update on ultrawideband (uwb)technologies throughout the world
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Update on Ultrawideband (UWB)Technologies throughout the world. Prof. Theodore S. Rappaport Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The College of Engineering The University of Texas at Austin email: [email protected] - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
April 11, 2005
Update on Ultrawideband (UWB)Technologies throughout
the world
Prof. Theodore S. RappaportWireless Networking and Communications Group
(WNCG)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The College of EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austinemail: [email protected]
www.wncg.org
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment
April 11, 2005
Original FCC Definition of UWB
♦ UWB signals .. [have] a fractional bandwidth (the ratio of baseband bandwidth to RF carrier frequency) of greater than 0.20, or a UWB bandwidth greater than 500 MHz. UWB bandwidth is defined as “the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission”
♦ FCC, First Report and Order 02-48. February 2002.
April 11, 2005
FCC Spectrum Mask 2002
-41.25 dbm/MHz UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held systems
April 11, 2005
FCC Indoor UWB Spectrum Mask
April 11, 2005
UWB uses “ultra wideband” signaling
April 11, 2005
The Idea for UWB
April 11, 2005
Early days of “modern” UWB
♦ IEEE 802.15 Task Group (TG) 3a formed in late 2001♦ FCC approves unlicensed spectrum use in 3.1 – 10.6
GHz on February 14, 2002♦ Standards activities heat up within IEEE 802.15♦ IEEE Standard Proposals for UWB put forth beginning
March 2003♦ Xtreme Spectrum (XSI) produces first working UWB chip♦ Intel and TI merge Multiband OFDM proposals on July
14, 2003♦ Motorola acquires Xtreme Spectrum in Nov. 2003 and
bolsters DS-SS UWB♦ FCC adopts Second R&O on UWB, effective March ‘05♦ Source: The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), by
Mandke, et.al., September 2003, High Frequency Electronics Magazine
April 11, 2005
IEEE 802.15 Standards Activities
April 11, 2005
UWB Technical Goals
April 11, 2005
Original IEEE 802.15.3a Timeline
April 11, 2005
Two approaches to UWB
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment
April 11, 2005
Technology Landscape
WPANs WLANs WWANs/WMANs
Personal Connectivity10 meters
Local AreaConnectivity100 meters
Wide AreaConnectivity
Beyond 100 meters
• Cable Replacement
• Local Data Sync
• Device Connectivity
• Ad-Hoc Connections
• Mobile Ethernet
• Office
• Home
• Hot Spots/Travel
• Internet Access Anywhere
• Alternative BB Technologies
• Low-to-Medium Data Rates
Wireless Story
Elements
Dell: Competing technologies and standards drive design complexity and cost.
April 11, 2005
WP
AN
WLA
NW
WA
N
802.11b802.11b
GPRSGPRS
cdma20001xRTT
cdma20001xRTT
802.11g802.11g
802.11a802.11a
WCDMA3 Mbps -WCDMA3 Mbps -
802.11n(MIMO)802.11n(MIMO)
BluetoothEDR
BluetoothEDR
54 Mbps at 5GHz
1xEV-DO1.8 Mbps1xEV-DO1.8 Mbps
54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz
11 Mbpsat 2.4GHz
40-70 Kbps
721 Kbps3 Mbps
100 - 500 Mbpsat 2.4/5 GHz
480 Mbps
Dual-Band
1xEV-DV3 Mbps
1xEV-DV3 Mbps
B’tooth 2.0B’tooth 2.0 10 Mbps
WM
AN WiMax
802.16d70 Mbps
WiMax802.16d70 Mbps
Bluetooth1.1
Bluetooth1.1
Past CY03 CY04 CY05 CY06 CY07
HSDPA8Mbps
HSDPA8Mbps
WiMax802.16e10 Mbps
WiMax802.16e10 Mbps
EDGE384 Kbps
EDGE384 Kbps
480 – 1 Gbps
Wireless Technology Landscape
UWBIEEE/MBOA
UWBIEEE/MBOA
April 11, 2005
Mobile phones
Displays
Digital Home
Peripherals
Human Interface Devices
Dell’s UWB Usage Models
April 11, 2005
Dell Wireless Architecture Plan
Additional Antennas for 802.11n/MIMO Internal Platform Slot
options
WWAN SIM
WWAN Antenna StructureWLAN Antenna Structures
WPAN Module. UWB will drive new module and antenna design requirements. Standards based solutions and worldwide spectrum harmonization are key PC OEM requirements for wireless device integration.
Competing Wireless Technologies drive platform cost, power size and design complexity.
April 11, 2005
♦Global Spectrum Harmonization– Non-aligned Spectrum drives design
complexity, cost and TTM• Regional Markets• Customer Support• Product transformation• Regulatory and Spectrum compliance
– PC OEMs serve worldwide market segments• Design Leverage, and alignment of overlapping
technologies • Device and spectrum co-existence• Reduced product development cycles
PC OEMs serve global markets – standards and spectrum harmonization drive lower cost
April 11, 2005
UWB Consumer Applications
Home EntertainmentHome Entertainment
Mobile DevicesMobile DevicesComputingComputing
AutomotiveAutomotive
Freescale Freescale Semi.Semi.
April 11, 2005
Entertainment Applications♦ Connect between sources and
displays– Drivers are wire elimination for install
and freedom of component placement
♦ Requirements– Bandwidth
• Each MPEG2 HD Stream 20-29 Mbps• Two full rate streams required for PIP• Handheld can be used for PIP viewing
or channel surfing (SD stream)
– Range• Media center to display or handheld• Anywhere in the room (<10m)
– QoS with low latency• Channel change, typing, gamers
♦ Available Now: both SD and HD
April 11, 2005
Content Transfer: Mobile Devices♦ Applications
– Smartphone/PDA, MP3, DSC– Media Player, Storage,
display♦ Requirements
– Mobile device storage sizes• Flash 5, 32, 512, 2048 … MB• HD 4, …, 60+ GB
– Range is near device (< 2m)– User requires xfer time < 10s
Print from handheld
Images from camera to storage/network
MP3 titles to music player
MPEG4 movie(512 MB) to player
Mount portable HD
Exchange your music & data
Low Power Use Cases
Low Power & High Data Rate Use
April 11, 2005
Content Streaming ♦ Applications
– Digital video camcorder (DVC)– Smartphone/PDS, Media player
♦ Requirements– Range is in view of display (< 5m)– DV Format 30 Mbps with QoS– MPEG 2 at 12-20Mbps– Power budget < 500 mW Stream DV or MPEG
DS-UWB is just a shift register
Stream presentationfrom Smartphone/PDA to projector
Channel surf and PIPto handheld
Use Cases
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7 R7: RFI Results♦ WG received information about
technologies shown at the right♦ WG held teleconference for
each responder– Clarifications– Follow-up questions
♦ WG identified additional characteristic (power consumption)
♦ WG has prepared summary of the responses (“Table 3”)
Technologies Surveyed♦ 802.11b (WG effort)♦ 802.11[abg] (Received two
responses)♦ 802.15.1 & .1a (Bluetooth)♦ 802.15.3 (WG effort)♦ Proposed 802.15.3a
– UWB/DS– UWB/MB-OFDM
♦ 802.15.4 (Zigbee)♦ 802.16♦ HiperLAN2
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7: Range & Coverage Area
♦ Most important and understandable characteristics♦ In many technologies, range is linked to throughput♦ Application requirements vary:
– Entire house A/V distribution– Cord replacement– Handset
♦ Example Technologies– 802.11b measurements of 6.3Mbps @ 45m (point to point)– 802.15.1a (Bluetooth) standard requires 700kbps @ 10m; reported to
be supported by anecdotal evidence– 802.15.3a UWB/DS reported 85Mbps @ 10m; 750Mbps @ 2m– 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM reported 105 Mbps @ 11m; 460Mbps @
3.5m
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7 Network Topology♦ WG Terms: Bridged peer-to-peer or peer-to multi-peer,
Ad Hoc, Managed peer-to-peer, Mesh, Infrastructure mode (Star), Star with multiple APs, Star with repeater; “Cluster tree” added when 802.15.4 was discussed.
♦ Example Technologies– 802.16 reported mesh (under development) and point-to-
multipoint; 1600 (1024) nodes– 802.15.4 reported bridged peer-to-peer (peer-to-multi-peer),
managed peer-to-peer, Ad hoc, Mesh, Cluster tree (modified star); 2^64 nodes
– 802.15.3a UWB/DS and 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM (as alternate physical layers) support same as 802.15.3: managed peer-to-peer; 236 nodes
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment
April 11, 2005
European Organizations
♦ CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)– ECC (Electronic Communications Committee)
♦ ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
♦ ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector)
♦ Ofcom (Office of Communications, UK)
April 11, 2005
Europe’s standardization progress
♦ ETSI proposed its own UWB spectral mask– Compared to FCC’s mask, ETSI mask imposes
tighter limits at the edges (3 and 10 GHz, -65 dBm/MHz at 2.1 Ghz) [6]
♦ Further discussion schedule in April 2005 at the 12th CEPT conference [7]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s Consultation♦ Published January 13, 2005♦ Open to response until March 24, 2005♦ This document deals only with the indoor use of UWB
and indoor masks [6]
♦ Ofcom predicts negative benefits if UK adopts the FCC mask due to interference with other services– Significant impact on UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) costs
♦ Ofcom proposed revision to the ETSI mask, with even tighter edge limits (-85 dBm/MHz at 2.1 GHz for 3G) but same in-band specs as FCC’s indoor mask [6]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s economic analysis
Source: [6]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s proposed mask
Source: [6]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s Conclusion
♦ Favors allowing UWB deployment– Currently allowing licensed UWB devices such as
“ground probing radar, ‘through the wall’ imaging”– Favors license-exempt approach for UWB
communication devices– Favors ETSI’s mask or its own version , but never
FCC’s indoor mask [6]
April 11, 2005
CEPT- ECC’s Consultation
♦ Studies exclusively on the effects of UWB on existing services, not economic benefits
♦ Studies only the FCC indoor mask since it would be the most common UWB type
♦ Consultation is closed [15]
April 11, 2005
CEPT- ECC’s Consultation
♦ Concluded that FCC’s indoor mask is not stringent enough– Most radio devices “require up 20-30 dB more
stringent generic UWB PSD limits” [15]
– Few are sufficiently protected while some radio astronomy bands require 50 to 80 dB tighter limits
♦ Presented a graph of minimum limit required for sufficient protection [15]
April 11, 2005
ECC’s Spectral mask – all services
Source: [15]
April 11, 2005
UWB in Japan
♦ Intel multi-band prototype of UWB physical layer received first experimental radio license from MPHPT – April 11, 2003, up to 252 Mbps
♦ Wisair established an office to demo its UWB technology and obtained an experimental license. (July 2003)
♦ MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, and Posts and Telecom
♦ UWB frequencies 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz
April 11, 2005
UWB in Japan♦ Japan formed UWB Technology Institute within
NICT to investigate OFDM and Impulse radio [16]:
– Members include Yokohama Ntnl. University, Sanyo, Casio, Fujitsu, other companies and universities
♦ Japan MPHPT’s UWB Radio Systems Subcommittee published interim report March 04– Theoretical calculations conclude significant
separation needed to avoid interference. Experimental studies and simulations are the next step [17]
♦ Contributes to IEEE 802.15 and ITU-R– Inclined to adopt ITU-R’s regulation
April 11, 2005
DS-UWB presence in China
♦ Freescale (DS-UWB) hosted the first UWB Wireless Tech. Forum on Sept. 24, 2004 [11]
♦ China UWB Forum, associated with the US UWB Forum, has members that include:– Flaircomm Technologies, Inc– Universal Scientific Industrial - Shanghai– Skyworth, Inc, Shenzhen [13]
♦ Haier Corp. demonstrated DS-UWB-enabled digital camcorders, with rates up to 114 Mbps
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up to-the-minute activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment
April 11, 2005
IEEE Standardization
♦ Deadlocked for past 15 months♦ Formation of Special Interest Groups (SIG)
– Standard for Wireless USB will be done outside IEEE– Similar to wired USB and Bluetooth
♦ Two main proposals for UWB PHY standard are backed by: – Multi-Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA)
• 528 MHz band channels; 128 tones at 4.125 MHz FH OFDM– UWB Forum supporting DS-UWB
• 3.1 to 4.9 GHz low band; 6.2 to 9.7 GHz high, DS-SS BPSK• Optional 4BOK (Quadrature Biorthogonal keying)
April 11, 2005
OFDM-UWB (MBOA) Camp♦ 9 major semiconductor manufacturers
– Intel, Infineon, NEC Electronics, Philips, Samsung, ST Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, Renesas, Toshiba
♦ Major consumer-electronics manufacturers – Mitsubishi, Olympus, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung,
Sharp, SONY, Toshiba, Hitachi
♦ Industry alliances that have officially announced their support of MB-OFDM:– Wireless USB Working Group– WiMedia Alliance/MBOA– Wireless 1394 Trade Association
April 11, 2005
MBOA Alliance
♦ Primary supporters are Intel, Texas Instruments; formed in June 2003
♦ Supports UWB specification based on OFDM approach
♦ Last proposal updated in Sept 2004♦ Established SIG and released full PHY spec ver
1.0 to members in Nov 2004♦ Broad industry support – 175+ members♦ First chipset released by Wisair in Oct 2004♦ Realtek, Alerion, Staccato also have silicon
April 11, 2005
WiMedia Alliance
♦ Endorses MB-OFDM UWB specifications ♦ Certification and interoperability program to
define common platform for coexistence with Wireless USB and Wireless 1394
♦ Supports a multi-protocol system– W-USB, W-1394, DLNA profiles– Fairness policies, security & privacy
♦ Supports technical specifications for UPnP/IP Platform
April 11, 2005
WiMedia Alliance♦ WiMedia Alliance has absorbed MBOA to
promote OFDM-UWB♦ The DS-UWB camp has challenged that OFDM
devices emit more radiation than FCC allowed– The original conservative procedure measures with
the hopping stopped (continuous transmission at same frequency)
– These procedures can result in measured emission levels that are greater than the UWB signal levels under actual operation [24]
April 11, 2005
WiMedia gets FCC waiver
♦ FCC has just recently granted WiMedia a waiver of the emission measurement procedures. Can measure PSD with hopping between bands
♦ The waiver is effective until the Commission finalizes a rule making proceeding dealing with these measurement issues
♦ FCC’s stance is “to enable any UWB technology it is possible to enable, provided we protect incumbents” [25] and “not to pick a particular technology “ [26]
April 11, 2005
Wireless USB♦ The standard is based upon MBOA goals
♦ Chose MB-OFDM UWB♦ Wireless USB 1.0 spec was
just completed March 05♦ Constructing USB compliant
application stack♦ Working with 1394 and
WiMedia to create radio sharing rules
(Source: http://www.staccatocommunications.com/pressroom/articles_presentations.html)
April 11, 2005
UWB Forum
♦ Supports Direct Sequence (DS) UWB specification for global UWB standard
♦ 80+ companies– Freescale, Motorola, Samsung
♦ Ahead of MBOA competitors in terms of UWB silicon
♦ Freescale received first FCC certification for UWB chipset in August 2004
April 11, 2005
Example UWB Activity
♦ Samsung and Freescale demonstrate DS-UWB-enabled cell phone at 3GSM World Congress in Cannes, February 2005– The demo used UWB to transfer photos from the handset to PC,
and music and contact data from the PC to phone
♦ Staccato is teaming it's MB-OFDM UWB PHY with Wisme's MAC technology to develop a single-chip CMOS UWB system. Production scheduled to start 2006
♦ “Just deploy, and we’ll figure it out” – FCC chair Michael Powell
(Source: interview with Consumer Electronics Association President Gary Shapiro, January 2005)
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment
April 11, 2005
Smarter Radios – in the future
Smart radio would use spectral policy, spectrum sculpting to create a spectrum tailored to match environment
DesiredPower
Spectrum
Local
Regula
tory
Policy
Inte
rfere
nce
Map
SystemView
3.76e+9
3.76e+9
3.96e+9
3.96e+9
4.16e+9
4.16e+9
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Rela
tive
Powe
r (dB
)
Frequency in Hz (dF = 396.9e+3 Hz)
Interference temperature
Co
existence
Co
existence
En
gin
eE
ng
ine
April 11, 2005
Site Specific knowledge is needed in Next Generation Networks
♦ We can substantially increase battery life, network performance, enhance coexistence, reduce support calls, and deploy no-fault wireless using “site specific” knowledge
♦ PHY/MAC/Radio Resources of today will move to baseband processing and digital “environmental map” in each client
♦ Power vs. processing tradeoffs: RF power consumption and Network Inefficiencies (today) versus baseband processing and client’s environmental awareness (next gen)
April 11, 2005
Computing and device trends♦ Vector graphics, 3-D processing capability evolving
naturally as part of microprocessor
♦ Multiple radios, frequency bands, applications, to become part of PCs, phones, home media, enterprise network products
♦ Memory costs and cost per MIPS decreasing exponentially, at much faster rate than battery and RF antenna/propagation breakthroughs
♦ History of wireless has not exploited environmental/spatial knowledge in the network, yet propagation depends solely on this!
April 11, 2005
Deployed Network Coverage
Cube-farm has no coverage in the deployed network due to human deployment error or “bad” equipment or interference
April 11, 2005
Autonomous Network Management using site-specific information
AP01 is automatically reconfigured using digitized map at switch; cube-farm now has desired coverage in the deployed network
April 11, 2005
Site-specific RF Network Management
DESIGNED DEPLOYED
SSIDCOVERAGE
RF REMEDIATION / RECONFIGURATION w/SITE SPECIFIC
April 11, 2005
Conclusion♦ UWB products will begin appearing over next 2 quarters
♦ Major applications: Wireless USB, streaming data, massive downloading
♦ Market will not mature until global spectrum regulations converge – not likely within the next year due to EU
♦ UWB ushers in a new world of massive bandwidth. However, 60 Ghz will be next frontier where it matures
♦ UWB offers position location capabilities and “radar” for building an environmental or spectrum map. This is key for “smart radio”
♦ Site-specific knowledge can vastly improve network management, and we will see new network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment emerge
April 11, 2005
References♦ [1] IEEE. “DS-UWB Physical Layer Submission to 802.15 Task
Group 3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=60
♦ [2] Bill Shvodian. “MD-OFDM no vote reasons.” Freescale. ♦ [3] MBOA. “MultiBand OFDM Physical Layer Proposal for IEEE
802.15 Task Group 3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.multibandofdm.org/ieee_proposal_spec.html
♦ [4] Charles Razzell. “No vote respopnse.” Philips Semiconductors.
♦ [5] UWB Forum. “Proposal comparison summary.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?
option=com_content&task =view&id=38&Itemid=60♦ [6] Office of Communications, “Ultra Wideband,” Accessed Feb. 20,
2005 (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/uwb/uwb.pdf)
April 11, 2005
References♦ [7] CEPT, “European Electronic Communications Regulatory
Forum,” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.cept.org/69D2D33E-0770-44CB-BEF1-9A8C74C04DBD.W5Doc
♦ [8] Clendenin, Mike, “Taiwan’s Realtek has UWB transceiver in CMOS,” Commsdesign, Accessed Feb 24, 2005. Available at http://www.commsdesign.com/news/product_news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=59200071
♦ [9] Tech on China, “ 【 ISSCC “】 Current PPL can’t keep up” newUWB frequency synthesizer unleashed,” Accessed Feb 24,
2005. (http://china5.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/elec/elec200502140111.html)
♦ [10] China UWB Forum, “First Chinese UWB technical expo,” Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20040924.htm
♦ [11] China UWB Forum, “ISCIT 2005 will be hosted in Beijing,” 1Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20041105.htm
April 11, 2005
References♦ [12] China UWB Forum, “Elite members,” Accessed March 1, 2005.
Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/memberList.php?Qulify=1♦ [13] USI Co., Ltd., “USI expands its wireless product line,” Accessed
March 3, 2005. Available at http://www.usi.com.tw/index1.asp?NID=107
♦ [14] ECC, “Draft ECC report on the protection requirements of radiocommunication systems below 10.6 GHz from generic UWBapplications,” presented at Working Group Spectrum Engineering. Helsinki, February 2005. [11]
♦ [15] ERO, “Brief from the latest WG SE,” Accessed March 3, 2005. Available at http://www.ero.dk/8FEE601F-93C7-4175-A175-
FADB4C655DD2.W5Doc♦ [16] Latta, John N., “Joint UWBST & IWUWBS 2004,” Accessed March
4, 2005. Available at http://www.wave-report.com/conference_reports/2004/UWBST2004.htm
April 11, 2005
References♦ [17] TCICTS UWB Radio Systems Committee, “Interim report summary,”
Accessed March 4, 2005. Available at http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/Releases/Telecommunication s/040324.pdf
♦ [18] Staccato Communications, “MBOA UWB – A World without Cables,”September 27, 2004
♦ [19] Federal Register, FCC, “UWB Transmission Systems: UnlicensedOperation”, February 2nd,2005
♦ [20] Spread Spectrum Magazine, Online EditionAccessed March 1st, 2005, Available at:http://www.sss-mag.com/newiss.html#uwb
♦ [21] FCC's 2nd Report and Order and Second Memorandum Opinion and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, Available at
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-04-285A1.pdf♦ [22] Techworld Online Edition, “UWB standards war splits to three
contenders”, Accessed, March 1st, 2005. Available at:http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3199
♦ [23] UWB Insider, “What Happens Now?”Accessed March 1st, 2005. Available at:
http://www.uwbinsider.com/industry/2_1_ds-uwb.html
April 11, 2005
References♦ [24] Judge, Peter, “UWB’s fate to be decided this week,” Accessed
March 15, 2005. Available at http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3263
♦ [25] Judge, Peter, “WiMedia gets FCC approval,” Accessed March 15, 2005. Available at
http://www.techworld.com/networking/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3297♦ [26] Walko, John, “MBOA ultrawideband waiver request gets nod
from FCC,” Accessed March 15, 2005. Available at http://www.commsdesign.com/news/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=IV0VEK1QAC5MSQSNDBCSKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=159400693
♦ [27] FCC TAC Meeting, October 24, 2004, FCC HQ♦ [28] IEEE 802.11-04-1473-00, “Site Specific Knowledge- a new Paradigm”
by T.S. Rappaport