urban air quality monitoring activities in metro manila

Genevieve Rose H. Lorenzo Manila Observatory Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City, Philippines

http://www.observatory.ph/

Urban Air Quality Monitoring Activities in Metro Manila

12 September 2007

• Overview of Metro Manila

• Particulate Matter (PM) Monitoring Activities by the Manila Observatory

• PM Monitoring Activities by Other Institutions

• Other Related Activities

• Summary

Outline

Overview of Metro Manila

Municipal Boundary

Major Slum Areas

Other Slum Areas

Major Roads

Low Residential

Medium Residential

High Residential

No data

Fishpond

Reservoir

Agricultural

Military

Water

Vacant

Utilities

Recreational

Parks

Industrial

Institutional

Commercial

LEGEND

Land Use

SCALE

PROJECTION

Universal Transverse MercatorZone 51 Luzon Datum

Sources:

SPOT XS of Metro Manila, 1997Image courtesy of Foundation or the Philippine Environment (FPE), National Mapping andResource Information Authority (NAMRIA) and United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID)

Land use maps photointerpretedbut verified from the PlanningOffice of Quezon City, Marikina,San Juan, Pasig, Mandaluyong,Pateros, Taguig, Makati, Navotas,Las Piñas, Valenzuela, Muntinlupa, Caloocan and Parañaque

1:100,000

2 0 2 4 6 Km.

N

EW

S

275000

275000

280000

280000

285000

285000

290000

290000

295000

295000

300000

300000

159

0000

1590

000

1595

000

1595

000

1600

000

1600

000

1605

000

1605

000

1610

000

1610

000

1615

000

1615

000

162

0000

1620

000

1625

000

1625

000

1630

000

1630

000

1635

000

1635

000

Metro Manila Land Use (1997)Hierarchy of Urban Centers (2000)

• Metro Manila has a total land area 636 sq. kms, 0.2% of the Philippines total land area.

• It has a population of 9,932,560 (2000 Census), 12,98% of the Philippine population; and its population density is 15,617 persons/sq. kms. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html


• The Metro Manila Airshed was defined based on the Philippine Clean Air Act. Seven provinces share the Metro Manila Airshed.

Metro Manila Airshed

http://www.emb.gov.ph/mmairshed/

National Capital Region (NCR)

1

23

45

67


Makati, Metro Manila

• The view of Makati (a major business center In Metro Manila) is oftentimes obscured by pollutants.

Monday morning (June 25, 2007)Sunday morning (June 24, 2007)

Monday morning (September 3, 2007)Monday afternoon (August 20, 2007)

• Particulate Matter (PM) samples are collected on Filter Membranes using Air Samplers.

• Samples are weighed on a Microbalance.

• Samples are analyzed for Ionic and Elemental Content.

PM Monitoring Activities

Monitoring by the Manila Observatory

Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)

PM2.5 Concentrations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Co

ncen

trati

on

((( ((

g/m

3)

65

15

USEPA Daily Standard

USEPA Annual Standard

• Average measured PM2.5 values at the Manila Observatory were greatest in 2000 and decreased thereafter. The USEPA Annual Standard was exceeded in all years.


Results


PM2.5 Monthly Boxplots (2000-2006)

0

50

100

150

Jan

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Ju

n

Ju

l

Aug

Se

p

Oct

Nov

Dec

Month

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(

g/m

3)

• Measured PM2.5 values were more widely distributed during the dry season. Average PM2.5 values were least during the wet season.

Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site) PM2.5 Monthly Boxplots (2000-2006)



• Elements associated with mechanical processes such as soil re-suspension (Al, Si, Fe, Mn) and sea spray (Na, Cl) tend to have higher concentrations in the coarse fraction than in the fine while those associated with secondary pollutant formation (S) and combustion (Elemental C, K, Zn, Pb) tend to exhibit the opposite trend.

Average Elemental Composition

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

EC H

Na

Mg Al

Si P S Cl

K

Ca

Sc Ti

V Cr

Mn

Fe

Co Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se Br

Rb

Sr

Mo Y Zr I

Hg

Pb

Element

Co

ncen

trati

on

(u

g/m

3)

Coarse Fine

Composition of Particulates

in Manila Observatory

(2004)

• GS, Antipolo (Background)

• MO, Quezon City (Mixed)

• NPO, Quezon City (Traffic)

• PGH, Manila (Commercial)

• PS, Pasig (Industrial)


Monitoring Sites (2000-2004)

Chemical Mass Balance 8 (CMB8)

And

Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF)

Receptor-Based Modeling

• Ionic and elemental content are inputted into a model which is run in order to determine source contributions to measured PM at a receptor site.

Elemental Composition

Source Identity & Apportionment


Receptor Modeling Results (PM2.5)

• Chemical Mass Balance Model runs in 2004 for Metro Manila show the great contribution of traffic to the sites in and around Metro Manila.

• Positive Matrix Factorization points to a significant contributing factor to both the mixed site (MO) and background site (GS) PM2.5 dominated by Black Carbon.

Average Seasonal PM2.5 (ug/m3)

GS Background 16.8

MO Mixed 34.5

NPO Traffic 75.2

PGH Commercial 48.1

PS Industrial 48.1

Average PM2.5/PM10

GS Background 0.63

MO Mixed 0.73

NPO Traffic 0.83

PGH Commercial 0.90

PS Industrial -


CMB Legend

EDSA

• MO, Quezon City (Mixed)

• CB, Cebu City (Mixed)

• GB, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija(Background)


Monitoring Sites (2004 - present)

Reconstructed Mass of Dry Season PM2.5

Reconstructed Mass of PM2.5

soot, 42%

crustal, 4%smoke, 1%

unaccounted,

30%

seasalt, 3%

sulfate, 8%

trace metals,

7%

ammonium, 4%

nitrate, 1%

soot, 2%

crustal, 3%smoke, 0.9%

unaccounted,

44%

seasalt, 6%

sulfate, 17%

trace metals,

16%

ammonium,

7%

nitrate, 2%

• Contribution to PM2.5 in MO is mostly from combustion; source contributions remain fairly constant across seasons.

• Sulfate and trace metals are the major contributors to PM in Gabaldon.

crustal

2%

NO3-

1%

SO42-

6%

trace

metals

8%

unaccount

ed

59%

smoke

1% soot

16%

seasalt

4%

NH4+

3%

Reconstructed Mass of PM2.5


MO (Mixed Site) GB (Background Site) CB (Mixed Site)

DENR - EMB

Monthly averaged PM10 Concentrations in the Metro Manila Airshed Air Quality Monitoring Stations, June –December 2004.

Annual Geometric Mean of Roadside TSPLevels in Metro Manila, 2003 - 2004 (mg/Nm3)

• PM10 levels in 2004 in the designated Metro Manila Air Shed sites increased in December.

• Monitoring by the DENR-EMB(NCR) along roadsides in Metro Manila reveal highest roadside TSP levels along major intersections.

National Air Quality Status Report (2003-2004)

PM Monitoring Activities by Other Institutions

PNRI

• Measured PM10 levels and averages in sites monitored by the PNRI were less than the guideline values set in the Clean Air Act. Fine particulate averages exceeded the USEPA Annual Guideline Values in the same sites.

• Source apportionment using 2002 elemental data for PM2.2 conducted by PNRI showed that the primary source of PM2.2 (about 75%) was fuel combustion.

PM10 Levels in Metro Manila,2004

Fine Particulate Levelsin Metro Manila, 2004

Pollutant Sources for PM10

National Air Quality Status Report (2003-2004)

PM Monitoring Activities by Other Institutions

• Average ozone decreased in 2003.

• Most of the daily 8-hr maximum values of ozone were above the National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value (NAAQGV). Not as much of the 1-hr maximum values were above the NAAQGV, though enough to exceed the limit set by the CAA.

Receiver (top and right) and Analyzer

0

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

8-Hour Daily Max

0

0.035

0.07

0.105

0.14

1-Hour Daily Max

0.07

(1-hr)

0.03

(8-hr)

2003 1-Hr Max

and 8-Hr Max

Other Related Activities

DOAS Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)

Daily Averaged O3 Concentrations

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µµ µµ

g/m

3)

0.03 (8-hr)

0.07 (1-hr)

(pp

m)


Daily Averaged SO2 Concentrations

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µµ µµ

g/m

3)

0.03

0.07


Daily Averaged NO2 Concentrations

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µµ µµ

g/m

3)

0.053

0.08

(pp

m)

(pp

m)

• Daily NO2 and SO2 averages were below the 24-hr NAAQGV from 2001 to 2004. Annual averages were also below the guideline values.

• The greatest changes in concentrations happened in 2002, when NO2

concentrations decreased by 27% and SO2 by 19%.


• The data shows heavy aerosol loading near the ground. The red color shows high backscattered signals from particulates. The boundary layer height, which is the border between the yellow and the blue signals, is around 1.75km.

boundary layer

cloudsaerosols

A sample of LIDAR data taken on

October 15, 2005 from MO.


LIDAR

Other UAQ Monitoring Related Activities

0m 10000m 20000m

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Stationary SourcesTraffic Emissions

Dispersion Modeling Industrial Source Complex v.3 (ISC3)

• Results of Dispersion Model runs in 2004 for Metro Manila reveal elevated levels of annual PM10 downtown and along major thoroughfares.


Satellite Imagery


• Air pollution at Manila Bay is visible in the satellite images above.

SPOT XS 1988 CNES France

SPOT P 1997 CNES France

10AM 20 Jan 1988 0-1 m/s80% RH

• Metro Manila is a large urban center in the Philippines.

• Urban Air Quality Monitoring Activities that were discussed involved particulate matter monitoring and modeling in Metro Manila.

• Results from these and related activities suggest a large contribution of traffic related emissions to ambient particulate matter in Metro Manila.

Summary

Acknowledgements

• Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)• Swedish International Development Cooperation

Agency (SIDA)• Electrobyte Environmental Concerns Corporation• Department of Environment and Natural Resources –

Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB)• Department of Science and Technology – Philippine

Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI)• United States Agency for International Development

(USAID)• Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE)• National Mapping and Resources Information

Authority (NAMRIA)• Urban Research Consortium (URC)• Ford Foundation• Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)

Thank you very much.

SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

http://www.observatory.ph/Email: [email protected]

urban air quality monitoring activities in metro manila

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