Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Explanatory Notes

Authors

Hawai'i's Uniqueness

Island Ecosvstems Lloyd L. ~ o o ~ e

Development of Island Ecosystems through Time Disruption of Island Ecosystem Development Needs for the Future Important References

Uniqueness olHawai'i's Biota Kennet11 Y. Koneslriro

Important References

The Volcanlc Origin of the Hawaiian Islands Clziirtinu Heliker

Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes Historic Eruptions of Mauna Loa and Kilauea The Current Eruption of Kilauea Volcanoes and L~fe Important References

Soils in Hawai'i John R. S m m

Geograph of Soil Types Nature of 6 awaiian Sods

Zonal Soils

Azonal Soils Soil and Watershed Management

Grazing Animals Forestation

Important References

Plant Life

Bogs Montane Mesic Forests and Parkland Subalpine Zone Alpine Zone Dry Leeward Zone

Conclusion Important References

'Ohi'a Dieback and Forest Life Cycles Gram G d h

'Ohi'a Dieback A Rain Forest Life Cycle Implications Important References

Plant Taxonomy in the Hawaiian Islands David H. Loreme, W m L Wugner, and Dend R Herbf

A History of Botany in the Hawaiian Islands Early Explorers Early Resident Botanists Recent Resident Botanists

Publications on Hawaiian Botany Major Problems Recommendations Important References: Herbaria Important References: Literature

Rare Plants and The Federal Endangered Species Act Lani Slemmemann

Federal Status of Hawaiian Plants The Listing Process Cost of Listing

Legal Protection of Endangered Species Research, Mana ement, and Educational Needs

Researc f and MaIXdgement Educational Needs

Important References

Botanic Gardens for Plant Conservation WJlimn L nleobaid

Program Emphases

World and National Groups Involved with Botanic Gardens Hawaiian Efiorts

Botanical Gardens and Zoos Individual Contribntiom

Difficulties Future Em haws Important fnfrirmation Sources Important References

Non-Native Plants C1;fford W: Smith

Imoact of Weeds on Hawaiian Ecosvsterns Formation of Monomic ~ b n d s Chan~ing Fire Characteristics Chaniini Soil-Water Regimes ~himi ing Nutrient Statuli Mutually Beneficial Interaction between Alien Plants and Animals

The Principal Weeds Banana poka Blackber ~roornserze and Fountdin Grass ~hristmds6erry Fire tree Kiku u grass and Molasses grass Koa Kao~e Koster's curse Strawberry guava . - Lantana

Research and Management Needs Prevent Further Introductions Stop Distrirhancc of Ecosystems Weed Control Programs

Recommendations Important Keferences

Alien Plant Management by Biological Control Geo r P Markin

&rent Hawai'i Program for Naturd Areus Disadvantages of Biological Control Advantages of Biolo~ical Control lmporta% References

Animal Life

NativeTerrestriel Invertebrates Wayne C. Gag&

Major Problems Research and Management Necds Recommendations Important References

NOD-Native Inv&ebrales Fmncis G. Howa*rli and Arlhur C. Medeiros

Maior Problems for Natural Area Managers and Educators - Lack of Knowledee - Cultural Biases Pervasiveness and Lack of Control

TopPriority Research and Management Needs and Recommendations

Important References

Nan-Native Land Vertebrates Charles P. Stone

Initial In t r~d~~t ionS by Mun The Second Phase-The Hoofed Mammals The Third Phase-Small Mammals, Birds, and More Ungulates

Black Rats and Mongooses Introduced Birds Ungulates

The Fourth Phase-Continuing Problems Managing Introduced Vertebrates Future Needs and Recommendations important References

Native Birds Churles P. Stone

Status of Native Bird Groups Conservation of Native Hawaiian Bids Today

Ecosystem Approaches Single4 ecies Approaches F Captive ropagation

The Future Important References

Captive Propagation of Birds Ion G. Gipn

Captive Propagation of Birds in Hawai'i Current Proerams and Future Plans in Hawai'i

Biolo ical Diversity and 8pecinl Communities

Biological Divcrsig and Its Loss LIoyd L Loope and Samuel M. Con III

What is Biolo@.l Diversity? How is Biolog~cal Diversity Described? What Factors Affect Biological Diversity?

Limiting Factors Physical Complexity Biological inleractlons

~onhnis dii

What are Some Major Patterns of World Biologicdl Diversity? 110 Tropical versus Temperate Zone Diversity 110 Island versus Continental Diversity 111

What is Endemism? 112 What Does Endemism Have to Do . . . . -. - . with Loss of Biolo$ical,Diversity? 112 What is the Role o Ext~nct~on ~n the History of Life on Earth? 112 What Has Cau.\ed Mass Extinctions in the Past? 113

~~ -

Asteroid Impact Theory Pleistocene Overkill

What Forces in the World Today Threaten Biolc Hnman Ovemooulaiion - - - ~ra~menta t idn i f Hahitat 1nvas:on of Allen Flantr and Animals Nuclear War ;!nd Nuclear Wlnter . Air Pollution and Climatic Change

How Rapidly are S cies being Lost? Wh is Loss of Bio f= ogical Diversity a Prohlem? As individuals Concerned About the "Biological Can We Avoid Feelings of Futility?

important References

~gical

Diver

Dir

.sit)

renity?

r Crisis,"

Gene Pool Consewation Ham ton L. Carson

#be Natural Population and Its Pool of Genes Polymorphism under Natural Selection Bottlenecks of Po ulation Size A? Genetic Threats to Survival The Gene Pool of~rtificial or Captive Populations Consenring the GencPools of Hawaiian Species Important References

Hawai'l's Wetlands, Streams, Fishponds, and Pools Chmlec P. Stone

Wetlands Polynesian Aquaculture Vegetation Birds of the Wetlands Problems Consenation of Birds

Streams Animal Life Problems Conservation

Anchialine Pools Physical Characteristics Pool Life Conservation

Conclusions Important References

Problems, Planning, and Protection

Controlling the Flow of Kon.Native Species Clifford kt! Smith

Legal Constraints on Importing Bidogial Material Federal State

Problems with the Current Control System Who Are the Principal Culprits in Introductions? Recommendations

Education Re wlations ~nforcernent

Important References

Tourism Joseph Mown

Recent Trends and Numbers The Geography of Tourism Tourism's Impact

Population Changes Economics Geographic Differences in Visitor Impscts

Pros and Cnns of Tourism Pros Cons

The Future of Tourism in Hawai'i Conditions Outside Hawai'i Conditions in Hawai'i

Important References

Biological Databases for Preserve Selection Audrey Newman

What Is A Database? Setting Global Conservation Priorities Pinpointing Preserves Identibing the Imperilled in Hawai'i Preserve Desi and Management Important ~e!e%nccs

Vegctalion Mapping Jwnes D. Jucobi

Some Previous Vegetation Maps for Hawai'i Future Needs Important References

Land Use Planning and Priorities in Hawai'i David L. Cdies

The Land Re latory System in Brief m e Fa t e County Land Use Regulation

Major Issues Regulatory Takings The compensation Issue Conditions on Land Develooment. Permits . . . . . . . . . . . - Preservation of Protected "+'Subzone Lands in the Conservation District Preservation of Coastline and Agricultural Land versus Housing Needs

The Future Important References

protection of Natural Habitats Alan Holt

Habitat Protection in Hawai'i--An Historic Overview Establishing a Protected Natural Area The Importance of Design Assessing Our Progress

State Forest Re.serves and Conservation Districts State Natural Area Reserves, Sanctuaries. and AIaka'i Wilderness Preserve

The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii The National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The Next Step Important References

Conservation Education

Perspextives on Environmental Education in Hawai'i Lorin T Gill

Conservation Education in Hawai'i: Histoq, f mblems, and Needs Wagae C. Gap6 and Lorin T Gill

Environmental Education: Recent History What Are Major Problems? What Research and Management Needs Are Top Priority? Recommendations Important References

Conservation Education: Techniques and Targets Charles P. Stone and Gnry E. Machlis 184

What Is Conservation Education? 184 Who Should Be the Tareets of Conservation Education? 185

~ ~

What Are Some ~echniques of Conservation Education? 186 What Are the Messages of Comervation Education? 186 How Do We Evaluate Conservation Education? 187 Thoughts for the Future Important References

What Do Classroom Teachers Need to Teach Conservation Education in Hawai'i? Edna L. Demunc/w

What Do Teachers of Conservation Need? Technical Knowledge Instructional Skills Recognition and Support

Somc Important Resources Important References for Curriculum Development Some Field Guides for Hawai'i

Using the Public Media for Conservation Education

Jan TenBru~encare

Values and Ethics

Hawaiian Conservation Values and Practices Cltarlcs Kekuewa Pe'upe'n M a k d u Bunows

Prehistoric Hawaiian Conservation Values and Concepts Mana'o'ib (Faith. Res ect for Nature) Kapu and Nou (sacrefand Profane) 'ike (Knowledge) 'Aina (The Living Earth) Lokdti (Unity, Balance, Harmony) Malamu (Caring)

Early Hawaiian Impact on the Environment Conservation Biology and Post-Contact Influences Contemporary Hawaiian Organizations and Conservation Education Concerns

Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana Office of Hawaiian Affairs and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate Alu Like Halau Hula Groups

Recommendations Important References

Outdoor Ethics in America Gary E. Macltlis

What Are Ethics? The Roots of American Ethics What Are Outdoor Recreation Ethics? Toward A Future Ethic Conclusion Important References

Humanity's Responsibility lor Future Life Jim Dalor

Priorities in Paradise: The Vaiueof Conservation Education in Hawai'i

Kim E. Sikotyuk Important References

Glossary