uq,sl wd¾Ól m%yak yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï · fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 69 uq,sl wd¾Ól...

68 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

wd¾Ól l%u yd wd¾Ól in|;d04

fuu mßÉfþoh wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng"

² uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak yd wd¾Ól lghq;= úu¾Ykh lsÍug;a"

² úúO wd¾Ól l%u ms<sn| f;dr;=re .fõIKh lsÍug;a"

² ixj¾Okhg idfmalaI j j¾;udk wd¾Ól l%u úYaf,aIKh lsÍug;a"

² Y%S ,xldj flfrys f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEu úYaf,aIKh lsÍug;a"

yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï

iudc l%uhla ;=< ñksiqka Ôj;aùfï § úúO wjYH;d yd jqjukd we;sfõ' fuu

jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § Tjqkg úúO m%Yakj,g uqyqK §ug o isÿfõ' tfia

uqyqK §ug isÿjk m%Yak úi|d .ekSfï § tla tla iudc lghq;= lrk wdldrhka o

úúO fõ'

ñksidg uqyqK §ug isÿjk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd hï

iudchla ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh w¾: l%uhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

iudchl iuQyhla f,i Ôj;aùfï § ñksidg úúO wjYH;d yd jqjukdjka

we;sjk nj Tn ±kgu;a okakjd we;' ñksidf.a meje;au i|yd w;HjYH uQ,sl

foaj,a wjYH;d f,i ye¢kafõ' wdydr" ksjdi" we÷ï me<÷ï wdÈh wjYH;d i|yd

WodyrK fõ' tajd uQ,sl wjYH;d f,ig o ú.%y lrkq ,efí'

by; wjYH;d úúO mqoa.,hka úiska úúO wdldrhg imqrd .ekSug lghq;=

lrkq ,efí' wjYH;d bgq lr .kakd úúO iajrEmhka jqjukd f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksjdi uQ,sl wjYH;djla jqj o th bgq lr .ekSfï § me,am;a" ueá f.j,a" ;Ügq

ksjdi wd§ úúO wdldrhg bÈ lrkq ,nhs' jqjukd mqoa.,hdf.a iudc wd¾Ól

;;a;ajh wkqj úúO jk nj by; WodyrKfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

mqoa.,hkaf.a jqjukdjka úúO jkakd fia u wiSñ; jk nj o wms oksuq'

kuq;a fuu jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug wjYH ;rï iïm;a fkdue;s nj o oksuq' wmg

úYd, f.hla idod .ekSug wjYH jqj o ;sfnk bvu" uqo,a jeks idOl u; th bgq

lr .ekSug hdfï § m%Yak u;=úh yels h' ta ksid ;sfnk iïm;a ;=<ska fuu wiSñ;

jqjukdjka bgq lr .ekSug kï wmg hï l%udkql+, úoHd;aul l%u fõohla hgf;a

lghq;= lsÍug isÿfõ'

69fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug hdfï §" úúO m%Yakj,g uqyqK

§ug isÿjk nj óg fmr W.;af;uq' fuu m%Yak l=uk w¾: l%uhlg jqj o fmdÿh'

ñksidf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd wiSñ; ùu;a" ta i|yd ;sfnk iïm;a iSñ; ùu;a

thg fya;=j fõ' th wms ysÕlu f,iska y÷kajuq' ysÕlu ksid jqjukd imqrd

.ekSfï § f;aÍug isÿfõ' ´kE u w¾: l%uhlg uqyqK §ug isÿjk m%Yak" uQ,sl

wd¾Ól m%Yak f,iska o ye¢kafõ' tajd

m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnÈh yels h'

1' l=ula" fldmuK ksIamdokh

lrkafka o@

;sfnk iïm;a Wmfhda.S lr f.k

l=uk NdKavhla ksIamdokh lrkafka o

hkak ;SrKh lsÍug isÿfõ' tfiau

f;dard.;a NdKavfhka fldmuK

m%udKhla ksIamdokh lrkafka o hk

.eg¨j o u;=fõ' iïm;aj,ska .; yels úl,am m%fhdack rdYshla ;sîu fuu

m%Yakhg uQ,sl fya;=j fõ'

mqoa.,hdf.a ish¨ u wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsßug fkdyels ksid uq,ska u

;SrKh l< hq;af;a l=uk jqjukd bgq lrkafka o hkak h' by; Ñ;%fhka ta i|yd

.; yels úl,am ;SrK lsysmhla fmkakqï lrhs' l=ula" fldmuK m%udKh ne.ska

ksmojkafka o hkak ;SrKh l< yelafla wd¾Ólh ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh

wkqjhs'

2' flfia ksIamdokh lrkafka o@

ksIamdokh l< hq;= NdKavh" fldmuK ksIamdokh lrkafka o hk m%Yakh

úi|d .ekSfuka miq j B<Õg uqyqK §ug isÿjk wd¾Ól m%Yakh jkafka flfia

ksIamdokh lrkafka o hkakhs' tys§ w;=re m%Yak follg uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tkï"

l%shdldrlu

² ñksia wjYH;d yd tajdg wod< jqjukd j.=jlska olajkak'

4'1 rEmh


i. fhdod .kakd Ys,amSh l%uh l=ula o@

ii. ksIamdokh lrkq ,nkafka l=uk wxYfhka o@ hkakhs'

i. fhdod .kakd Ys,amSh l%uh l=ula o@

ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd m%Odk Ys,amSh l%u folls'

² m%d.aOk iQlaIau

NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd jeämqr hka;% iQ;% yd fjk;a m%d.aOk NdKav fhdod

.ekSu m%d.aOk iQlaIu kï fõ' Wod( lDIsl¾uh i|yd jeämqr hka;% Ndú; lrkafka

kï th m%d.aOk iQlaIu lDIsl¾uhls'

² Y%u iQlaIau

NdKav ksIamdokfha § ñksia Y%uh nyq, j fhdod .ekSu Y%u iQlaIau kï fõ'

Wod( lDIsl¾uh i|yd lïlrejka jeä msßila fhdod .kafka kï th Y%u iQlaIu

lDIsl¾uhls'

ii. ksIamdokh lrkqfha l=uk wxYfhka o@

l=uk wxYfhka ksIamdokh lrkafka o hkak flfia ksIamdokh lrkafka o

hkak hgf;a fojkqj jeo.;a fõ' ksIamdokh rdcH fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYh ;=< o tu

wx. foflys u tAldnoaO;djfhka o isÿ l< yels h'

kQ;k f,dalfha ksIamdok lghq;= myiq lsÍu i`oyd ;ks mqoa.," iud.ï" yjq,a

jHdmdr" iuqmldr iñ;s wd§ úúOdldrfhka ixúOdkh ù we;'

rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl

wxY taldnoaO j

fm!oa.,sl wxYh

² Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh

² rdcH wxYfha wOHdmkh

² ÿïßh fiajh

² weÕ¨ï ksIamdokh

² fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wOHdmkh

² rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY tlaj lrkq ,nk ÿrl:k fiajd

² uxudj;a bÈ lsÍu

rdcH wxYh

ksIamdokh

^NdKav yd fiajd&


ljqreka i|yd ksIamdokh lrkafka o@

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lrkq ,nkafka ljqreka Wfoid o hkak ;SrKh

lsÍu fuuÕska woyia fõ' ñ,§ .ekSfï yelshdj wkqj iudch úúO mdßfNda.sl

lKavdhïj,ska iukaú; fõ' ksIamdokh lsÍfï § Tjqkaf.ka b,lal lr .kafka

l=uk lKavdhu o hkak fuys § jeo.;a fõ' tkï ksmojkq ,nk NdKav fyda fiajd

mdßfNda.slhska w;r fnÞ yßkafka flfia o hkak fuys woyihs' WÞyrK jYfhka

by< ,dNhla ,eìh yels iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav ksIamdokh fldg by< wdÞhï ,nk

msßia i`oyd ksmojkafka o@ ke;fyd;a wvq wdÞhï ,nkakka i|yd w;HjYH NdKav

ksmojkafka o@ hkak ;SrKh lsÍu ±laúh yels h'

l%shdldrlu

² Tng m%Odk ud¾.hlg hdno j ysia bvula we;ehs is;kak' tu bvu hï

wd¾Ól lghq;a;lg fhoùug woyia lrkafka kï by; wd¾Ól m%Yak

wkqj Tn .kakd ;SrK úia;r lrkak'

ksIamdok idOl yd tajdg lrk f.ùï

ñksia jqjukd bgq lr .ekSfï § úúO NdKav yd fiajd fhdod .kq ,efí' tu

NdKav m%Odk fldgia folls'

² wd¾Ól NdKav - ksIamdokfha § msßjehla ±Íug isÿjk iy mßyrKh i|yd

ñ,la f.ùug isÿjk NdKav Wod( by; ,laIK ±lsh yels wdydr" we÷ï"

T!IO wdÈh

² wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav - wmg iajNdj O¾ufhka fkdñf,a ,efnk NdKav

Wod( ysre t<sh" c,h" jd;h

wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav fyj;a wmg fkdñf,aa ,efnk NdKav we;eï úg

wd¾Ól NdKav jk wjia:d o olakg ,efí'

Wod(

² c,h wmg fkdñ,fha ,enqK o fnda;,a l< c,h ,nd .ekSfï § ñ,la

f.ùug isÿùu'

² ysre t<sh Ndú; lr ksmojkq ,nk úÿ,sh i|yd ñ,la f.ùug isÿùu'

² khsg%cka jdhqj .nvd lr jdykj,g fh§fï § ñ,la f.ùug isÿùu'


fmd<j yd ta iïnkaO ish¨ iïm;a N+ñhg

wh;a fõ' fuu Ndú;h ksIamdokh i|yd

fhdÞ .ekSfï § lrkq ,nk f.ùu nÿ

l=,sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd úúO

mqoa.,hka úiska jeh lrk ldhsl yd

udkisl Yla;sh Y%uh f,i ye¢kafõ'

lïlrejka" f.dùka" ßhÿrka jeks wh

idfmalaI j jeämqr ldhsl Yla;sh jeh

lrk fyhska th ldhsl Y%uh f,i

ye¢kafõ' ffjoHjreka" bxðfkarejka"

.=rejreka jeks wh idfmalaI j jeämqr

udkisl Yla;sh jeh lrk fyhska th

udkisl Y%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%uhg lrk

f.ùu jegqm kï fõ'

ksIamdokh i|yd ñksid úiska fhdojkq

,nk ^wdfhdackh lrk& úúO fuj,ï

yd WmlrK m%d.aOkh fõ' m%d.aOkh

f,i hka;% iQ;%" f.dvke.s,s wdÈh ±laúh

yels h' m%d.aOkh i|yd lrk f.ùu

fmd<sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksIamdok idOl tlu ia:dkhl ia:dk.;

ù fkdue;' tajd úúO ia:dkj, yd

mqoa.,hka w;r úisÍ mj;S' tfia úisÍ

we;s ksIamdok idOl tl;= lr ksIamdok

l%shdj,sh i|yd fjfyiùfï ld¾hh

jHjidhl;ajh kï fõ' fï i|yd lrk

f.ùu ,dN fyj;a ,dNh fõ'

4'3 rEmh

1' N+ñh

2' Y%uh

3' m%d.aOkh

4' jHjidhl;ajh

4'2 rEmh

4'4 rEmh

4'5 rEmh


l%shdldrlu

² ñksia jqjukd i|yd fhdod .kakd NdKav myla kï lrkak' ta ta NdKav

i|yd Ndú; lrk ksIamdok idOl j.=jla f,iska olajkak'

wd¾Ólhl isÿjk l%shdj,s

wd¾Ólhl úúO l%shdj,Ska isÿ fõ' tu l%shdj,Ska m%Odk fldgia ;=klg

fnÈh yels h'

² ksIamdokh

² fnodyeÍu

² mßfNdackh

1' ksIamdokh

wd¾Ólhl iïm;a ñksia jqjukd bgq lr .; yels wdldrhg fjkia lsÍu

ksIamdokh kï fõ' wd¾Ólhl isÿjk ksIamdokh uQ,sl jYfhka my; i|yka

mßÈ wxY ;=klg fnÈh yels h'

² ld¾ñl ksIamdokh

hka;% iQ;%" fudag¾ r:" weÕ¨ï"

,smsøjH" ilia l< wdydr wdÈh

² lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh

f;a" rn¾" fmd,a" ù yd fjk;a OdkH

j¾." t<j¿" m<;=re" uia" ud¨" ì;a;r

wdÈh

4'6 rEmh

4'7 rEmh


ksIamdokh lrk NdKav m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh wkqj o fldgia ;=klg

fnÈh yels h'

m%d.aOk NdKavwka;¾ NdKavmdßfNda.sl NdKav

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

i|yd Rcq j fhdod

.kakd NdKav f,i o

ye|skafõ' wdfhdack

NdKav f,i o ye|skafõ'

m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdok

ld¾hfha § kej; kej;

fhdod .ekSug yelsfõ'

Wod( hka;% iQ;%"

f.dvke.s,s" jdyk

lsishï NdKavhla

ksIamdokh lr .ekSu

i|yd Wmfhda.S lr

.kakd NdKav wka;¾

NdKav f,i ye¢kafõ'

wka;¾ NdKav tla jrla

Ndú;fhka wjika ùu

úfYaI ,laIKhls'

kej; kej; Ndú;hg

.; fkdyel'

Wod( ù ksIamdokh i|yd

fhdod .kakd fmdfydr"

.Dy NdKav ksIamdokh

i|yd Ndú; lrk oej

mqoa., wjYH;d yd

jqjukd bgq lr .ekSu

i|yd fhdod .kakd

NdKav yd fiajd

mdßfNda.sl NdKav f,i

ye¢kafõ'

Wod ( tosfkod Ndú;hg

.kakd wdydr øjH" we÷ï

me,÷ï" T!IO wdosh

2' fnod yeÍu

ksIamdokh lrk NdKav yd fiajd mdßfNda.slhd olajd ,nd §fï l%shdj,sh

fnod yeÍu kï fõ' w;S;fha § ;ukag wjYH NdKav ;uka u ksmojd .;a neúka

NdKav yqjudrejla isÿ fkdù h' bka miq j NdKav fjk;a NdKavj,g yqjudre

lr .ekSfï l%uhla we;s úh' WÞyrK f,i hfula ;u ù ksIamdokfha w;sßla;h

fjk;a wfhl=g ,nd § tA fjkqjg ¨Kq" lrj," we÷ï jeks fjk;a NdKavhka

,nd .ekSu ±laúh yels h' j¾;udkh jk úg fjf<|fmd< u.ska uqo,a udOH

fldg f.k NdKav yqjudre lr .ekSula isÿfõ' fuu l%shdj,sh fjf<|du f,i o

ye|skaúh yels h' fjf<|du rgla wNHka;rfha muKla fkdj cd;Hka;rj o isÿfõ'

fjf<|du m%Odk fldgia follg fnÈh yels h'

² fiajd ksIamdokh

wOHdmkh" fi!LH" ;eme,a" úÿ,s ixfoaY"

úÿ,sh" m%jdykh wdÈh

4'8 rEmh


² f;d. fj<|du

ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav úYd, f;d.

jYfhka wjika mdßfNda.slhdg fkdj"

w;rueÈ fjf<÷kag ,nd §fï ld¾hh f;d.

fjf<|du kñka ye¢kafõ' f;d. fjf<|du"

ksIamdolhd yd f;d. fjf<ka|d w;r;a"

f;d. fjf<kaÞ yd is,a,r fjf<kaod w;r;a

isÿ fõ'

² is,a,r fj<|du

ksIamdolhdf.ka fyda f;d.

fjf<kaodf.ka is,a,r fjf<ka|d ,nd .kakd

NdKav mdßfNda.slhd l=vd m%udKhkaf.ka

,nd §u is,a,r fjf<|duhs' ksIamdolhdf.a

isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd NdKav .,d hdfï

l%shdj,sfha § yuqjk wjidk w;rueÈhd

is,a,r fjf<ka|d h'

l%shdldrlu

Tn okakd NdKav yd fiajd fhdod f.k my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

m%d.aOk NdKavwka;¾ NdKavmdßfNda.sl NdKav

4'9 rEmh

4'10 rEmh

3' mdßfNdackh

wd¾:slhl ksIamdokh lrk NdKav yd fiajd fhdod f.k ñksia wjYH;d

yd jqjukd bgq lr .ekSu mdßfNdackh fõ' tfia wjYH;d bgq lr .kakd mqoa.,hd

mdßfNda.slhd f,i ye|skafõ' mqoa.,hdf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd Rcqj bgq lr

.ekSug odhl lr .kakd NdKav mdßfNdack NdKav f,i ye¢kafõ' wdydr mdk"

we÷ï me,÷ï" jdyk wdÈh ;u lghq;= bgqlr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSug ksoiqka

f,i ±laúh yels h'


úúO w¾: l%u ms<sn| f;dr;=re .fõIKh lsÍu

w¾: l%uhla hkq ñksid uqyqK fok l=ula" fldmuK flfia" ld i|yd

ksIamdokh lrkjdo hk uQ,sl wd¾:sl m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd úúO iudc

ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrhhs' fuu w¾: l%u m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnfoa'

1' Okjd§ w¾: l%u

2' iudcjd§ w¾: l%u

3' ñY% w¾: l%u

Okjd§ w¾: l%uh

foam< whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= iy tAjd ,dN wfmalaIdfjka wd¾Ól

lghq;=j, fufyhjk wd¾Ól ixúOdkhla Okjd§ w¾: l%uhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

tjeks wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

² ;rÕldÍ fjf<|fmd<la mej;Su'

² ksIamdok idOlj, whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= ùu'

² ,dNh wruqKq lrf.k ksIamdokh isÿ ùu'

² wdÞhï wiudk f,i fn§ hdu'

Okjd§ w¾: l%uhkays § fjf<| m%pdrKh u`.ska mdßfNda.slhka ;u

ksIamdok fj; r|jd .ekSug fjfyila .kakd wdldrhla oelsh yels h' kuq;a

fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ksIamdok w;ßka ;u wNsu;h mßÈ NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï

ksoyila mdßfNda.slhdg ;sfí'

Okjd§ w¾: l%u mj;sk rgj,aj,g WodyrK f,i weußld tlai;a ckmoh"

uyd ì%;dkH" cmdkh" ´iafÜ%,shdj jeks rgj,a oelaúh yels h' flfia fj;;a

f,dalfha mQ¾K jYfhka Okjd§ w¾: l%u ±lsh fkdyels w;r hï foam< rdcH

wxYh hgf;a o mj;S'

iudcjd§ w¾: l%u

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£fuys ,d uOH ie,iqï uKav,hla uÕska l%shd lrk

foam<" fmdÿ whs;sh hgf;a mj;sk wd¾Ól ixúOdk l%uh iudcjd§ w¾: l%uhla

f,i ye¢kafõ' iudcjd§ w¾: l%u ie,iqï.; w¾: l%u" rdcH jHjidh w¾: l%u

f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí'


tjeks wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

² foam< whs;sh rch i;= ùu'

² uOH ie,iqï uKav,hla uÕska wd¾Ólh fufyhùu'

² uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£fï § fmdÿ hym; Wfoid lghq;= lsÍu'

iudcjd§ w¾: l%u mj;sk njg m%ldY flfrk rgj,g WodyrK f,i W;=re

fldßhdj yd lshqndj oelaúh yels h' wo jk úg mej;s iudcjd§ w¾: l%u fjkia

fjñka mj;sk wdldrhla oelsh yels h'

ñY% w¾: l%uh

Okjd§ yd iudcjd§ w¾: l%u foflys u ,laIK we;=<;a w¾: l%u ñY% w¾:

l%u f,i ye|skafõ' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, olakg we;af;a ñY% w¾: l%u fõ'

Y%S ,xldj o ñY% w¾: l%uhla iys; rgla f,i ie,fla' ñY% w¾: l%uhl ,laIK

lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² ksIamdok idOkj, whs;sh rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYh u i;= ùu'

² uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi£u i|yd rch yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYh u l%shd

lsÍu'

² fjf<|fmd< u; NdKavj, ñ, ;SrKh jqj o rch tA i|yd ueÈy;a ùu'

² fm!oa.,sl yd rdcH jHjidh hk wxY fol u olakg ,eîu'

² fmdÿ hym; i|yd iqnidOk lghq;= lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ùu'

l%shdldrlï

² Okjd§ w¾: l%uj, jdis yd wjdis ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

² Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< ±lsh yels ñY% wd¾Ól ,laIK idlÉPd lrkak'

² tuÕska ck;djg ,eî we;s jdis iy wjdis meyeÈ,s lrkak'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól ixl,amh

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh f,i j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk l%uh kj - ,snr,ajd§

wd¾Ól l%uh f,i o ye¢kafõ' fï hgf;a fm!oa.,sl wxYhg l< yels foa rch

úiska o fkdlrk w;r" rcfha wju ueÈy;aùula uÕska fjf<|fmd< l%shd;aul

ùug bv ,nd foa'


iudcjd§ w¾: l%u f,i mej;s reishdj" Ökh" fmda,ka;h jeks rgj,a l%u

l%ufhka fjf<|fmd< wd¾:sl ixl,amh l%shd;aul lrñka isák nj j¾;udkfha

olakg ,efí'

j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk kj - ,snr,ajd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhl

uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

² rdcH jHjidhka fm!oa.,sllrKh lsÍu

² fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj u; ñ, ;SrKh ùug bv ie,isu

² foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclhka Èß .ekaùu

² iykdOdr yd ñ, md,k l%u ,sys,a lsÍu

² fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;shg bv §u

² wd¾:sl lghq;=j,g rdcH wxYfha ueosy;aùu iSud ùu

² fjf<|fmd< ndOd" wdkhk wmkhk nÿ wdÈh bj;a lsÍu

² md,k kS;s Í;s" iSud wju lsÍu

² úksuh wkqmd;sl md,khlska f;dr j ksoyfia ;SrKh ùug bv ie,iSu

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól ixl,amh ;=< wys;lr ,laIK o y÷kd.; yels h' ta

w;r fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ;=< ksIamdok lsÍfï § fjk;a md¾Yajhkag jk n,mEu

.ek fkdi,ld yeÍula olakg ,efí' fuh RK ndysr;d f,i ye|skafõ' Wod(

l¾udka;Yd,d msysgqùfï § mßir ¥IKh" uyck mSvd wdÈh ms<sn| j wjOdkh

fhduq fkdùu ±laúh yels h'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka ys úúO iajrEm

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhka l%shd;aul jk rgj,a ms<sn| úuid ne,sfï § m%Odk

jYfhka iajrEm ;=kla oelsh yels h'

i. Okjd§ fjf<|fmd< ,laIK jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnk fjf<|fmd<

Wod( weußld tlai;a ckmoh" ´iafÜ%,shdj" isx.mamQrej" ol=Kq fldßhdj

ii. iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< ,laIK jeä jYfhka olakg ,eîu

Wod ( W;=re fldßhdj" lshqndj

iii. mßj¾;k wd¾Ól fyj;a fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%u lrd .uka lrñka isák

w¾: l%uj, we;s fjf<|fmd< - WÞyrK jYfhka wdfïkshdj" winhscdka"

fn,dria" tiafgdakshdj" fcd¾ðhdj" lilia;dkh" ,eÜúhdj" ,s;=fõkshdj"

reishdj" hqlaf¾kh" Wiafnlsia;dkh jeks fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqj wh;a j ;snQ

rgj,a


mßj¾;k wd¾Ólhkays uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla o y÷kd.; yels h'

l%shdldrlï

² › ,xldj ;=< o fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,laIK olakg ,efí o@

fya;= olajkak'

² fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhla ;=< isÿúh yels jdis yd wjdis ,ehsia;=.;

lrkak'

› ,xldj flfrys f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEu

› ,xldj §¾> b;sydihla iys; rgls' w;S;fha isg j¾;udkh olajd mej;s

w¾: l%u mÍlaId lsÍfï § tys úúO iajrEm olakg ,enQ nj meyeos,s h' rdcH

md,kh l< wdKavq u; tu wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s o jßka jr fjkia ù ;sfí' 1948 wm

bx.%Sis md,kfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSfuka miq iudcjd§" Okjd§ fuka u ñY% wd¾:sl

,laIK iys; w¾: l%uhla l%shd;aul jQ nj olakg ,efí'

› ,xldfõ j¾;udk wd¾Ól l%uh yd ixj¾Okh

› ,xldfõ j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jkafka 1977 ka miq y÷kajd ÿka újD;

wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;sh u; l%shd;aul jk fjf<|fmd< ys;lr w¾: l%uhla fõ' 1977 g

fmr iudcjd§ ,laIK olakg ;snqK o wo jk úg th fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla

njg mßj¾;kh ù ;sfí'

1977ka miq újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a fm!oa.,sl jHjidhka Èß.ekaùu

i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. w¾: l%uhg y÷kajd fokq ,eîh'

mßj¾;k wd¾Ólhkays ,laIK

mdvq ,nk rdcH

jHjidhka

fm!oa.,sllrKh lsÍu

fm!oa.,sl foam<

whs;shg bv i,id §u

fm!oa.,sl jHjidhka

Èß .ekaùuwd¾:slh ,sys,alrKh


² fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclhkag úúO nÿ iyk ,nd §u

² fjf<| ndOd ^;Sre nÿ jeks& wvq lsÍu

² fjf<|fmd<g rcfha ueÈy;aùu wvq lsÍu

² úfoaY wdfhdack Èß .ekaùu

² rdcH foam< fm!oa.,SlrKh lsÍu

² úksuh wkqmd;slh ksoyfia ;SrK .ekSug bv yeÍu

² wdkhk wmkhk wd¾Ólhla y÷kajd §u

² rdcH wdh;k o ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<g újD; lsÍu

² há;, myiqlï mq¿,a lsÍu

² ksoyia fjf<| l,dm msysgqùu

Y%S ,xldj o fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhl ,laIK ms<sìUq lrk nj wms óg

fmr o mejiSuq' tjeks ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

ixj¾Okh ye¢kaùu

w¾: l%uhla ;=< úúO wdldrfha j¾Ok fyj;a jeäùï oelsh yels h' we;eï

tajd iudchg ys;lr jqj o we;eï tajd wys;lr fõ' WodyrK f,i .;a úg

wmrdO j¾Okh" wk;=re j¾Okh wys;lr j¾Okhka f,i oelaúh yels h' ta

wkqj iudchg ys;lr wdldrfhka isÿjk j¾Ok wd¾Ól úoHdfõ o ixj¾Okh hk

jpkfhka woyia fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ olakg

we;s fjf<|fmd<

w¾: l%uhl ,laIK

remshf,a úfoaY w.h fjf<|fmdf<a

;SrKh ùug bv yeÍu

rch jHjidhlhka Èß .kajkakl= f,i

l%shd lsÍu

rch úksuh md,kfhka bj;a ùu

úfoaY fjf<|du iïnkaO ndOd ,sys,a lsÍu

rdcH jHjidhka fm!oa.,sllrKh lsÍu

rch jHjidh lghq;=j,ska wE;aùu

fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èß .ekaùu


zwd¾Ól j¾Okhz yd zixj¾OkhZ hkq tlla u fkdfõ' wd¾Ól j¾Okh hkq

uq¾; cd;sl ksIamdokfha jißka jir isÿjk jeäùfï m%;sY;hhs' kuq;a ixj¾Okh

hkq Bg jvd mq¿,a jk w;r thg wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudÔh" udkj hk iEu

wxYhl u iudchg ys;lr j¾Okhka woyia fõ'

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| bÈßm;a j we;s ks¾jpk my; oelafõ'

uE; ld,fha jeämqr idlÉPdjg n÷ka ù we;af;a ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn|jhs'

ixj¾Okh lrd hk .ufka § wd¾Ólh i;= iïm;a wkd.; mrïmrdj i|yd iqrlaIs;

lrñka j¾;udk wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu ;sridr ixj¾Okh kï fõ' fuh OrKSh

ixj¾Okh f,i o ye|skafõ'

ixj¾Okh hkak ksYaÑ; j w¾: oelaùu ÿIalr fõ' mqoa., yd iudc mQ¾K

ixj¾Okhla fuu ixl,amfhka woyia flf¾' tys § i,ld ne,sh hq;= wxY lsysmhla

oelaúh yels h'

zzixlS¾K ixialD;sl yd mdßißl idOl tajdfha wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajh u;

we;sjk wd¾Ól yd iudÔh mßKduk l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhhs'ZZ

(www.business dictionary.com.2013.08.12)

zzwd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudc yd udkj hk wxYhkaf.ka ÈhqKqùu yd

oßø;dj wju ùu;a iu. ;srir ÈhqKqj we;s lsÍu ixj¾Okhhs'ZZ

^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj" 2000&

;srir

ixj¾Okh

wd¾Ól

ixj¾Okh

mqoa.,

ixj¾Okh

ixialD;sl

ixj¾Okh

iudc

ixj¾Okh

ixj¾Okhiodpdr

ixj¾Okh


wd¾Ólhla ixj¾Okh ùfï § wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh muKla fkdj ;j;a úúO

wxY ta i|yd fhduq úh hq;= nj by; lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' tys § jvd jeo.;a

jkafka ;srir ixj¾Okhhs' ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § ie,lsh hq;= uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s

lsysmhla ieÉia (Sachs, 2004) o i|yka lr we;'

l%shdldrlï

² ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

² ;sridr ixj¾Okfha we;s jeo.;alu úia;r lrkak'

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh 2000 § meje;ajQ iyi%l

iuq¿fõ § iyi%l ixj¾Ok b,lal 8la iïu; lr .kakd ,§' tajd kï"

1' ÿmam;alu yd id.skak ;=rka lsÍu

2' fmdÿ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhla <Õd lr .ekSu

3' ,sx.sl iudkd;au;dj yd ldka;dj n,jka; lsÍu

4' <ore urK wkqmd;slh wvq lsÍu

5' udkisl fi!LH j¾Okh

6' taâia" uef,aßhd jeks frda. u¾Okh lsÍu

7' mdßißl ;srir nj iqrlaIs; lsÍu

8' ixj¾Okh i|yd f.da,Sh iïnkaO;djla we;s lsÍu

uQ,sl wjYH;d ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSu

wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsÍu

;sridr ixj¾Okfha § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

wkd.; mrïmrdj;a iu. talu;sl ùu

ck;d iyNd.S;ajh we;s lr .ekSu

iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrlaIKh

mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu

iudc iqrlaIs;Ndjh


by; b,lal bgq lr .ekSu ;=<ska ixj¾Okh lrd .uka lsÍu Y%S ,xldj o

m%;sm;a;shla f,i ms<sf.k ;sfí' wOHdmkh ;=<ska Y%S ,xldj wdishdfõ oekqï

flakaøia:dkh njg m;a lsÍu j¾;udkfha m%;sm;a;shla f,i ms<sf.k ;sfí'

j¾;udk Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha kj ixj¾Ok m%jK;d

Y%S ,xldj w;S;fha § hemqï lDIs wd¾Ólh u; mokï jQ nj wms oksuq'

kuq;a Y%S ,xldj bx.S%is md,khg k;= ùu;a iu. l%ufhka jeú,s fNda. u; mokï

jQ wdkhk wmkhk wd¾:slhla njg mßj¾;kh úh' 1977g fmr lDIsld¾ñl"

ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYj, rdcH wxYfha lemS fmfkk odhl;ajhla olakg ,eìKs'

foaYSh iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; we;s lsÍu flfrys o

W;aidyhka .kq ,eìK'

Y%S ,xldfõ kj ixj¾Ok m%jK;d úuid ne,Sfï § ksoyiska miq we;s jQ

fjkialï m%Odk wjê lsysmhlg fnod oelaúh yels h' ta ta hq.hka ys olakg

,enQ úfYaI ,laIK my; j.=fjka oelafõ'

úfYaI ,laIKwjêh

² wdkhk wmkhk u; mokï jQ wd¾:sl l%uhla mej;Su

² rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk wxY fol u wd¾Ól l%shdj,shg iïnkaO ùu

² jeú,s l¾udka;hg uQ,sl;ajh ,nd §u

² foaYSh hemqï lDIs wxYh Èß .ekaùu

² fm!oa.,sl jHjidhka cki;= lsÍu ^1956 ka miq&

² mdßfNda.sl iykdOdr ,nd §u

1948-1960

² w¾O újD; iajrEmhla .ekSu

² úksuh kS;s ,sys,a lsrSu

² fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhkag bv m%ia;d ,nd §u

² wdydr iykdOdr wvq lsÍu1961-1970

² wdjD; keUqre wd¾:slhla njg m;aùu

² wdkhk wdfoaY l¾udka; weröu

² wdkhk i|yd iSud mekùu

² w;HjYH wdydr fnod yeÍu i|yd kj kS;s mekùu

² i,dl l%uhla l%shd;aul ùu

² fm!oa.,sl bvï whs;sh iSud lsÍu

² foaYSh hemqï lDIs wxYh osß .ekaùu

² úksuh md,k kS;s oeä lsÍu

² ixj¾Okh jeä jYfhka foaYSh iïm;a u; r|d mej;Su

1970-1977


² újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd §u ² wdkhk wmkhk iSud ,sys,a lsÍu ² úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag nÿ iyk ,nd §u ² wmkhk uQ,sl l¾udka; weröu ² wdydr iykdOdr iSud lsÍu ² ld¾ñl wxYhg jeä ie,ls,a,la oelaùu ² ksoyia wdfhdack l,dm we;s lsÍu ² ÿmam;a ck;dj i|yd úúO iqnNidOk jev igyka

l%shd;aul lsÍu ² wOHdmkh i|yd ks, we÷ï" fm<fmd;a" Èjd wdydr

fkdñf,a ,nd §u ² mdvq ,nk rdcH wdh;k fm!oa.,sllrKh lsÍu

1978-1993

² újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lsÍu ² fm!oa.,sl jHjidhkag nÿ iyk ,nd §u ² hï rdcH jHjidhka fm!oa.,sllrKh ² há;, myiqlï iemhSu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh odhl

lr .ekSu ² rdcH wdh;k m%;sjHqy.; lsÍu ² m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha § cd;Hka;r Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu

2004 j¾Ifhka miqj o újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul ùula olakg ,efí'

tfia jqj o foaYSh lDIs wxYh yd wdfhdack flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùula o ;sfí'

fuu wjêfha olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² rdcH wdh;k fm!oa.,sllrKh lsÍu w;aysgqùu'

² fm!oa.,sllrKh l< rdcH wdh;k kej; rchg mjrd .ekSu' Wod( Y%S ,kalka .=jka fiajh" fijK., iSks iud.u" lvodis lïy,"

fI,a .Eia iud.u ^j¾;udk ,sf;%da&

² foaYSh lDIs wd¾Ólh ÈhqKq lsrSug lghq;= lsÍu' Wod( fmdfydr iykdOdrh"

ù i|yd iy;sl ñ,la ,nd §u" ù wf,ú uKav,h msysgqùu" wms jjuq rg k.uq

jev igyk'

² há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu' Wod( wêfõ. ud¾. bÈ lsÍu" jrdh" .=jka

f;dgqm< msysgqùu" fld<U jrdh kùlrKh" úÿ,s n,d.dr msysgqùu'

fld<U jrdh olaIsK wêfõ.S ud¾.h u;a;, .=jka f;dgqfmd,

4'11 rEmh

1994-2004


² wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh i|yd úúO jHdmD;s Èh;a lsÍu' Wod ( W;=re jika;h"

kef.kysr kfjdaoh" Èú keÕ=u .ulg tl jevla" uÕ keÕ=u" .u keÕ=u"

k.r w,xlrKh" ud¾. ixj¾Okh

² kd.ßl ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu

² È<s÷ ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu' Wod( iuDoaê jev igyk" iajhx

/lshd kshqla;slhka Èß .ekaùu" f.j;= j.d jev igyk

² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh m%p,s; lsÍu' Wod( keKi, jev igyk" úod;d iïm;a

uOHia:dk

² wOHdmk lafIa;%fha kj fjkialï isÿ lsÍu' Wod( úYajúoHd, isiqkg kdhl;aj

mqyqKqj ,nd §u" ;dlaIK úIhOdrd Wiia fm<g y÷kajd §u" jD;a;Sh yd

;dlaIK úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu" imsß mdi,a oyfia jevigyk" uyskafodaoh

úoHd.dr msysgqùu'

oekg isÿfjñka mj;sk ixj¾Ok l%shd ksid Y%S ,xldjg w;ajk jdis lsysmhla

my; i|yka fõ '

jdis

² fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

² úfoaY úksuh bmhqï by< hdu

² ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu Wiia ùu

² m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a ùu

² by< wd¾:sl j¾Okhla mj;ajd .ekSu

² f,dal w¾nqoj,g uqyqK §ug yels ùu

² há;, myiqlï j¾Okh ùu

² kj /lshd fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a ùu

² cd;Hka;rh ;=< lemS fmfkk ;;a;ajhla ,nd .ekSu

² iduh mj;ajd .ekSug yels ùu

l%shdldrlï

1' Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Okh i|yd isÿjk úúO l%shdldrlï ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

2' tu jHdmD;s ;=<ska Y%S ,xldjg ,efnk jdis ksoiqka olajñka meyeos,s

lrkak'


Y%S ,xldfõ iuDoaê,dNS mjq,a ixLHdj l%ufhka wvqùu

20122011201020092008200720062005j¾Ih

151561315416191572129160078616311331844660mjq,a

ixLHdj

Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Okh ms<sn| o¾Yl lSysmhla

2012201120102009o¾Ylh

9'48'58'510'0<ore urK wkqmd;slh

17'417'617'618'4Wm;a wkqmd;slh

92'291'991'491'3idlaIr;dj

929791102m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg we;=<;aùfï

m%;sY;h

929791102udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg wkqj Y%S

,xldjg ysñ ;ek

l%shdldrlï

² by; o¾Ylhkag wu;r j Y%S ,xldjg jeo.;ajk fjk;a o¾Yl Y%S ,xld uy

nexl= jd¾;d weiqßka ilia lrkak'

² fuu o¾Yl wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j flá jd¾;djla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj yd f.da,ShlrKh f,dal wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu

;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj yd f.da,ShlrKh

yqfol,dj Ôj;a jQ ñksid iuQyhla f,i Ôj;aùug mgka .ekSu;a iu. úúO

fidhd .ekSï i|yd o fhduq úh' hqfrdamfha we;sjQ kj ld¾ñl mqkreoh;a iu.

kj ;dlaIKh o l%ufhka ÈhqKq úh' wo jk úg fuu úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKh

mokï lr f.k f,dalfha iEu wxYhla u tlg iïnkaO ù ;sfí' th úYaj

.ïudkh fyj;a f.da,ShlrKh f,iska o y÷kajkq ,efí'

Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Okh ms<sn| o¾Yl lsysmhla


kùk ;dlaIKh;a iu. ks¾udKh ù we;s ksIamdok lsysmhla by;

rEmigykska oelafõ' fuu ;dlaIK WmlrK l¾udka;" ikaksfõokh" fjf<|du"

wOHdmkh" fi!LH" m%jdyk jeks iEu wxYhla lrdu úys§ we;s nj o lsj yels h'

f,dalfha we;sjk ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu.u uq¿ f,dalfha u

rgj,a tlsfklg ióm ù ;sfí' f,dj fld;kl jqj o isÿjk isÿùula wmg

laIKhlska u oek.; yels jkafka tneúks' ;dlaIKh;a iu. f,dalh ióm ùu

f.da,ShlrKh f,iska jHjydr lrkq ,efí'

wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl l%shdldÍ;ajhka ;=< isÿjk wfkHdkH

iïnkaO;dj f.da,ShlrKh kïfõ' f,dal wd¾Ólh tl tallhla njg m;aùu o

f.da,ShlrKh f,i oelaúh yels h' f,dal wd¾Ólfha tla rgl isÿjk wd¾Ól

fjkialï ksid wfkl=;a rgj,g n,mEï t,a,jkqfha tneúks'

f.da,ShlrKh ;=< olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² jev f,dalh mq¿,a ùu

² f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a ùu

² f,dalfha ´kEu rgl Ôj;aùug yelsùu

² ;u olaI;d yd yelshd wkqj fjk;a rgl fiajh lsÍug yelsùu

² wvq ñ,g Y%uh ,nd .; yels rgj,g l¾udka; ixl%uKh ùu

f.da,ShlrKh jHdma;ùug wd¾Ól fya;= fuka u foaYmd,k" iudÔh yd

ixialD;sl fya;= o n,mdhs' fuu ixl,amh ÈhqKq rgj,a fjk;a rgj,g foaYmd,k

n,mEï lsÍug fhdod .kS' Wod( fjf<|fmd< md,kh" iïndOl mekùu wdosh'

úúO ixialD;sl iïñY%Khla isÿùu o f.da,ShlrKh ksid isÿfõ' tfia u f,dal

n,j;=ka f,dal fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;u wdêm;Hh mj;ajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍug o

f.da,ShlrKh fhdÞf.k ;sfí' ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a i|yd kj hg;a úð;jdoh

me;srùu jeks ,laIK o f.da,ShlrKh ksid isÿúh yels h'

4'12 rEmh - kùk ikaksfõok WmlrK lsysmhla'


l%shdldrlu

² f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

f.da,ShlrKh f,dal wd¾Ólhg lrk n,mEï

f.da,ShlrKh ;=< cd;Hka;r fjf<|du úúO fjkiaùïj,g ,laj ;sfí'

f,dalh u tl u NdIdjla l:d lrk tl u uqo,a tallhla Ndú; lrk ;ks cd;shla

njg m;a úh hq;= nj hqfrdamd ix.ufha woyihs' hqfrdamd ix.uh ;u l,dmh ;=<

hQfrda kñka fmdÿ uqo,a tallhla mj;ajd .ekSug lghq;= lr ;sîu óg ksoiqkls'

f.da,ShlrKh ;=< f,dj u ;ks wd¾:sl tallhla njg m;a lsÍu f,dal

n,j;=kaf.a W;aidyh nj óg by; § i|yka lf<uq' thg iydh ùu i|yd f,dal

nexl=j" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo," tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" wdishdkq ixj¾Ok

nexl=j f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh jeks úúO wdh;k msysgqjd f.k ;sfí' tu

wdh;k ;=<ska wfkl=;a rgj,g Rcqj yd jl%j n,mEï lrk wdldrhla o oelsh

yels h'

f.da,ShlrKh ksid f,dal wd¾Ól ;=< olakg we;s ,laIK

f.da,ShlrKh ksid f,dal

wd¾Ólh ;=< olakg ,efnk

,laIK

nyq cd;sl iud.ï

ìys ùu

úúO rgj, mj;sk nÿ

iyk" wvq ñ, Y%uh"

,sys,a mdßißl kS;s jeks

idOl mokï lr f.k

wdfhdackh lsÍu

újD; wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;sh

f,dalhg y÷kajd §u

úúO l,dmSh iyfhda.s;d

ixúOdk ìys ùu

foaYSh uqo,a úfoaYj,g

we§ hdu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha

úma,ùh fjkila isÿùu

fjf<|dug ;snQ ndOd

bj;a lrñka ks¾ndO

fjf<|du we;sùu

Y%u yd m%d.aOk ip,;d

f,dal ksIamdok u;

wd¾:sl lghq;= isÿùu

f,dalfha n,j;a rgj,a

;u foaYmd,k n,h

wfkl=;a rgj,g jHdma;

lsÍu


fujeks n,mEï ;=<ska f,dal n,j;=ka ;u ,dN Wmßu lr .ekSu fuka u

foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh we;s lr .ekSu o wfmalaId lrkq ,efí'

f.da,ShlrKhg uqyqK §ug úúO rgj,a tl;= ù úúO ixúOdk ìys lr

.ekSfï m%jK;djla j¾;udkfha olakg ,efí' tjeks ixúOdk lsysmhla yd tajdfha

wruqKq my; j.=fjka oelafõ'

wruqKqidudðl rgj,aixúOdkh

uQ,H .kqfokq jvd l%uj;a lsÍu

ks¾ndO fjf<|du jHdma; lsÍu

íaá%hdj" m%xYh"

fvkaud¾lh" fn,aðhu"

c¾uksh" mska,ka;h"

.%Sish" wh¾,ka;h"

b;d,sh" fko¾,ka;h"

,laiïn¾.a" mD;=.d,h"

iamd[a[ah" iaùvkh" uyd

ì%;dkHh

hqfrdamd ix.uh ÊU&

ksoyia fjf<òduwefußld tlai;a

ckmoh" lekvdj"

fulaisfldaj

W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (NAFTA)

l,dmSh fjf<|du mq¿,a lsÍuY%S ,xldj" bkaoshdj"

mlsia:dkh" nx.,sfoaYh"

N+;dkh" fkamd,h"

ud,osjhsk

ol=Kq wdishdkq jrKd;aul fjf<| .súiqu (SAPTA)

frosms<s" weÕ¨ï" T!IO yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wd§ lafIa;%j, wdfhdack mq¿,a lsÍu

rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk osß .ekaùu

;dlaIKsl yqjudrej

l,dmSh iyfhda.s;dj we;s lsÍu

nx.,dfoaYh" bkaoshdj"

ñhkaudrh" ;dhs,ka;h" Y%S

,xldj

fnx.d, uqyqÿ ;Srh wjg rgj,a msysgqjd .;a wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d ix.uh

(BIMST-EC)

óg wu;r j f,dal wd¾Ól lKavdhï ìysùu o f.da,ShlrKh ksid isÿj we;'

Wod( G7, G77, G24, G15 jeks ixúOdk ìysùu' f,dal wd¾Ól .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr

.ekSu i|yd iduQysl j lghq;= lsÍu" ÈhqKq rgj,ska t,a,jk wd¾Ól n,mEïj,g

iduQysl j uqyqK §u fuu cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól lKavdhï msysgqjd .ekSfï uQ,sl

wruqK ù ;sfí'

l%shdldrlu

² Tn okakd ;j;a tjeks f,dal ixúOdk fyda .súiqï ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia

lr fmd;a msxpla ms<sfh, lrkak'


f.da,ShlrKh Y%S ,xldjg lrk n,mEï

f.da,ShlrKfhka ñ§ug Y%S ,xldjg o fkdyels ù ;sfí' f.da,ShlrKh ksid

isÿjk n,mEï wmg o N=la;s ú£ug isÿ fõ' 1977ka miq l%shd;aul jk újD; wd¾:sl

m%;sm;a;sh ksid f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï jeä jeäfhka oefkkag mgka f.k ;sfí'

ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du f,dal fjf<|fmd<g újD; ùu thg fya;=jhs'

f.da,ShlrKh ksid Y%S ,xldjg we;sù ;sfnk Okd;aul yd RKd;aul

n,mEï lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

Okd;aul n,mEï

1' úfoaY wdfhdack yd kùk ;dlaIKh .,d tau

2' jevf,dalh ;=< kj /lshd wjia:d ks¾udKh ùu ksid fiajd úhqla;sh wvq

ùu

3' foaYSh ksIamdok idOlj,g jeä b,a¨ula we;sùu

4' ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYj, m%.;shla we;sùu

5' cd;Hka;r fj<|fmd< mokï lr.;a foaYSh ksIamdok ìys ùu

6' f.jqï fYaI ;;a;ajh hym;a ùu

7' wd¾Ólh úúOdx.SlrKh ùu

8' .=Kd;aul núka by< ksIamdok ìysùu ^ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;dj yd

NdKavj, .=Kd;aulNdjh by< hdu&

9' úfoaYSh úfYaI{ oekqu furgg .,d tau ksid foaYSh udkj iïm; ÈhqKq

ùu

10' ksIamdok i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï mq¿,a ùu

11' foaYSh iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd.; yelsùu

12' uyd mßudK l¾udka; k.rfhka neyer j ia:dk.; ùu ksid m%dfoaYSh

ixj¾Okhla isÿùu

13' úúO l,dmSh ixúOdk yd tl;=ùug yelsùu

14' wld¾hlaIu l¾udka; fjf<|fmdf<ka bj;a ùu

15' foaYSh mdßfNda.slhdg by< .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka hq;= NdKav ,nd .ekSug

bv ie,iSu


iDKd;aul n,mEï

1' nyqcd;sl ksIamdok iuÕ foaYSh ksIamdokhkag ;rÕ lsÍug fkdyels ùu

2' ld¾ñl wdh;kj,ska isÿjk mdßißl ydks by< hdu

3' úfoaY úksuh ,dNdxY" fmd,S yd Kh jdßl f,iska úfoaYj,g we§ hdu

4' nqoaê .,kh fõ.j;a ùu

5' ixj¾ê; rgj,ska isÿjk n,mEï by< hdu

6' foaYSh ixialD;shg úúO n,mEï t,a, ùu

7' fkd.e<fmk wd¾Ól yd mdßfNdack rgd rg ;=< m%p,s; ùu

8' úfoaY Kh yd wdOdr u; hemSug isÿùu

9' f,dal wd¾Ólfha fjkialïj,g Rcqj u uqyqK §u

10' rdcH wxYh wd¾Ól lghq;=j,ska wE;aùu ksid uyck iqnidOkh iïnkaO .eg¨ u;=ùu

11' úfoaY Kh ,nd .ekSfï § fldkafoaisj,g hg;aùug isÿùu

12' ñ, md,kh jeks wdrlaIKjd§ Wml%uj,ska wE;aùu ksid È<s÷ ck;dj mSvdjg m;aùu

13' foaYSh iïm;a iQrd lEug ,laùu

14' foaYSh hemqï wd¾Ól rgdj úkdY ùu

15' foaYSh <ore l¾udka; úkdY ù hdu

f.da,ShlrKh fõ.fhka jHdma; ùu ksid tys jdisj,g fuka u wjdisj,g o

uqyqK §ug isÿjk nj meyeÈ,s h' ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu ;=<ska wjdisodhl n,mEï

wju lr .ekSug yelsjkq we;'

l%shdldrlï

1' f.da,ShlrKh fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ isÿj we;ehs ie,flk fjkiaùï

fudkjd o@

2' f.da,ShlrKfhka isÿjk RKd;aul n,mEï wju lsrSug Y%S ,xldj

wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõo fudkjdo@

3' ta i|yd .; yels fjk;a l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrkak'

4' zznyq ixialD;sl iudchl hymeje;au i`oyd f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEuZZ

by; ud;Dldj i|yd ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

uq,sl wd¾Ól m%yak yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï · fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 69 uq,sl wd¾Ól...

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