unusual architectural design of buildings will increase their vulnerability in earthquakes
TRANSCRIPT
SKY CITY (2,749 FEET--NOT YET FINISHED) : CHANGSHA, CHINA
UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN
EARTHQUAKES
BACKGROUND
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIES
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• FACT: Unnecessary horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability to strong ground shaking.
FACT: UNUSUAL BUILDINGS ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE
VULNERABLE IN AN EARTHQUAKE
A CHURCH: REYKJAVEK, ICELAND
ATLANTIS HOTEL: DUBAI, UAE
EMP MUSEUM: SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (USA)
A LIBRARY: KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI (USA)
A HOTEL: PYONGYANG, NORTH KOREA
“THE GHERKIN,” AN OFFICE BUILDING: LONDON
REGULARITY IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X-Cracks around windows.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Box
DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Pyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted Pyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join.
BUILDING ELEVATION
“L”- Shaped Building
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted “T”
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Multiple Setbacks
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Overhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” Story
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
“Soft” First Floor
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Combination of “Soft” Story and
Overhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Sloping Ground
SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Theaters and Assembly Halls
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Sports Stadiums
SIMPLICITY IN A BUILDING’S FLOOR PLAN REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
• FACT: CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
None, if symmetrical layout maintained.
FLOOR PLAN
Box
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning.
FLOOR PLAN
Rectangle
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners.
FLOOR PLAN
Street Corner
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLAN
“U” - Shape
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLAN
Courtyard in Corner
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners.
FLOOR PLAN
“L” - Shape
TORSION: CHINA
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.
FLOOR PLAN
“H” - Shape
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.
FLOOR PLAN
Complex Floor Plan
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5- 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners.
FLOOR PLAN
Curved Plan