emblem of the United States.

Conclusions

• 1. Climax

• 2. Call to Action

• 3. Summary

• 4.Thesis Restatement

• 5. Closing by Return

CLIMAX & CALL TO ACTION

• Climax

• Make your strongest and most interesting important argument for last, making it the culmination of the arguments you have presented.

• Climax – not used-except in narrative

• Call to Action: used in persuasive essays

• A persuasive essay often asks the reader to take a particular action on the issue. Must be definite and clear

• Ex: If you want to see your community grow and want to grow with it, become a councilor.

SUMMARY

• Repeats the main arguments that have presented in the essay.

• Summary – a main point or two from each body paragraph

• Effective for longer essays/ papers.

Thesis Restatement

• A rewording of your thesis statement is usually more effective than a word-by-word repetition. An effective restatement reinforces your stand on the issue and gives it final emphasis.

• Thesis restatement – the thesis is reworded – very easy to identify

• Thesis Statement: The buying and selling of children is morally wrong ( in your Introduction).

• Thesis Restatement: The bearing of children for commercial gain is simply immoral ( in your conclusion).

Closing by Return

• Closing-by-return – the writer refers to something from the opening – not the same as thesis

• Introduction: The last execution in Canada took place at the Don Jail in Toronto in 1962.

• Conclusion: Surely, if we are rational people the scene that took place at Toronto’s Don Jail in 1962 will never replay in Canada.

Source: Transitions p.75-75 for introduction and conclusion slides

Literary Devices

• Symbolism

• Imagery

• Figurative language

• Simile

• Metaphor

• Personification

• Allusion – reference to history, the Bible, literature, mythology

• Analogy – comparison

• Language Mechanics:

• 1. Parts of Speech

• 2. Sentences, Run- Ons and Fragments.

• 3. Simple, compound and Complex

• 4. Parallelism

• 5. Transitions

• 6. Consistent Verb Tense

• 7. Quotations

• 8. Capitalization and Punctuation

• 9. Coherency and Unity

• 10. Introductions and Conclusions/ Essay Writing Overview

• 11. Expository Writing

• Short Story and Essay Characteristics

• Narrative Essay

• Descriptive Essay

• Expository Writing