7/15/2015

Up-Gradation of Coal

Blending Method

Abhishek GaraiM.Sc Chemistry NIt rourkela

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep regards and profound respect, I avail this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the director of Dalmia Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research for providing me this golden opportunity to do this Industrial work in the Research Laboratory, Rajgangpur.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. N Sahoo (Director of DISIR), Dr.P.Sahu (Prof and Researcher of DISIR) for their inspiring guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion throughout in this research work. It would have not been possible for me to bring out this thesis without their help and constant encouragement.

I am also Indebted to Mr P.R Rout for his valuable suggestion and encouragement at various stages at the work.

Last but not the least my sincere thanks to all the laboratory staff, assistant and my friends who have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.

Date: 15-July-2015 By-Place: Rourkela

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AbstractCoal is a natural non-renewable fuel and its stock is limited but the use of Coal in various purpose is gradually increasing. These Coal are also of various grades from low grade to high grade. Some industry need high grade coal for their purpose but the high grade coal are not available everywhere or very limited stock. So we have to think artificially if we can make the low grade coal to high grade coal. This will bring an effective alternate method for the use of high grade Coal. In present investigation Pet Coke which is a bi-product of petroleum industry is used as an alternate materials of High Grade Coal. The use of Pet Coke as a blended materials with low grade coal will reduce the use of Coal as well as Fuel Cost. The GCV value of the blended mixture has been Characterised and to see the effect of Pet Coke utilization. According to the blended mixture has been prepared and used in the kiln. All these results indicates that Pet Coke can be used as a blended materials for upgrading the energy value of Low Grade Coal.

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CONTENTS Title Page No

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -------------------------------------------------------------- 2ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.2 Use Of Coal --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-61.3 Rank Of Coal --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-9

EXPERIMENT

2.1 Objective of the Experiment -------------------------------------------------------- 10

2.2 Sample Collection & Preparation --------------------------------------------------- 10

2.3 Analysis of Coal ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

2.3.1 Proximate Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------- 10

2.3.1.1 Determination of Moisture Content----------------------------------- 10-11

2.3.1.2 Determination of Ash Content----------------------------------------- 11-12

2.3.1.3 Determination of Volatile matter Content---------------------------- 12-13

2.3.1.4 Determination of Fixed Carbon Content------------------------------ 14

2.3.2 Determination of Gross Calorific Value--------------------------------------- 14 2.3.2.1 Calorific Value---------------------------------------------------------------- 14

2.3.2.2 Procedure---------------------------------------------------------------------- 15-16

2.4 Blending --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

2.4.1 Blending Proportion Determination------------------------------------------------- 16-17

2.4.2 Experimental Checking of GCV of Blending Mixture--------------------------- 17

RESULT & DISCUSSION------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

CONCLUTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

1.

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1.1 Coal Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel available on the Earth. It can be defined as a complex heterogeneous mixture of plant substances which are altered due to physical and chemical processes. These processes have been taking place for several million years and have been accomplished by bacteria, heat and pressure inside the Earth’s crust. It primarily consists of Carbon along with Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur etc. as secondary components. Coal formation starts from the plant debris and ends at Graphite at its highest maturity. This process may be complete or may be stopped at any stage giving rise to coal of varying maturity thus various Ranks.

Plant debris accumulates very slowly. So, accumulating ten feet of plant debris will take a long time. The fifty feet of plant debris needed to make a five-foot thick coal seam would require thousands of years to accumulate. During that long time the water level of the swamp must remain stable. If the water becomes too deep the plants of the swamp will drown and if the water cover is not maintained the plant debris will decay. To form a coal seam the ideal conditions of perfect water depth must be maintained for a very long time.

1.2 Uses of CoalA. Coal as fuelCoal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. When coal is used for electricity generation, it is usually pulverized and then combusted (burned) in a furnace with a boiler. The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity. At least 40% of the world's electricity comes from coal.

B. Coke productionCoke production remains an important use of coal. Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1000°C (1832°F),. Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Petroleum coke is the solid residue obtained in oil refining, which resembles coke, but contains too many impurities to be useful in metallurgical applications.

C. GasificationCoal gasification can be used to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) gas. This syngas can then be converted into transportation fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. Alternatively, the hydrogen obtained from gasification can be used for various purposes, such as powering a hydrogen economy, making ammonia, or upgrading fossil fuels.

During gasification, the coal is mixed with oxygen and steam while also being heated and pressurized. During the reaction, oxygen and water molecules oxidize the coal into carbon

1. INTRODUCTI

ON

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monoxide (CO), while also releasing hydrogen gas (H2). This process has been conducted in both underground coal mines and in the production of town gas.

C (as Coal) + O2 + H2O → H2 + CO

If the refiner wants to produce gasoline, the syngas is collected at this state and routed into a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. If hydrogen is the desired end-product, however, the syngas is fed into the water gas shift reaction, where more hydrogen is liberated.

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2

In the past, coal was converted to make coal gas (town gas), which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking.

D. LiquefactionCoal can also be converted into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline or diesel by several different processes. In the direct liquefaction processes, the coal is either hydrogenated or carbonized. In the process of low-temperature carbonization, coal is coked at temperatures between 360 and 750°C (680 and 1,380°F). These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar. The coal tar is then further processed into fuels. Alternatively, coal can be converted into a gas first, and then into a liquid, by using the Fischer-Tropsch process Industrial processes.

E. Production of chemicalsCoal is used extensively as feedstock to produce chemicals. In coal-to-chemicals, synthesis gas (syngas) a gaseous mixture of primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen is produced by gasification of coal (note: other feedstocks are also capable of gasification to produce syngas). The syngas can then be fashioned into a number of useful chemical building blocks, like methanol or acetyls for example. Ammonia and urea are significant products of coal-to-chemicals for use in fertilizers. The syngas composition—specifically, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide—is important for some downstream processes, so a water-gas shift reactor is sometimes used to change this balance.

1.3 Coal rank Based upon composition and properties coals are assigned to a rank progression that corresponds to their level of organic metamorphism.

A. Peat- Peat is organic sediment. Burial, compaction and coalification will transform it into coal, a rock. It has a carbon content of less than 60% on a dry ash-free basis.

B. Lignite- Lignite is the lowest rank of coal. It is a peat that has been transformed into a rock and that rock is a brown-black coal. Lignite sometimes contains recognizable plant structures. . It has a carbon content of between 60 and 70% on a dry ash-free basis.

C. Sub Bituminous- Sub bituminous coal is lignite that has been subjected to an increased level of organic metamorphism. This metamorphism has driven off some of the oxygen and hydrogen in the coal. That loss produces coal with higher carbon content (71 to 77% on a dry ash-free basis).

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D. Bituminous- Bituminous coal is formed when a sub bituminous coal is subjected to increased levels of organic metamorphism. It has a carbon content of between 77 and 87% on a dry ash-free basis and a heating value that is much higher than lignite or sub bituminous coal.

E. Anthracite- Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. It has a carbon content of over 87% on a dry ash-free basis. Anthracite coal generally has the highest heating value per ton on a mineral matter free basis.

Table-1-Composition of different rank of coal

Parameters % Carbon % volatiles Energy (kj/kg)

Anthracite 80 - 87 3-9 36000

Bituminous

45 -78 10-36 35000

Lignite 60-71 < 36 25000

The common coals used in Indian industry are bituminous and sub-bituminous coal. The gradation of Indian coal based on its calorific value is as follows:

Table-2-Gradation of coal

Grade Calorific Value Range ( in kCal/kg) Rank

A Exceeding 6200 Graphite

B 5600-6200 Anthracite

C 4940-5600 Bituminous

D 4200-4940 Lignite –Indian coal

E 3360-4200

peatF 2400-3360

G 1300-2400

Though India has huge coal reserves in the world (260 billion tonnes), but the quality is poor. Normally D and E coal grades are available in plenty for industrial use.

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Fig.1 Applications of various grades of coal

Fig.2 Global share of recoverable coal resources

Fig.3 Coal reserves in world

Fig.4 Major Coal fields in India 9

Coal is mined in over 100 countries, and on all continents except Antarctica. The largest reserves are found in the United States, Russia, China, Australia and India.\2. Experiment

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2.1 Objective of the Experiment: The Coal available in Earth are of various grades with large variation of Calorific Value. Most of the Coal available in India are low grade coal having vary low Calorific Value can’t meet the requirement of the Industry. The objective of the experiment to make these low grade coal utilizable for the Industry. This can done by blending method.2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation:For the experiment four different type of different Coal and Pet Coke were collected i.e. Imported Coal (South Africa), MCL Coal, Sendboz Coal, Wash Coal and Pet Coke from Petroleum Industry. At first lumpy coal was subjected to jaw crusher.

a. For proximate analysis, coal was then intermixed thoroughly and sampling was done by coning and quartering. This was meant to attain further uniformity in the obtained coal sample. Some amount of coal was kept aside for GCV.

b. Rest of the coal was subjected to ball mill for crushing to finer size (150micron). Small quantity of coarser coal was found; those were screened, crushed again and mixed in the obtained powdered coal.

2.3 Analysis of Coal: There are two methods: ultimate analysis and proximate analysis.

1. The "proximate" analysis gives moisture content, volatile content, consisting of gases and vapours driven off during pyrolysis (when heated to 950 C), the fixed carbon and the ash, the inorganic residue remaining after combustion in the sample and the high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide and liquid water. Proximate analysis is the most often used analysis for characterizing coals in connection with their utilization

2. The "ultimate" analysis gives the composition of the biomass in wt% of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (the major components) as well as sulfur and nitrogen (if any). The carbon determination includes that present in the organic coal substance and any originally present as mineral carbonate. The hydrogen determination includes that in the organic materials in coal and in all water associated with the coal. All nitrogen determined is assumed to be part of the organic materials in coal.

2.3.1 Proximate Analysis:

2.3.1.1 Determination of Moisture Content:

The Coal samples has a property of adsorbing or losing the moisture. According to humidity and temperature to which it has been exposed. The coal which has been exposed to contact with water in the steam or washry or coal/coke wetted by rain may carry free or visible water. Total moisture refers this water and the inherent moisture in samples.The Presence of moisture in coal is undesirable because more heat is required in the furnace to evaporate the same there by reducing the efficiency of the fuel. Moreover

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during transportation freight has to be paid on the increased weight due to the presence of moisture in the coal. This necessitates the determination of moisture in order to select proper coal heating value.

PROCEDURE:

a) Take the weighted ground coal samples passing 212 micron IS sieve and equilibrated at 40 C and 60% relative humidity in a petridish.

b) Place the samples in an oven maintained at a temperature 108±2 o C for 2 hours.c) Cool the petridish in a desiccator & weighted.d) The loss in weight gives the percentage moisture.e) The experiment is repeated till constant weight is attained.

Calculation: % Moisture = Loss in weight of coal X 100 Weight of coal initially taken

Analysis Result Of Moisture of Undertaken Coal-

Coal Weight of Watch Glass

( x gm)

Sample weight(y gm)

Final Weight( z gm)

(x+y)-z ×100

y% of

Moisture

Imported Coal

76.1438 g 6.0050 g 81.9791 g (76.1438+6.0050)-81.9791 ×100

6.00502.82%

MCL Coal 77.6020 g 6.1106 g 83.1175 g (77.6020+6.1106)-83.1175 ×100

6.11069.73%

SendbozCoal

74.5260 g 6.0968 g 79.9960 g (74.5260+6.0968)-79.9960 ×100

6.096810.28 %

Wash Coal 76.4356 g 6.0416 g 81.9523 g (76.4356+6.0416)-81.9523 ×100

6.04168.68 %

2.3.1.2 Determination of Ash Content : The inorganic residue left after coal is incinerated at 815×10 OC until it no longer

changes its weight, is known as ash content of the coal. Ash is highly undesirable because it not only reduces the heating value of the coal but also creates cleaning and disposal problems. Therefore low ash coal are supposed to good quality coal as their calorific value is high.

PROCEDURE

a) Weight accurately about one to two gm of equilibrated coal/coke samples in a dry already weighted platinum dish/flat bottom silica crucible.

b) Distribute the materials, so that the quality does not exceed 0.15 gm/cm2.

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c) Insert the uncovered dish into the muffle furnace at room temperature.

d) Raise the temp of the furnace to 500 OC in 30 min and to 815±10 OC in next 30 to 60 min. Maintain this temperature for 60 min.

e) Remove the dish from the dish from the muffle furnace and allow to cool in a desiccator and their weight.

f) Repeat the experiment until the change in mass of ash is less than 0.001 gm.

Calculation:

W3 - W1

Ash Content (%) = × 100

W2 - W1

Loss in weight of coal

Or = 100 - × 100

Weight of coal taken

Analysis Result Of Ash of Undertaken Coal-

Coal Weight of Crucible( x gm)

Sample weight(y gm)

Final Weight( z gm)

P=(x+y)-z ×100

Y% of Weight Loss

% of Ash(100-% of

Weight loss)

Imported Coal

22.3396 g 1.0079 g 22.5275 g (22.3396+1.0079)-22.5275 ×100

1.007918.65 %

MCL Coal 12.5638 g 1.0046 g 13.0110 g (12.5638+1.0046)-13.0110 ×100

1.004644.52 %

SendbozCoal

12.7292 g 1.0021 g 13.1593 g (12.7292+1.0021)-13.1593 ×100

1.002143.00 %

Wash Coal 12.4901 g 1.0002 g 12.8246 g (12.4901+1.0002)-12.8246 ×100

1.000233.50%

2.3.1.3 Determination of Volatile Matter Content:

The volatile matter is of particular importance is assessing the use of coal by itself or in connection with other characteristics. The volatile matter of coal consists of organic matter present in coal like Benzene, Antracene, Pyridene, thiophene,etc and also combustible gases like Hydrogen, Carbon monoxide, Methane and other saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A high content volatile matter means that a large portion of fuel will be distilled and turned as a gas or vapour. A high volatile matter content gives long flame while low volatile matter means short flame.

PROCEDURE

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a) Take a known weight of the equilibrated coal/coke samples inn a platinum crucible or silica crucible made for volatile matter estimation is covered with tight lid to ensure non oxidizing condition. In case of coke, add 1-2 drops of benzene to ensure a non- oxidizing condition.

b) Keep the crucible along with air tight lid in the furnace for seven min at 900±10 o C.

c) Take out the crucible from the furnace keep in a desiccator cool and weight.

d) Repeat the process till constant weight is attained.

e) Loss in weight gives the volatile matter

Calculation:

Loss in weight

Volatile matter = × 100

Weight of sample – (%of Moisture)

Loss in weight of moisture free coal

Or = × 100

Weight of moisture free coal

Analysis Result Of Volatile matter of Undertaken Coal-

Coal Weight of Crucible( x gm)

Sample weight(y gm)

Final Weight( z gm)

(x+y)-z ×100

y% of VM

Imported Coal

18.3560 g 1.0005 g 19.0990 g (18.3560+1.0005)-19.0990 ×100

1.000525.7 %

MCL Coal 19.2607 g 1.0089 g 19.9840 g (19.2607+1.0089)-19.9840 ×100

1.008928.30 %

SendbozCoal

19.2628 g 1.0021 g 19.9341 g (19.2628+1.0021)-19.9341 ×100

1.002133.01 %

Wash Coal 18.3534 g 1.0013 g 19.0575 g (18.3534+1.0013)-19.0575 ×100

1.001329.68 %

2.3.1.3 Determination of Fixed Carbon Content:

Fixed carbon is determined by subtracting the resultant summation of percentage of ash, moisture, volatile matter from 100. It is infact measure of the solid combustible materials in coal after expulsion of volatile matter. Fixed Carbon plus ash represents the approximate yield of coke from coal.

Bomb Calorimeter

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Calculation:

% Fixed Carbon = 100 – (moisture % + volatile matter % + ash %)

Analysis Result Of Fixed Carbon Content of Undertaken Coal-

Coal % of Moisture

% of Ash Content

% of Volatile Matter

(100-% of Moisture-% of Ash-% of VM)

% of Fixed

Carbon

Imported Coal

2.82 % 18.65 % 25.7 % (100-2.82-18.65-25.7) 52.83 %

MCL Coal 9.73 % 44.52 % 28.30 % (100-9.73-44.52-28.30) 17.45 %SendbozCoal

10.28 % 43 % 33.01 % (100-10.28-43-33.01) 19.79 %

Wash Coal 8.68 % 33.45 % 29.68 % (100-8.68-33.45-29.68) 28.19

2.3.2 Determination of Gross Calorific Value (GCV):

2.3.2.1 Calorific Value: Number of heat units liberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burnt at constant volume of oxygen saturated with water vapour, the original material and final product being at approximately 250C. The residual product are taken as carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen and water.The methods have been described to determine the calorific value of coal/coke are either by adiabatic bomb calorimeter or ISO thermal bomb calorimeter. The calorific value determined in these method is the gross calorific value of coke/coal at constant volume expressed in calories/gm. Coal/Coke is burnt in bomb calorimeter of known heat capacity. The principle observation is that of a temp rise, which when corrected for error, of temperature thermometer and multiplied by effective heat capacity at mean temperature of the chief period gives the heat release.

2.3.2.2 Procedure: The experiment for the calorific value determination is as given below:a) The coal used for determination of calorific value is ground to pass through 212

micron IS sieve. The samples is exposed in a thin layer for minimum time necessary for the moisture content to reach the equilibrium.

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b) Weight the crucible to nearest 0.1 mg and introduce into it sufficient quantity of sample to cause a temperature rise of 2-3 0 C. Weight the crucible and it’s content to determine the weight of the sample.

c) Connect the piece of firing wire tightly across the terminals of the bomb. Tie a known weight of cotton to firing wire, arrange ends of the cotton so that these touch the sample.

d) Put 1 ml of distilled water in the bomb. Assemble and charge it slowly with oxygen to a pressure of 3.0×106 N/m2 (30 atm.)

e) Put sufficiently water in calorimeter vessel to cover the flat upper surface of the bomb. Start the stirring and switch on the calorimeter so that the temp of the outer and inner jacket is equal and note down the initial temp t1.

f) Ignite the samples and note the rise temp till it stabilizers, let it be t2. Remove the bomb calorimeter vessel, release the pressure and dismantle the bomb.

g) Wash the contents of the bomb into a beaker with distilled water and calculate the calorific value.

Calculation: GCV= Heat Capacity × (t2 - t1) – Correction due to cotton and wire Weight of the sample Although small correction should be applied ----1. Heat of ignition-335 Cal/gm of nickel chrome wire 2. Cotton of corrotion-4180 Cal/gm of cellulose.3. Heat of formation of acids- The heat gain due to the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid is subtracted from the total heat released. The correction amounts to 3.6 Cal/mml of 0.1 N H2SO4 and 1.43 Cal/ml of 0.1 N HNO3. Washings are calculated as follows –H2SO4 Correction = 3.60(a+b-20) CalsHNO3 Correction = 1.43(20-a) CalsWhere a= Volume in ml of 0.1 N Acid Used. b= Volume in ml of 0.1 N Ba(OH)2 Used.

Analysis Result Of GCV Value of Undertaken Coal and Pet Coke -

Four types of Coal and Pet Coke are ground in mill to finer size nearly 100-150 micron and in taken for GCV determination in Bomb Calorimete

Sample Weight of the sample taken(x gm)

Weight of the pellet

formed(y gm)

Rise of temp(t OC)

(t*2571.29)-30.32y

GCV(Cal/gm)

Grade

Imported Coal

1.0022 g 0.9960 g 2.69 OC (2.69*2571.29)-30.320.9960

6914 (Cal/gm)

A

MCL Coal 1.0014 g 0.9864 g 1.41 OC (1.41*2571.29)-30.32 3644 E

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0.9864 (Cal/gm)SendbozCoal

1.0003 g 0.9895 g 1.44 OC (1.44*2571.29)-30.320.9895

3711(Cal/gm)

E

Wash Coal

1.0025 g 0.9938 g 1.82 OC (1.82*2571.29)-30.320.9938

4678(Cal/gm)

D

Pet Coke 1.0090 g 0.9881 g 3.14 OC (3.14*2571.29)-30.320.9881

8140(Cal/gm)

A

2.4 Blending: From the result of GCV value of taken samples we can see that the GCV value of MCL Coal(E), Sendboz Coal(E), Wash Coal(D) are very low, hence they are low grade coal. These low grade coal can’t be used to meet the requirements of many Industry as a fuel for the furnace. Although Imported Coal (A) is high grade coal can be used in Industry. As a solution of this problem if we can mix proper percentage of Low Grade Coal with Pet Coke having high Calorific value to meet the requirement GCV value of Fuel like A grade Coal then this low grade coal can be utilized in the Industries.

2.4.1 Blending Proportion Determination:

Let the requirements of fuel for the Industry is A Grade Coal like this Imported Coal having GCV value 6914 Cal/gm. Now we need make the proper blending mixture with pet coke and these low grade coal to match the requirement GCV value. Here it follows-

2.4.1.1 Blending Mixture Determination for MCL Coal

To obtain the calorific value of Imported Coal we have to increase the GCV value of MCL coal by an amount of = (6914-3644) Cal/gm = 3270 Cal/gm.Difference of Calorific Value of MCL Coal and Pet Coke = (8140-3644) Cal/gm = 4496 Cal/gmSo the Percentage of Pet Coke required to prepare the blending mixture = (3270/4496)*100 % = 72.73 %Percentage of Coal required = (100-72.73) % = 27.26 %

BLENDING MIXTURE 1: (72.73 % Pet Coke + 27.26 % MCL Coal)

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2.4.1.2 Blending Mixture Determination for Sendboz Coal

To obtain the calorific value of Imported Coal we have to increase the GCV value of Sendboz coal by an amount of = (6914-3711) Cal/gm

= 3203 Cal/gm.Difference of Calorific Value of MCL Coal and Pet Coke = (8140-3711) Cal/gm = 4429 Cal/gmSo the Percentage of Pet Coke required to prepare the blending mixture = (3203/4429)*100 % = 72.31 %Percentage of Coal required = (100-72.31) % = 27.68 %

2.4.1.3Blending Mixture Determination for Wash Coal

To obtain the calorific value of Imported Coal we have to increase the GCV value of Wash coal by an amount of = (6914-4678) Cal/gm

= 2236 Cal/gm.Difference of Calorific Value of MCL Coal and Pet Coke = (8140-4678) Cal/gm = 3462 Cal/gmSo the Percentage of Pet Coke required to prepare the blending mixture = (2236/3462)*100 % = 64.58 %Percentage of Coal required = (100-64.58) % = 35.41 %

1 Experimental Check-up GCV value of Blending Mixture:

Sample Weight of the

Pet Coke taken

Weight of the Coal

taken

Weight of

Pellet(y gm)

Rise of temp(t OC)

(t*2571.29)-30.32y

GCVTheoretica

l

GCV(Cal/gm)

Exp.

Blending Mix 1

0.7301 g 0.2768 g 0.9706 g 2.56 OC (2.56*2571.29)-30.320.9706

6951(Cal/gm)

6697 (Cal/gm)

Blending mix 2

0.7205 g 0.2848 g 0.9840 g 2.62 OC (2.62*2571.29)-30.320.9840

6921(Cal/gm)

6815(Cal/gm)

Blending Mix 3

0.6522 g 0.3523 g 0.9814 g 2.48 OC (2.48*2571.29)-30.320.9814

6956(Cal/gm)

6466(Cal/gm)

BLENDING MIXTURE 2: (72.31 % Pet Coke + 27.68 % Sendboz Coal)

BLENDING MIXTURE 3: (64.58 % Pet Coke + 35.41 % Wash Coal)

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Different types of Coal was taken and their proximate analysis was done for the determination of Moisture, Volatile matter, Ash and Fixed Carbon. The GCV value of these coal sample are also determined. Not let us draw a plot of GCV value vs % of FC and % of VM.

From the above Plot we can see easily only one property of Coal like VM or FC does not determine the Calorific value of Coal. We can see that low carbon content coal i,e Sendboz Coal having high calorific value than Coal with more carbon content i,e MCL Coal. Similarly high Volatile matter content coal i,e Sendboz Coal can have less calorific value than the Coal with low volatile matter content i,e Wash Coal. So we can conclude that Calorific Value is a combined property of Volatile matter and Fixed Carbon Content.

Result & Discussion

13.79 17.45 28.19 52.830

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

GCV Value vs % of FC

GCV Value

% of Fixed Carbon

GCV

Val

ue

25.7 28.3 29.68 33.010

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

GCV Value vs % of VM

GCV Value

% of Volatile Matter

GCV

Val

ue

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According to the requirement blending mixture was prepared and the GCV value of the blending mixture was determined. From the Experimental GCV value data we can see that the GCV value of the blending mixture almost match with the theoretical value.

From the above experiment data in can be concluded that blending method can able to upgrade the inferior coal. By using this method any low grade coal from C to F can be upgraded to A grade in terms of Calorific Value. These Blending method has also some other advantages like

It can reduce the amount of usage of Coal which has a limited stock in our Earth. It also able to utilize some bi-product or waste materials of Industries and from

other sources. It also reduces the cost of the fuel used.

This experiment will be helpful to meet the demand of high grade coal by upgrading inferior coal.

Conclusion

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REFERENCES:1. Annual Report 2010-2011, Ministry of Coal, Government of India, http://coal.nic.in.2. www.wikipedia.org 3. www.google.com 4. Chakraborty M. Coal technology development activities in India, Energy, Vol.11

(1986), pp. 1231-1237.5. https://www. coal india.in/